集体林权制度改革对四川岷山山系大熊猫栖息地的影响与对策

四川北部的岷山山系是中国野生大熊猫最主要的活动区域。调查表明，四川岷山山系12个县市有森林面积21659．6km^2，其中集体林面积10500km^2；大熊猫栖息地总面积851824．0hm^2，建有22个保护区，共有528888hm^2的大熊猫栖息地和400只野生大熊猫在保护区内得到了有效保护；集体林大熊猫栖息地面积达190064．6hm^2，占大熊猫栖息地的22．31％。集体林权制度改革加大了对大熊猫及其栖息地保护的难度。本文提出了要尽快制定《大熊猫保护法》；协调好跨区域大熊猫栖息地的保护；制定相关政策，采取置换、赎买、移民搬迁等方式，保护大熊猫及其栖息地；要落实相关政策，实施生态补偿；要发动社会力量采取建立保护小区、协议保护等参与大熊猫的保护；林下开发利用要避开大熊猫发情和孕育期，达到既有效保护大熊猫，又使林农生产生活得到可持续发展。     

冷冻精液输精深度和时间对蒙古羊受胎率的影响

[目的] 研究冷冻精液输精深度和时间对蒙古羊受胎率的影响。[方法] 选取体况健康、繁殖机能正常的蒙古羊母羊作为试验动物,采用孕酮海绵栓对受体母羊进行同期发情处理。应用常规人工输精法（n=135）、过子宫颈输精法[过子宫颈第一皱褶（1~2 cm）输精（n=120）,过子宫颈第二到第三皱褶（3~4 cm）输精（n=120）]、腹腔镜辅助子宫内输精法（n=128）对发情后的母羊进行冷冻精液人工授精。接受常规人工输精法和过子宫颈输精法处理的受体母羊在发情后约14 h和22 h各输精1次,接受腹腔镜辅助子宫内输精法处理的受体母羊在发情后30~36 h输精1次。输精后40 d用B超仪检测母羊妊娠情况,计算并比较接受不同输精方法处理母羊的受胎率。[结果] 腹腔镜辅助子宫内输精法的受体母羊受胎率平均值最高,为60.2%;其次为过子宫颈第二到第三皱褶（3~4 cm）输精,受胎率平均值为58.3%;过子宫颈第一皱褶（1~2 cm）输精和常规输精法的受体母羊受胎率平均值分别为37.5%和36.3%。统计学分析表明,腹腔镜辅助子宫内输精法和过子宫颈第二到第三皱褶（3~4 cm）输精的受体母羊受胎率平均值显著（P<0.05）高于常规输精法和过子宫颈第一皱褶（1~2 cm）输精。[结论] 蒙古羊母羊发情后30~36 h采用腹腔镜辅助子宫内输精法完全穿刺子宫颈输精1次,可获得比常规输精法更高的受胎率;采用过子宫颈输精法在母羊发情后约14 h和22 h各输精1次,当授精深度接近4 cm时可达到与腹腔镜辅助子宫内输精法接近的受胎率。     

Quantifying landscape linkages among giant panda subpopulations in regional scale conservation

Understanding habitat requirements and identifying landscape linkages are essential for the survival of isolated populations of endangered species. Currently, some of the giant panda populations are isolated, which threatens their long-term survival, particularly in the Xiaoxiangling mountains. In the present study, we quantified niche requirements and then identified potential linkages of giant panda subpopulations in the most isolated region, using ecological niche factor analysis and a least-cost path model. Giant pandas preferred habitat with conifer forest and gentle slopes (>20 to ≤30°). Based on spatial distribution of suitable habitat, linkages were identified for the Yele subpopulation to 4 other subpopulations (Liziping, Matou, Xinmin and Wanba). Their lengths ranged from 15 to 54 km. The accumulated cost ranged from 693 to 3166 and conifer forest covered over 31%. However, a variety of features (e.g. major roads, human settlements and large unforested areas) might act as barriers along the linkages for giant panda dispersal. Our analysis quantified giant panda subpopulation connectivity to ensure long-term survival.     

大熊猫白内障手术临床研究

目的探讨大熊猫白内障摘除合并人工晶体植入手术技术。结果发现大熊猫白内障的晶体核硬度大,超声乳化吸除有困难;由于人与大熊猫眼球解剖结构有差异,人用人工晶体不适合大熊猫。结论需要对较大量的大熊猫进行无创性眼球检测,了解其眼睛的屈光状态和晶状体的屈光度,才能为研制大熊猫专用的人工晶体提供科学的依据。     

大熊猫和小鼠精子在获能过程中各部元素相对含量的X射线微区分析

采用扫描电镜ｘ射线微区分析方法，对获能前、后大熊猫射出精子和小鼠附睾尾精子头前、后部和尾中段Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｌ、Ｐ和Ｓ等７种元素的相对含量进行了测量。统计结果表明：（１）大熊猫精子获能前头前部Ｃａ相对含量较头后部高，但小鼠精子头后部较头前部高。获能后２种动物精子头前、后部Ｃａ相对含量无显著差异；（２）小鼠精子头前部Ｃａ相对含量在获能过程中升高，而大熊猫精子头前部Ｃａ相对含量无显著变化；（３）大熊猫和小鼠精子获能过程中头部Ｋ相对含量均显著增加；（４）小鼠精子获能过程中头部和尾中段Ｓ相对含量显著升高，而大熊猫精子无这种变化；（５）大熊猫和小鼠精子相比，Ｃａ、Ｐ相对含量较高，Ｃｌ、Ｓ和Ｋ相对含量较低。本文对这些统计结果进行了讨论。     

Corridor connecting giant panda habitats from north to south in the Min Mountains,Sichuan, China

The giant panda faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation and isolation. Currently, giant panda populations have been fragmented into 30 habitat patches. The disappearance of isolated small populations and studies on the genetic diversity of various populations have shown that small isolated panda populations are at a high risk of dying out completely. Habitat fragmentation has seriously impaired the ability of the giant panda to resist climate changes and other natural disasters, such as large‐scale, synchronous bamboo blooming. The Min Mountains have the largest population of pandas in China, numbering 581 individuals and accounting for 52% of the total (1114) in China. Geographic isolation means that giant pandas in the Min Mountains are divided into two populations (population A in the north and population B in the south). Population B, which had only 42 individuals in 1989, is severely threatened by high‐density human populations and the loss of genetic diversity. However, we have identified an important corridor connecting the two populations. This paper explains the importance and the feasibility of reestablishing this corridor. Due to the special geographic locations of these two populations (two rivers block the migration of giant pandas between south and north), the corridor is the only passage for giant pandas in the region. Recent studies have also shown an increase of giant panda activity in the area of the corridor. However, vegetation in the corridor has been severely degraded. Bamboo forest must be restored in this area to provide food for the pandas during migration. The effects of human activities must be reduced in order to maintain panda habitat. We believe that a restored corridor will be of great benefit to the survival of giant pandas in the Min Mountains, especially for population B. Successful re‐establishment of a corridor will be a valuable model for corridor construction in the future.     

秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布

1999-2002年陕西省对秦岭的大熊猫开展了全面的专业性的第三次调查,结合2005年凤县的专项调查,应用“3S”技术,对其种群的分布状况进行分析,结果表明,陕西秦岭的大熊猫可划分为6个局域种群,提出了陕西大熊猫局域种群的观点,探讨了秦岭大熊猫局域种群的形成因素、种群的数量分布特征及动态,为陕西省有效保护大熊猫及栖息地、合理布设保护区、选择巡护监测重点区域等方面的工作提供科学决策依据。     

圈养老年大熊猫肠道菌群16SrDNA克隆文库的建立

为了研究老年大熊猫肠道菌群的构成,本试验对3只圈养老年大熊猫粪便细菌构建16S rDNA克隆文库,采用限制性内切酶Hinf Ⅰ、Msp Ⅰ对其进行限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)及测序分析.结果显示,老年大熊猫肠道细菌主要由变形菌门和厚壁菌门组成;变形菌门中又以大肠埃希氏菌属为主,其次为假单胞菌属、志贺氏菌属、气单胞菌属;而厚壁菌门中以链球菌属为主,其次为魏斯氏菌属、梭菌属;此外还发现一定比例的未培养细菌.本试验第一次建立了较丰富的老年大熊猫肠道菌群的克隆文库,为分析比较各年龄层大熊猫的肠道菌群结构的异同提供了参照,也为合理饲喂老年大熊猫,保障老年大熊猫的健康提供重要信息.     

秦岭大熊猫家域的季节、性别和年龄效应

本文通过潘文石对22只秦岭大熊猫的家域观察资料为基础，获得生态年龄段和家域对数转换值等次生数据，并以次生数据为基础，对不同生态年龄段和不同季节大熊猫的家域和个体季节性迁移面积的动态特征进行定性比较分析，通过季节、性别和年龄对秦岭大熊猫种群家域动态的影响机制进行了探讨，结果发现以下新细节：（1）虽然在同一季节，大熊猫家域面积随着年龄的增长逐渐增加，但雌性个体家域面积增加不大，雄性个体也仅在夏季家域面积增加极大，秋冬季增加也不大；（2）同一生态年龄段，秦岭大熊猫家域面积：全年〉秋冬季〉夏季；（3）只是成体雄性大熊猫家域面积极显著大于雌性，但亚成体和老年个体家域面积的性别间差异不显著；（4）1～11岁，大熊猫迁移面积小且稳定，大于11．5岁后，迁移面积明显跃迂增大，保持增大趋势，但波动强度由强变弱。这表明秦岭大熊猫家域的季节、性别和年龄效应动态规律性明显。     

大熊猫医疗管理培训

大熊猫的医疗管理培训是培训大熊猫完成一些配合医疗行为的动作,以减少大熊猫的紧张感、降低大熊猫的麻醉风险、增加人员与动物的安全以及增进饲养员与大熊猫之间的感情,并依照大熊猫的特殊习性和能力设计的课程。大熊猫医疗管理培训是以大熊猫医学检查为目的,选择响板作为确认信号,以正面奖赏的方式进行确认训练,抓住培训时机,培训大熊猫在非麻醉状态下进行采血、徒手肌肉注射、腹部超声波等医学检查,做到及时性和累积性奖赏,确保人和大熊猫的安全,该培训在中国保护大熊猫研究中心取得了良好的效果。     

Cutaneous hemangioma in a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).

An adult male giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was presented with a cutaneous mass ventral to the eye. The animal was anesthetized and the mass was surgically excised. Histopathologic examination determined that the mass was a benign cavernous hemangioma, the first reported case in a giant panda.     

大熊猫寄生虫病研究现状

大熊猫是我国特有的珍稀濒危物种,寄生虫病是对大熊猫危害较严重的疾病。到目前为止,在大熊猫体共发现26种寄生虫,其中施氏贝蛔虫最为流行,危害也最为严重。文中主要介绍了大熊猫专性寄生虫———施氏贝蛔虫的传播途径、发病条件、感染过程及寄生虫的危害和预防措施。同时还对其他几种对大熊猫构成潜在威胁的几种寄生虫病,如螨病、槽盘吸虫病、钩口线虫病等进行了简要介绍。     

Post mortem computed tomography as a complementary tool for diagnosing cholangiohepatitis in a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

A geriatric female giant panda developed grave signs of illness and was diagnosed with suspected hepatobiliary tract obstruction or other severe hepatic disease such as advanced cholangiohepatitis. The giant panda was euthanized and post mortem computed tomography was performed prior to necropsy. Common bile duct obstruction at the major duodenal papilla by a mineral attenuating calculus causing dilatation of common bile and gallbladder with concurrent multiple areas of liver abscess were detected by postmortem computed tomography. These were confirmed with gross necropsy. This is the first case report of common bile duct obstruction by mineral calculus with concurrent severe cholangiohepatitis in a giant panda.     

大熊猫犬冠状病毒部分纤突蛋白基因的扩增与序列分析

大熊猫是我国特有的濒危物种，近年来人们在研究其生态环境、生理特点、繁殖性能、人工繁育等方面取得了显著成绩。然而，大熊猫疾病，特别是传染性疾病对大熊猫的生存构成了严重的威胁。     

Lineage‐specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation

Taste 2 receptors (TAS2R) mediate bitterness perception in mammals, thus are called bitter taste receptors. It is believed that these genes evolved in response to species‐specific diets. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens styani) in the order Carnivora are specialized herbivores with an almost exclusive bamboo diet (>90% bamboo). Because bamboo is full of bitter tasting compounds, we hypothesized that adaptive evolution has occurred at TAS2R genes in giant and red pandas throughout the course of their dietary shift. Here, we characterized 195 TAS2R genes in 9 Carnivora species and examined selective pressures on these genes. We found that both pandas harbor more putative functional TAS2R genes than other carnivores, and pseudogenized TAS2R genes in the giant panda are different from the red panda. The purifying selection on TAS2R1, TAS2R9 and TAS2R38 in the giant panda, and TAS2R62 in the red panda, has been strengthened throughout the course of adaptation to bamboo diet, while selective constraint on TAS2R4 and TAS2R38 in the red panda is relaxed. Remarkably, a few positively selected sites on TAS2R42 have been specifically detected in the giant panda. These results suggest an adaptive response in both pandas to a dietary shift from carnivory to herbivory, and TAS2R genes evolved independently in the 2 pandas. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of mammalian sensory evolution and the process of adaptation to new ecological niches.     

大熊猫唇腭裂幼仔喂养方式及护理探讨

为探讨1只患先天性心脏病的大熊猫唇腭裂幼仔的饲喂方式及护理方法,在使其吸氧的同时采用奶瓶饲喂、奶瓶滴入饲喂和胃管插管饲喂3种饲喂方式,较好地解决了大熊猫唇腭裂幼仔在不同条件下的喂养及护理问题。     

幼龄大熊猫轮状病毒感染性腹泻的防治

对幼龄大熊猫轮状病毒感染性腹泻的发病特点、临床表现、流行病学资料进行了简要介绍,通过多年对该病的临床治疗与跟踪观察,对幼龄大熊猫轮状病毒感染性腹泻的临床治疗方法与预防措施进行了详细阐述。     

圈养大熊猫“妙音”初次发情及假孕的行为研究

选取大熊猫"妙音"发情期及假孕期各6 d,应用瞬间扫描取样法和目标取样法对大熊猫"妙音"的行为进行了研究。大熊猫"妙音"在发情期间的采食行为、活动行为和休息行为均为3种主要行为,且休息行为的时间分配明显要少于正常时期;活动行为明显要多于正常时期,假孕期采食行为和活动行为的时间分配要少于正常时期的采食行为和活动行为,而休息行为则要多于正常时期。发情期和假孕期相比,活动行为和休息行为在时间分配上差异性极其显著。发情期活动行为较多,休息行为较少;假孕期活动行为较少,休息行为较多。通过行为的变化来预判大熊猫是否发情与假孕,进而做下一步的诊断以及修改饲养管理方案,确保大熊猫的健康。     

Telemetry research on elusive wildlife: A synthesis of studies on giant pandas

Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts. For example, telemetry studies of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) have shed light on many aspects of panda biology, but small sample sizes in each separate study make it difficult to draw broad conclusions. To overcome this problem we conducted the first synthesis of all 5 panda telemetry studies conducted to date. Using these data we investigated patterns in 6 main topics: home range, space–use interactions, core areas, movement patterns, seasonal migration and natal dispersal. We found that panda home range sizes do not vary between 2 main mountain ranges (Qionglai and Qinling), as was previously believed. Our results also suggest that female pandas increase their movement in the mating season: a behavior typically attributed only to males. We found and summarized telemetry and genetic evidence for female natal dispersal in the giant panda. Our synthesis highlights the need for additional research relating panda behavior to human disturbance factors, and can aid future studies on giant pandas as well as other species.     

大熊猫义母育幼培驯一例

亲代抚育对于圈养大熊猫幼仔个体行为的发育具有重要意义。而现实中存在一些无母幼崽,为实现对无母幼崽的亲代抚育,对参试母兽分别采用由幼仔模型、实体、尿液和乳汁这些信号组成的多种刺激方式,进行代亲抚育培驯。培驯的结果表明：采用无母幼仔模型、尿液、乳汁等多种信号的刺激,可使受驯母兽熟悉并接受该幼仔,达到义母育幼目的。