日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响

本文主要讨论了日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响,包括对瘤胃细菌菌群数量、瘤胃pH值、瘤胃内容物稀释率和外流速度、氨态氮浓度以及挥发性脂肪酸的影响。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶牛血液代谢物变化及代谢通路的影响

试验旨在探究不同精粗比日粮下奶牛血液代谢物及其代谢通路的变化规律。将24头2胎次、健康且产后3周左右的中国荷斯坦奶牛分为2组,每组12头,分别饲喂低精粗比日粮（精粗比为40:60）和高精粗比日粮（精粗比为60:40）,于第45天晨饲前尾部采血取样,进行非靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明：40:60组与60:40组共49种差异代谢物,上调代谢物18种,下调代谢物31种,主要富集的代谢通路有丙酮酸代谢、糖降解与糖异生、核黄素代谢、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢、硫胺素代谢等。由此可见,不同精粗比日粮会对奶牛的核苷酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢产生影响,进而影响奶牛机体能量代谢。     

日粮精粗比对瘤胃发酵特性的影响

试验采用体外发酵法进行不同精粗比日粮和培养时间对瘤胃发酵特性的影响研究。试验日粮精粗比分别为40∶60的A日粮(粗料仅为秸秆玉米)、40∶60和60∶40的B和C日粮(粗料仅为青贮玉米)。结果表明:3种日粮培养液pH在培养36 h内均随时间的增加而下降到最低,随后有上升趋势;氨态氮浓度在2～84 h内均表现为先上升后下降再上升的趋势;挥发性脂肪酸均在培养36 h内呈上升趋势;培养至24 h时乙酸/丙酸下降至最低值,之后在36～84 h内呈上升趋势;CH4产生量在48 h内呈上升趋势,达到最大值后在60～84 h内均下降。pH、乙酸及丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和甲烷产生量在各培养时间点基本表现为A>B>C,氨态氮及丙酸浓度为C>B>A。     

日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛瘤胃及小肠pH值的影响

选择4头安装有瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端T形瘘管的泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮精粗比约为30:70的"高低质粗料型"日粮、30:70的混合型高青贮日粮、50:50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65:35的高精料日粮等4种不同精粗比日粮对瘤胃和小肠pH值的影响。结果显示,日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃和回肠末端pH值有影响,而对十二指肠前端pH值没有显著(P>0.05)影响;随日粮精粗比的提高,奶牛瘤胃和小肠pH值降低;奶牛瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端pH值平均分别为6.46、3.80和7.76。     

泌乳前期日粮精粗比对奶牛生产性能的影响

根据泌乳奶牛营养需要量,针对泌乳前期设计了30:70、60:40和70:30三种不同精粗料比例的日粮配方,观察其对奶牛生产性能、繁殖性能和健康状况的影响。结果表明:加大奶牛日粮中精料的添加量,可以一定程度地提高牛奶产量,但当精料添加量过高,精粗比例达到70:30时,将影响乳品质量,其乳成分中干物质含量、乳蛋白和乳脂率显著下降;引起奶牛繁殖性能下降,延长第1次发情天数,返情率显著提高,而受胎率显著下降;严重影响牛体健康,酮病、蹄病和乳房炎的发病率显著上升。所以日粮中合理的精料与粗料比例(60:40)是提高奶牛综合生产性能的关键。     

日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的影响

本试验旨在研究口粮精粗比与泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的关系.选择4头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的初产荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设汁,研究精粗比约为30:70的高低质粗料型日粮、30:70的混合型高青贮日粮、50:50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65:35的高精料日粮对奶牛干物质(dry mater,DM)、中性洗涤纤维(neutraldetergent fiber,NDF)与物理有效NDF(physical effective NDF,peNDF)等营养物质进食量及采食与反刍等咀嚼活动的影响.结果表明:H粮精粗比显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛DM、NDF和peNDF进食量;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日采食时间和单位DM、NDF、peNDF进食量的采食时间及日采食次数、单次采食时间;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响除奶牛单次反刍时间和日反刍次数外的反刍活动参数;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日咀嚼时间、单位DM、NDF、peNDF、ADF进食量咀嚼时间及单位DM、peNDF进食量咀嚼次数.由此可知,通过调节咀嚼活动,4种不同精粗比的日粮均能满足奶牛对peNDF的需要量,且能获得维持合适乳脂率和瘤胃pH的咀嚼时间.     

麦秸型粗饲料日粮不同精粗比对奶牛生产性能的影响

旨在研究麦秸型粗饲料在不同日粮精粗比条件下,对泌乳期奶牛和泌乳中后期奶牛产奶量及乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体和乳糖含量的影响.试验结果表明,在饲喂全麦秸型粗饲料条件下,高精料日粮能显著提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,而泌乳中后期产奶量随试验期的延长显著下降;精粗比对各泌乳期乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体及乳糖的含量均无显著影响;综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期精粗比为70∶30及泌乳中后期为40∶60时效果较好,在一定精粗比范围内,高精日粮能提高奶牛的生产性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶.     

日粮精粗比对娟姗奶牛鲜乳成分及部分血液指标的影响

娟姗奶牛属中小型外来奶牛品种,2004年从新西兰引入广西饲养,经过几年的适应性饲养观察和纯种繁育,到目前为止已有一定的规模。因娟姗奶牛体型、适应性能、生产性能及营养需要等方面与荷斯坦奶牛存在一定差别,在饲养方面需要开展更广泛的研究。为了明确在全混合日粮饲养条件下娟姗奶牛日粮适宜的精粗比例,发挥其固有的生产性能,更好地利用这一外来奶牛品种而进行了试验,现报道如下。     

日粮精粗比对瘤胃微生物合成效率的影响

本文用瘤胃持续模拟装置研究了精粗比为７：３、１：１和３：７时对日粮有机物、中洗纤维和酸洗纤维的降解、蛋白质的转化和微生物合成效率的影响。结果表明，精粗比不影响瘤胃微生物对可发酵能的利用效率（Ｐ〉０．０５），但是显著影响瘤胃微生物对可降解氮的利用效率（Ｐ〈０．０５）；最后探讨了瘤胃内可降解氮和可发酵能与微生物氮合成量之间的定量模型。     

日粮不同精粗比对思南杂交肉牛生产性能与血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮不同精粗比对思南黄杂交肉牛生产性能与血液生化指标的影响,选择体重相近的12头思南杂交肉牛随机分为4组。A、B、C、D组精粗比分别为3:7、4:6、5:5、6:4。结果表明:C组和D组末重、增重和平均日增重极显著高于A组和B组(P<0.01);C组的平均日采食量和料重比显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05)。C组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05);C组谷草转氨酶(AST)显著高于B组(P<0.05),极显著高于A组(P<0.01)。研究表明,日粮精粗比5:5时思南杂交肉牛的生长性能较佳,平均日增重可达1.59 kg/d。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA及血液VFA含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA以及血液中VFA含量的影响。选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶山羊作为试验动物,采用完全随机分组试验设计随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为6∶4和4∶6的日粮,预饲期15 d,采样期3 d。结果表明,高精料组(HC组)瘤胃液pH值显著低于低精料组(HR组)(P<0.05);在采食后3 h,HC组与HR组瘤胃液pH值均下降至最低值,分别为5.71和6.08。除了乙酸含量外,HC组瘤胃液丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量分别比HR组提高4.99%、5.58%、21.81%、17.95%、18.27%、1.66%。HC组血浆中各种VFA的含量均高于HR组,其中丙酸、丁酸含量两组间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。HC组瘤胃液以及血浆中乙酸与丙酸比值均低于HR组,但两组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。HC组瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度在采食后2 h达到最大值,HR组在采食后3 h达到最大值,两组日粮血浆中VFA浓度均在采食后2 h达到最大值,然后逐渐恢复到采食前水平。结论:高精料日粮导致瘤胃液pH值显著降低,瘤胃液和血浆中VFA含量增加;瘤胃液VFA生成速率HC组高于HR组。     

不同精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境的影响

为了探讨精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境的影响,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3只具永久瘘管的黄淮白山羊,分别饲喂3:7、4:6、5:5精粗比日粮,并于采食后0、2、4、6、8、10、12 h收集瘤胃液,测定其瘤胃pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的变化情况.结果表明,3种精粗比日粮试验组的瘤胃pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)发酵指标之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着精饲料比例的增加瘤胃pH值呈下降趋势;日粮精粗比对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)影响显著,其中3:7试验组的乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于4:6试验组和5:5试验组(P＜0.05),丙酸含量显著低于4:6试验组和5:5试验组(P＜0.05),4:6试验组和5:5试验组VFA之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3种精粗比日粮试验组的瘤胃氮代谢之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着精饲料水平增加瘤胃NH3-N浓度和MCP产量呈增加趋势.综上所述,日粮精粗比与黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境有着密切关系,在实际生产中为了保证其瘤胃健康并增加其动物生产品,以40％～50％精料比例适宜.     

Relationship between thiamine concentration and fermentation patterns in the rumen fluid of dairy cows fed with graded concentrate levels

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the thiamine concentration and the fermentation patterns [pH, concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)] in the free liquid (FRL) and particle-associated liquid (PARL) of the rumen in dairy cows fed with graded concentrate levels in the diet. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in mid lactation were fed [semi-ad libitum, 18 kg dry matter (DM)/day] diets consisting of hay (H) and slowly degradable concentrate (C), offered in five different H:C ratios (% DM basis) in the following sequence: period 1, 30:70; period 2, 40:60; period 3, 50:50; period 4, 60:40 and period 5, 75:25. A negative quadratic relationship was observed between thiamine concentration in FRL and intake of dietary thiamine (R(2) = 0.36), of concentrate (R(2) = 0.38) and of digestible non-fibre carbohydrates (R(2) = 0.37). The thiamine concentration in PARL was higher (p < or = 0.05) compared to FRL. The ruminal thiamine concentration correlated negatively to pH and positively to concentrations of SCFA and propionate in the rumen. R(2) of these relationships varied markedly (0.002 and 0.77), depending on time after feeding and fluid digesta compartment. The higher R(2) were observed at 8 and 11 h after the morning feeding for FRL (R(2) 0.46-0.71) and PARL (R(2) 0.41-0.77), respectively.     

Effects of Fusarium mycotoxins in rations with different concentrate proportions on serum haptoglobin and hepatocellular integrity in lactating dairy cows

It was hypothesized that long‐term intake of a diet contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and differing in the proportion of concentrate might affect hepatocellular integrity and function as well as biomarkers of systemic inflammation in lactating dairy cows. In Period 1 (11 weeks), 26 lactating German Holstein cows (13 primiparous and 13 pluriparous, 31 days in milk, 522 kg body weight, on average) were divided into two groups and fed diets (50% concentrate) with (MYC, n = 12; on average 5.3 mg DON/kg DM) or without (CON, n = 14) DON contaminations. In Period 2 (16 weeks), each group was further divided into two groups to test whether elevated concentrate proportion as additional burden might enhance the toxicity of DON. The cows in MYC60 (n = 6; 4.6 mg DON/kg DM) and CON60 (n = 7) received the diet with 60% concentrate, while cows in MYC30 (n = 6; 4.4 mg DON/kg DM) and CON30 (n = 7) received the diet with 30% concentrate. Blood samples were taken in biweekly intervals for activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase as well as for concentration of total bilirubin and haptoglobin. Biopsies from liver were collected in week 27 for morphological analyses. No DON effect was found for the variables assessed in blood. The diet with 60% concentrate led to higher activities of AST and GLDH in Period 2. No morphological change was found by both light and electron microscopic analyses of liver samples. Results indicated that long‐term intake of DON‐contaminated diet over 27 weeks led to neither relevant damages of hepatocytes nor systemic inflammatory responses in lactating dairy cows, even if the dietary concentrate proportion was increased to 60%.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of rutin on lactation performance,ruminal fermentation and metabolism in dairy cows

The effect of long‐term dietary supplementation with rutin on the lactation performance, ruminal fermentation and metabolism of dairy cows were investigated in this study. Twenty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were randomly divided into four groups, and each was offered a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 mg rutin/kg of diet. The milk yield of the cows receiving 3.0 and 4.5 mg rutin/kg was higher than that of the control group, and the milk yield was increased by 10.06% and 3.37% (p < 0.05). On the basis of that finding, the cows supplemented with 0 or 3.0 mg rutin/kg of diet were used to investigate the effect of rutin supplementation on blood metabolites and hormone levels. Compared with the control group, the serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration of the 3.0 mg rutin/kg group is significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In another trial, four adult cows with permanent rumen fistula and duodenal cannulae were attributed in a self‐control design to investigate the peak occurrence of rutin and quercetin in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, ruminal fermentation and microbial population in dairy cows. The cows supplemented with 3.0 mg rutin/kg in the diet differed from the control period. Samples of rumen fluid, duodenal fluid and blood were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after morning feeding. Compared to the control group, the pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, number and protein content of rumen protozoa and blood urea nitrogen were lower, but the concentration of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), microbial crude protein (MCP) and serum lysozyme content were higher for the cows fed the rutin diets. The addition of 3.0 mg rutin/kg to diets for a long term tended to increase the milk yield and improve the metabolism and digestibility of the dairy cows.     

酮病对泌乳早期乳牛体内代谢和内分泌的影响

随机选取某奶牛场10头患临床酮病乳牛和10头同期健康对照组乳牛，检测了2组乳牛血液10项指标，阐明了酮病对泌乳早期乳牛体内代谢和内分泌的影响。结果显示，酮病乳牛血糖浓度极显著降低（P〈O．01），血浆NEFA和BHBA的浓度明显增高（P〈O．01）；酮病乳牛血浆Ins、LP、NPY、E2的浓度和Ins／Gn比值均明显降低（P〈O．05），而血浆Gn浓度未明显升高，P4未明显降低（P〉0．05）。表明，酮病乳牛体内某些激素协调作用紊乱会妨碍酮病乳牛能量负平衡的缓解，并将对产后生殖机能产生不良影响。     

长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化参数及组织中糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化指标和糖代谢的影响,选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产泌乳中期山羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60 (low concentrate, LC,n=4) 和60∶40 (high concentrate, HC,n=4)的日粮。实验期共8周,实验期间采集瘤胃液,血液;实验结束时采集肝脏,肌肉,脂肪组织置于液氮速冻后于-70℃保存待测。结果显示,饲喂高精料日粮2周后山羊瘤胃液pH显著降低,采食后瘤胃液pH持续低于5.8超过3 h,8周后瘤胃液pH升高维持在6.0以上,但仍低于LC组山羊。与LC组山羊相比较,HC组山羊血液中葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸含量均升高(P<0.05,P=0.071),谷草转氨酶含量有上升的趋势(0.05相似文献   

日粮精粗比对山羊生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对山羊生长发育和屠宰性能的影响。18只青年关中奶山羊随机等分为3组;分别饲喂精粗比为31∶69(低)、54∶46(中)和65∶35(高)的3种日粮,各日粮粗蛋白含量相同。结果表明,日增重随精粗比的增加而提高(P<0.05﹚,高精粗比日粮显著提高饲料利用效率(P<0.05﹚,精粗比不影响胃黏膜总重﹑瘤胃和小肠黏膜重量以及胴体重和屠宰率(P>0.05﹚,中等精粗比日粮显著提高皱胃重量(P<0.05﹚。     

催乳素对奶牛脂肪细胞脂代谢关键基因的作用

催乳素(prolactin,PRL)是启动和维持泌乳的重要激素,在泌乳期间能调节机体将营养物质和能量优先流向乳腺,用于乳脂和乳蛋白的合成。本试验采用体外分离培养奶牛前脂肪细胞,诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞,加入PRL探讨其对脂肪细胞脂代谢相关基因的作用。结果显示,奶牛白色脂肪细胞存在催乳素受体(prolactin receptor,PRLR),且在PRL质量浓度为75μg/L,作用时间为9h时,PRLR表达量达到最高,此时调节脂合成的核转录因子SREBPE-1c及下游控制脂合成的基因FAS和LPL均显著降低,75μg/L组与对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01);控制脂分解的基因HSL显著升高,75μg/L组与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05);细胞培养上清液中的甘油含量显著升高,75μg/L组与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,PRL能直接作用于奶牛白色脂肪细胞,降低脂合成作用并促进脂分解作用。