林冠降水截留效应国内研究进展

林冠对降雨截留再分配过程的影响,涉及到森林生态、森林水文、森林气象及水土保持等诸多方面,是森林涵养水源、减少地表径流的重要生态水文过程,对林地水分平衡和养分循环具有重要意义。近年我国对林冠截留、穿透雨、树干流的降水截留效应研究有较多报道,本文对近几十年来我国林冠对降水截留效应研究进展和现状进行简要整理     

林冠截留模型

林冠截留量在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有重要的地位，是森林涵养水源、保持水土等水文生态效益的主要评价指标之一。文章在分析了林冠截留机理和以往林冠截留数量模型的基础上，首次提出林冠截留整体护展模型，为大范围的森林水文生态效益数量评价提供研究基础。     

我国主要森林生态系统类型降水截留规律的数量分析

通过对大量林林生态系统水文生态功能研究资料的分析，从林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤三个森林水文生态功能的发挥最主要的层次出发，比较分析了我国主要森林生态系统类型的降水截留规律。     

里骆林区不同森林类型对大气降水的再分配

森林对大气降水的再分配,主要是通过森林乔木冠层截留,透过冠层空隙和从冠层上汇集滴漏的降水,沿树干流下的茎流水,林下灌草层对乔木冠层穿透水的截持,林地枯落物层的吸持以及林地土层入渗(蓄水)     

小兴安岭红松林冠层截留降雪特征及模拟

【目的】研究小兴安岭红松林林外降雪、林内穿透雪和林冠截雪特征,深入认识森林冠层对降雪截留再分配的影响,为定量评价该区域红松林的生态雪水文效应提供理论依据。【方法】连续2年冬季定位观测红松林林外降雪和林内穿透降雪特征,并调查林分结构因子,利用基于物理机制的半经验性理论降雪截留模型模拟红松林冠次截留雪量。【结果】2013年11月至2014年4月和2014年11月至2015年4月,共观测到17场降雪,平均次降雪量10.3 mm,平均次降雪强度4.41 mm·d-1;平均次穿透降雪量7.4 mm,平均次穿透率69.3%,次穿透降雪量和次穿透率均随次降雪量增加而增大;林冠次截留雪量与次降雪量呈较好的幂函数正相关关系,并与郁闭度显著正相关(P0.05),而林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量呈负指数函数关系(P0.05),次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透雪量有显著影响;林冠截留降雪存在饱和截留量限制,林冠次降雪截留率随次降雪量增加逐渐降低;林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量和郁闭度紧密相关(P0.05),而与胸径、树高、胸高断面积、林冠高度、林冠宽度、叶面积指数和坡度等指标相关性不显著。【结论】次降雪量和林冠郁闭度对林冠次截留雪量影响显著,次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透降雪量有显著影响。Pomeroy等(2002)和修正的降雪截留模型能较好拟合小兴安岭地区红松林冠次截留雪量。     

长沙市郊枫香人工林水文生态效应的研究

为了科学评价城市景观公益林的生态效益,采用森林水文定位观测、样品采集和实验分析相结合的方法,从森林林冠层、林下枯落物层、土壤层3个生态作用层对长沙市郊枫香人工林水文生态效应进行研究并以荒地作为对照。结果表明:观测期内林冠截留量占平均总降雨量的22.37%,穿透雨、树干茎流与林外降雨存在线性关系,林冠截留量与降雨量具有显著的幂函数关系;林下枯落物贮量为4.56 t.hm-2,枯落物最大持水量为6.79t.hm-2;林地土壤容重小于荒地,非毛管孔隙度是荒地的2倍,林地0～45 cm层土壤最大持水量为197.80 mm;枫香人工林能够改善土壤结构,相对于荒地具有明显的水土保持作用。     

气候变化对我国森林降水截留规律的可能影响

本文以目前国内外普遍关注的全球变化为背景，利用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）为技术技术手段，从林冠截留、枯落物蓄水、林地拦蓄这三个森林水文生态功能最主要的层次出发，模拟分析了气候变化前后我国森林降水截留功能地理分布规律的差异。２０３０年中国气候变化的未来情景依据７个ＧＣＭ大气环流模型的预测结果，选用树冠降水截留模型和森林综合截留模型，在ＩＤＲＩＳＩ地理信息系统的支持下模拟气候变化对我国林林降水截留     

林冠截留在杉木林生态系统能量转换过程中的作用

根据会同生态站2000-2005年连续定位观测数据,研究杉木人工林林冠截留在杉木人工林生态系统能量转换过程中的作用.结果表明:林冠层每年吸收的辐射能为25.543 0亿J·m-2,透过林冠层的辐射能为2.530 6亿J·m-2,被冠层反射的辐射能为2.743 2亿J·m-2,分别占到达林冠表面辐射能的82.7%、8.2%和9.1%;林冠截留水分的蒸发,使得系统获取的净辐射能向潜热能转化.每年林冠截留水分蒸发耗能6.369 5亿J·m-2,占系统净辐射能的22.9%,占系统总蒸发散耗能的30.4%,是系统能量支出的一个重要组成部分;林冠截留使大气降水中的雨滴动能消耗在克服枝叶阻力的做功上,叶面水滴从冠层滴落下,是一个由势能转化为动能的过程;冠层叶片对水滴有汇聚作用,使冠滴水直径较冠上大气降水大,冠滴水的直径主要受冠层结构的影响,与大气降水量和降水强度的关系不大;林分郁闭度为0.9,枝下高7 m,降水量大于3 mm时,林冠层不能有效地降低雨滴动能,只有在雨量极小、林冠能截留大部分水量,或者雨强极大、直径大的雨滴在枝叶表面撞击分散的情况下,才能显示林冠对大气降水雨滴动能的降低作用.     

日本落叶松林冠对大气降水的调节作用

研究了日本落叶松林大气降水的再分配，结果表明：日本落叶松林冠对降水的截留率为２４．４％，影响林冠截留的主要因子是降水量和降水强度；树干流在森林降水中的比重较小．约为１．２％；通过雨量是森林降水来源的主要方面，它约占降水量的７４．４％。     

我国林冠对降水再分配作用的研究进展

该文简单介绍了我国林冠对降水再分配作用的研究进展,包括林冠截留、穿透降雨、树干茎流的研究方法及影响因素和林冠截留的数学模型,并简要提出今后我国林冠对降水再分配作用研究的发展趋势。     

鄂西山地马尾松林水文效应研究

为了定量评价马尾松林的综合水文功能,对鄂西山地区内的马尾松林林冠截留、枯落物截留和林地土壤蓄流等关键水文效应进行了观测研究。结果表明：林冠截留率为19.14%,树干茎流率为0.48%;林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数关系,林内透雨、树干茎流分别与降雨量呈线性关系;枯落物最大持水率为224.23%,土壤贮水力为291.63t/...     

Simulating Spatial Distribution of Canopy Rainfall Interception of Forests in China

The canopy rainfall interception modei linked to environmental conditions and biological features is established on the basis of stationary observation and measurements in China. Upscaling from site observation to regional Ievel estimation of canopy rainfall interception has been made. The potential interception value of forests during the rainfall season in China according to rainfall records of May, July and September in the year 1982, has been simulated and mapped under the GIS software package Idrisi. It coincides well with the spatial and chronological pattern of rainfall in China and can be concluded to reflect the reality. The potential canopy rainfall interception of forests in China based on the potential distribution of forests provides a basis to regional water budget as well as rational use of regional water resources. It is also important to the assessment of forest ecosystem service in China, which is demanded by both scientists and policy makers for the evaluation of afforestation and nat     

阔叶树截留降雨试验与模型——以色木槭为例

通过实验室模拟试验,得到不同雨强和叶面积指数组合下的色木槭截留降雨过程,并考虑树冠湿润度的影响.结果表明:单位叶面积次降雨最大截留量随雨强增大而减小,枝叶截留速率随树冠湿润度变化而变化.构建色木槭截留降雨随雨强和叶面积指数变化的模型,对模型模拟验证,模拟精度为92.7%.     

流溪河小流域针阔混交林林冠降雨截留模型研究

以流溪河流域针阔混交林为研究对象,对林分样地进行降雨截留实测与模拟研究.结果表明:林内穿透雨量与降雨量呈线性相关;穿透系数与降雨量呈对数相关;林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数相关;截留率与降雨量呈对数相关.以降雨强度、穿透系数和树干茎流率数据为基础,进行了林冠截留量模型模拟,实测表明该模型能较准确地估算针阔混交林分的林冠截留量.     

Relationship between annual rainfall and interception ratio for forests across Japan

Several previous studies in Japan have examined differences in rainfall interception amounts induced by differences in forest properties by comparing the annual rainfall interception ratios (annual rainfall interception divided by annual rainfall) from various sites without considering variations in meteorological conditions between sites. Rainfall interception actually depends on meteorological conditions as well as forest properties. This study examined variations in the annual interception ratio relating to the variation in annual rainfall, which would be the primary factor relating to the interception ratio, across Japan with the use of a rainfall interception model assuming the same forest properties (i.e., the canopy storage capacity, canopy closure, leaf area index (LAI), and the bulk coefficient for sensible heat transfer). The ratio ranged between 0.12 and 0.24 across Japan and was highly correlated to annual rainfall. This indicates that considering the variation in annual rainfall is critical for assessing the difference in rainfall interception amounts induced by forest properties. We reconsidered the results of previous studies in Japan that compared annual interception ratios between sites with different forest properties: (i) there is no clear difference in interception amounts between broadleaf and coniferous forests and (ii) there is a positive correlation in stem density and interception amounts for coniferous forests. These results still held when considering differences in annual rainfall between sites.     

A rainfall interception model for inhomogeneous forest canopy

The process of rainfall interception by an inhomogeneous forest canopy composed of tree crowns with some gaps among them were considered, and the previous theoretical models of rainfall interception were modified to model an inhomogeneous canopy instead of a statistically homogeneous canopy. The paper deals with the following. First, the process of rainfall interception in tree crowns and that of rainfall in the gaps among them are studied respectively to acquire the average rainfall interception of a forest canopy. Based on the model derived by Liu (1987) and setting the canopy density value, both the relevant partial equations and a formula to estimate rainfall interception were derived. Moreover, the new model was solved through a numerical method and was illustrated with typical values of some ecological factors; three groups of curves were acquired by calculation with the VisualBasic program. A model of rainfall interception by an inhomogeneous forest canopy is classified as a multi-layer model, which is different from previous models (models where all the parameters represent the whole canopy). The results from the model in this paper could be used to determine the relationship between interception and each ecological factor in detail. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(3): 8–14 [译自: 林业科学]     

滇中高原区主要森林类型森林植物的降雨截留功能

通过调查实测,研究了１０个乔木树种和２３个灌木树种树冠对降雨的截留作用,对３２个森林类型乔木层、灌木层、草本层的降雨截留能力和再分配作用进行了分析研究。以此对不同林分类型的总体截留功能作评价。     

川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究

穿透雨、茎流和林冠截留在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有极其重要的地位 (VanDijketal .,2 0 0 1) ,因而从生理学、生态学和水文学的观点来看 ,研究一定区域内植被与降雨之间的相关性具有重要的意义 (Aboaletal .,1999)。川西亚高山针叶林处于我国东南半壁湿润地区与西北半壁干旱地区的过渡地带上 ,且多分布于江河上游 ,在涵养水源、保持水土、稳定河川流量、维护生态平衡等方面具有重要的地位 ,被誉为庇护四川及长江流域的“绿色万里长城”(杨玉坡 ,1990 )。马雪华 (1987)对米亚罗地区亚高山冷杉林的林冠截留做了一些初步的观测 …     

非均匀林冠降雨截留模型

考虑由彼此间有间距的树冠组成的非均匀林冠内的降雨截留过程,将以前的林冠截留理论模型从水平均匀随机分布林冠推广到非均匀林冠,导出相应的偏微分方程和截留量的计算公式,并以实例运行该模型,以揭示非均匀林冠在降雨截留过程中的一些细节特征.     

两种经济林中的穿透雨与茎流特征研究

本文观测了桃李两种经济林的穿透雨和茎流特征。结果表明,两种经济林的穿透雨量、林冠截留量、茎流量与降雨量均存在极显著的正相关关系。用幂函数方程能较好的拟合林冠截留量与降雨量之间的关系,而用线性方程能较好的拟合穿透雨量、茎流量和降雨量之间的关系;桃李两种经济林穿透雨量分别占降雨量的93.29%、85.34%,林冠截留量分别占降雨量的5.60%和12.04%,茎流量分别占降雨量的1.11%和2.62%。