甘蔗新品种苗期抗螟虫性评价

为明确新甘蔗品种对甘蔗螟虫的抗性水平,以期为抗虫品种的推广应用和抗性基因发掘奠定基础,本文采用螟虫自然种群接虫方法,连续2年对10个甘蔗新品种进行了苗期螟害分析与抗螟虫性评价。结果表明,不同甘蔗新品种对螟虫抗性存在显著差异,桂糖29号、桂糖31号等较抗虫,福农39号、德蔗03-83和云蔗05-49等较感虫。部分甘蔗品种抗性会随螟虫选择压力不同而变化,云蔗03-194、云蔗05-51、云蔗06-407等在螟虫虫口密度高时表现为感虫,而在虫口密度低时表现为抗虫。     

亚洲玉米螟发生动态及释放松毛虫赤眼蜂防治效果

于2007年6月和9月对秦皇岛亚洲玉米螟在春玉米田间落卵量和亚洲玉米螟为害春玉米的严重程度及7月29日分别在春玉米地和夏玉米地释放松毛虫赤眼蜂防治第二代亚洲玉米螟效果进行了调查与研究,结果表明,亚洲玉米螟在该地区全年共发生两代,产卵高峰期分别发生在6月中旬和8月上旬,高峰期卵粒数分别达到了800粒和748粒;田间花叶率、百株蛀茎孔数、蛀茎株率和百株蛀穗孔数、蛀穗株率分别达到了78%、340个、96%和102个、74%;松毛虫赤眼蜂在春玉米地和夏玉米地卵块寄生率分别达到了80.00%和81.44%,在夏玉米地,放蜂区和对照区相比,蛀茎虫孔减退率为53.05%,蛀穗虫孔减退率为69.63%。通过本文分析得出亚洲玉米螟在秦皇岛地区发生及危害严重,释放松毛虫赤眼蜂防治效果较好。     

吉林省不同熟期玉米病虫害发生情况

在吉林省中部地区的梨树县,依据玉米病虫害对气候变化的敏感性,通过田间试验进行了不同熟期玉米病虫害发生种类、程度以及对玉米产量的影响。为了明确气候变化条件下,吉林省不同熟期玉米病虫害发生规律、特点,进而为气候变化条件下不同熟期玉米病虫害的预测、预报和防治提供理论依据,2013年在吉林省中部地区的梨树县,通过田间试验调查并分析了不同熟期玉米病虫害发生种类、程度及对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：不同熟期玉米粘虫的植株平均被率分别为中早熟组5.59%、中熟组3.23%、中晚熟组2.61%;不同熟期玉米螟的平均蛀茎率依次为中早熟组17.40%、中熟组16.51%、中晚熟组5.97%;不同熟期玉米叶斑病病级指数依次为中早熟组2.03%~10.07%、中熟组0.70%~2.73%、中晚熟组0.73%~3.09%。说明中早熟组玉米病虫害对气候变化的敏感性较强,抗病、抗虫性低于中熟组和中晚熟的玉米品种;同一熟期的不同品种之间由于遗传特性也表现出抗性差异。不同熟期玉米产量分别为中早熟组8732.8~10273.1 kg/hm²、中熟组11507.0~13724.0 kg/hm²、中晚熟组11684.5~12722.6 kg/hm²。产量表现以中熟组和中晚熟组明显高于中早熟组,说明在吉林省中部地区早春低温、高湿,生长季节高温、高湿的气候条件下,种植中早熟品种病虫害发生较重,不利于产量的提高。     

玉米品种抗虫性对玉米田节肢动物群落的影响

选择3个不同抗虫性的玉米品种,研究了玉米品种抗虫性对玉米田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,玉米品种抗虫性对玉米田节肢动物群落的物种丰富度无明显影响,但对均匀度和多样性有明显影响,玉米品种抗虫性越高,节肢动物群落的均匀度和多样性越高。抗虫性较高的玉米品种田间益害比明显高于抗虫性较低的玉米品种。说明玉米品种抗虫性有助于提高玉米田节肢动物群落的稳定性和天敌对害虫的自然控制作用。     

不同类型玉米组织对亚洲玉米螟幼虫存活和生长发育的影响

亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée))是中国玉米生产上最重要的害虫,严重影响玉米的产量和质量。由于不同类型玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性程度不同,影响玉米螟的存活和生长发育,同一品种的不同组织器官对玉米螟的存活和发育影响也不相同。笔者在室内研究了高油玉米、糯玉米、甜玉米和普通玉米等的不同组织对亚洲玉米螟幼虫存活、生长和发育的影响。结果表明,不同类型玉米在不同生育期的组织器官对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的存活、生长和发育的影响不同。高油玉米298的心叶组织最适合玉米螟幼虫的存活和生长发育,而心叶期抗螟品种邢抗2号和的心叶不利于玉米螟幼虫的存活、生长和发育。玉米螟幼虫在高油玉米、甜单8号和白糯4号的雄穗上存活率高,幼虫体重较重,而在邢抗2号雄穗上的存活率和幼虫体重最低。甜单8号玉米苞叶总体上比较适合亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长和发育,而白糯4号和邢抗2号的苞叶对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育有明显的不利影响。甜单8号、农大108和高油298的花丝适宜玉米螟幼虫生长和发育。而超甜2号和邢抗2号2个品种的花丝对玉米螟幼虫生长和发育有不利影响。超甜2号玉米的穗轴适宜玉米螟生长和发育,玉米螟幼虫在甜单8号和白糯4号穗轴上取食存活率和化蛹率高,但蛹重较轻。邢抗2号穗轴对玉米螟生长发育有不利影响。在邢抗2号和农大108籽粒上取食同特用玉米籽粒上取食的幼虫相比,其幼虫体重显著或极显著低,幼虫发育历期极显著长,说明特用玉米籽粒比普通玉米的籽粒更适合亚洲玉米螟的生长发育。研究结果还表明,在甜玉米、糯玉米等特用玉米中,不同组织器官对亚洲玉米螟有一定程度的抗性,可以通过抗螟品种筛选加以利用。     

外源MeJA诱导玉米抗性对亚洲玉米螟生物学特性的影响

为明确茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)诱导玉米幼苗产生抗性对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)生物学特性的影响,测定了玉米幼苗在4种浓度的外源MeJA处理后对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育和成虫繁殖情况,并利用生命表方法研究了饲喂MeJA处理后的玉米幼苗对次代亚洲玉米螟实验种群的影响。结果表明：取食外源MeJA诱导的玉米幼苗后,亚洲玉米螟幼虫死亡率增加,发育历期延长,成虫寿命缩短、产卵量下降,除了100 μmol/L MeJA处理组蛹重高于对照外,其他处理亚洲玉米螟体重与蛹重均降低,影响程度与MeJA的浓度有关。225 μmol/L MeJA诱导处理后的玉米幼苗对亚洲玉米螟生长发育影响最大,与对照组相比,幼虫历期长了5.41天,成虫寿命减少1.33天,产卵量减少3.6头。MeJA的诱导抗性显著影响了亚洲玉米螟幼虫对玉米幼苗的取食,100 μmol/L和225 μmol/L MeJA处理组与对照组虫体体重相差3.29~6.86 mg,达到统计学差异,生长抑制率达28.34%~59.09%。对次代种群的影响表现在净生殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)降低,内禀增长率(rm)由0.0725降至0.0502,平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)较对照显著延长。这些结果表明MeJA处理玉米幼苗能够降低亚洲玉米螟的发育速率,这将对亚洲玉米螟的综合防治具有重要的指导意义。     

Indirect response to selection for improving resistance to the Mediterranean corn borer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesamia nonagrioides</Emphasis> Lef) in maize

Mediterranean corn borer (MCB) (Sesamia nonagrioides Lef) and European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) are the most important biotic stresses of maize in Europe. The first selection program to improve stalk resistance to MCB was carried out in the maize population EPS12. It has shown that selection was effective to improve stalk resistance to MCB and ECB, while yield was not significantly diminished. The objective of this research was to determine if correlated changes in EPS12 occurred due to selection for resistance to MCB. Cycles of selection per se and testcrosses to three testers were evaluated under MCB and ECB artificial infestation at two different Spanish locations during 2 years. Selection has significantly reduced cob damage, days to silking, plant and ear height, and 100-kernel weight; meanwhile early vigor was increased. These changes could rather be a consequence of unconscious selection and/or the genetic correlation of these traits with resistance than a consequence of genetic drift.     

吉林通化地区玉米螟发生程度气象等级预测预报模型的建立

为了对玉米螟发生程度进行预测,以便对玉米螟虫害更好地进行防治,利用吉林省通化市1981-2007年玉米螟虫害观测数据和气象资料,通过对比分析,确定与玉米螟灾情关系密切的气象因子。将玉米螟发生程度分为3级：轻度发生、中度中度、重度发生,同时以最大概括率的原则将相关的气象因子也划分为3级,并将预报量和预报因子各等级合理赋值,通过统计手段建立了通化市玉米螟发生程度气象等级预测预报模型。模型回报检验确率达81.5%,试报检验效果也较好,预报模型具有一定的可用性,可为通化市玉米螟的防治工作提供一定的科学依据。另外,通过对观测数据的分析,初步证明了通化市冬季低温对越冬幼虫死亡率无明显影响,同时在统计中发现,越冬前后幼虫的虫口密度与通化市玉米螟发生程度关系不是很密切。     

Evaluation of early-maturing European maize inbreds for resistance to the European corn borer

The European corn borer (ECB) has become a serious pest for maize cultivation in Central and Western Europe. This study was conducted to evaluate resistance against ECB in a cross section of the European maize germplasm. A total of 115 flint and dent inbreds were evaluated for resistance under protected and artificial infestation conditions at two German sites in 1993. Resistance to ECB was assessed by damage rating before harvest, tunnel length in dissected stalks, and relative yield under infestation compared to protected control plots. Means for damage rating of stalks were significantly higher in flint lines than in dent lines. Artificial infestation reduced grain yield by 31% in flint lines and 20% in dent lines. Significant genotypic variances among lines and high genetic ratios (GR) were found in both flint and dent lines for all agronomic and ECB resistance traits. Exceptions were relative yield of stover in both germplasm groups and tunnel length in flint lines. Phenotypic correlations between agronomic and resistance traits were moderate to low. Damage rating was negatively correlated with days to silking and dry matter yield of stover in both germplasm groups. In vitro digestibility of stover was not associated with ECB resistance. Correlations of relative grain yield with tunnel length below the ear and damage rating were significantly negative, even though their magnitude was low. Our results indicate substantial genetic variation among European inbred lines for resistance to the univoltine ECB. Among all resistance traits measured, damage rating of stalks is best suited for assessment of ECB resistance in breeding programs because of its easy recording and high genetic ratio. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

山东省气象条件对一代玉米螟的影响

利用1976-2005年一代玉米螟盛期卵量、玉米成灾面积与气象因子进行相关性分析,结果表明一代玉米螟的发生发展主要与温度、湿度气象因子有关。其中普查盛期一代玉米螟卵量与5月下旬平均气温呈显著负相关; 玉米受灾面积与5月上旬-中旬平均最低气温及6月上旬平均最高气温呈显著正相关。     

亚洲玉米螟优良球孢白僵菌菌株的筛选

本研究选择从亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟僵虫中分离纯化到的5个球孢白僵菌野生菌株,进行了毒力、菌株生长速率、产孢量和孢子萌发率的测定,筛选出了两株高毒力菌株B6和B17,在108孢子/mL浓度下对亚洲玉米螟的致死率分别为95.4％和90.8％,僵虫率分别为94.4％和87.8％,LT50分别为4.4d和4.7d;其LC50分别为1.3×106孢子/mL和2.8×106孢子/mL。而且这两株菌株显现出良好的生物学特性,具有较大生产潜力。     

Concentration of moniliformin produced by Fusarium species in grains of transgenic Bt maize hybrids compared to their isogenic counterparts and commercial varieties under European corn borer pressure

The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hb., is a major pest of maize in Central Europe and is suspected to promote infection of maize with Fusarium species. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine moniliformin (MON) concentration in early maturing European Bt maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, commercial cultivars and experimental hybrids, (2) evaluate the association between MON concentration and ECB resistance and (3) correlate MON concentration with concentrations of other mycotoxins determined from the same plant materials. The field experiments were performed at five locations in Germany. MON concentration was significantly higher with manual infestation of ECB larvae (296 μg/kg) than under insecticide protection (66 μg/kg). Bt hybrids showed significantly lower MON concentrations and higher grain yields under manual ECB infestation than their corresponding isogenic counterparts, as well as commercial and experimental hybrids. All ECB resistance traits and grain yield under ECB infestation were significantly correlated with MON concentration. Correlations between concentrations of MON and other Fusarium mycotoxins were not significant. The use of Bt maize hybrids or insecticides to control ECB reduces the contamination of maize grains with MON in Central Europe. The presence of resistance genes against Fusarium species in the current elite maize germplasm was indicated by ECB susceptible non‐Bt hybrids with low‐MON concentrations.     

玉米转Bt基因自交系的抗玉米螟特性鉴定初报

通过田间接卵和室内PCR分子检测,对采用回交法育成的Mo17Bt、478Bt、综3Bt和87-1Bt等4个转Bt基因自交系的抗虫性以及Bt基因的存在,进行鉴定.结果表明,4个转基因自交系群体的抗虫性明显提高,虫孔隧道长度比阴性对照平均缩短49.70%,差异达显著水平,但抗虫性不如阳性对照;群体内,单株间抗虫性仍存在差异,有高抗到高感不同类型,其     

昆虫取食诱导棉花和玉米多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性研究

为了明确昆虫取食诱导植物间的通讯作用机制,研究了棉蚜取食和机械损伤诱导棉花及其邻近玉米,以及玉米螟取食和机械损伤诱导玉米及其邻近棉花的诱导防御机制。利用分光光度计法测定不同处理棉花和玉米的多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶的活性。结果表明棉蚜取食和机械损伤诱导棉花多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性增加,棉蚜取食诱导棉花多酚氧化酶的活性是对照的1.61倍,机械损伤诱导棉花过氧化物酶的活性是对照的1.84倍,2种处理与对照相比差异均显著。玉米螟取食和机械损伤诱导玉米多酚氧化酶的活性增加但与对照比差异都不显著,而其相应过氧化物酶的活性显著高于对照,分别为对照的4.79和3.56倍。棉蚜取食和机械损伤诱导相应邻近健康玉米及玉米螟取食和机械损伤诱导其相应健康棉花的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性都没有增加。由此认为,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶在昆虫取食诱导的棉花和玉米通讯中的作用不明显。     

2012年玉米病虫害发生概况特点和原因分析

2012年是近年中国玉米病虫害发生面积最大、为害程度最重的一年。北方春玉米区玉米螟持续严重为害,东北、华北三代粘虫、大斑病严重发生。总结了2012年玉米螟、粘虫和大斑病等重大病虫发生特点,分析了适宜天气条件、病虫源的逐年和逐代积累、栽培管理措施不合理是导致玉米病虫害重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了加强玉米病虫害监测预警工作、提升科学防病治虫水平的对策建议,本研究旨在对今后进一步做好玉米测报工作,指导玉米病虫害防治、有效控制危害、保障玉米生产都具有重要意义。     

我国高效苏芸金杆菌菌株对玉米螟毒力的初步评比

本文以玉米螟为供试昆虫,采用规范化的生物测定方法对全国各地筛选的19个高毒力苏芸金杆菌菌株进行毒力评比.实验结果表明属于血清型H_(3a3b)的各菌株对玉米螟具有较高的毒力.以LD_(50)作为衡量各菌株的毒力指标选出了HD-1、鄂农3号、551和80-1等几个高毒力的菌株,为今后生产高效的苏芸金杆菌制剂提供了依据.     

2013年广西甘蔗生产情况调查报告

为全面地了解2013年广西蔗区甘蔗生产情况,于2013年5月28日—6月3日采用面上调查、数据收集和实地调查相结合的调查方法,对南宁、河池、柳州、崇左、百色、来宾6个市的蔗区进行调查。调查结果表明：与2012年相比,2013年广西全区甘蔗种植面积减少;整体甘蔗出苗情况与2012年相当,新植蔗每公顷苗数比2012年减少了4千株,宿根蔗每公顷苗数比2012年减少了2千株左右;螟害枯心率整体降低,甘蔗黑穗病发病率高于2012年。随着种植成本增加,蔗农管理甘蔗的积极性下降。针对调查结果,建议加快甘蔗施肥大培土的田间管理进度,做好后期螟虫的防治工作,减少螟害节和枯梢率,调整品种种植结构,扩大‘桂糖’系列优良甘蔗品种种植面积,同时采取积极措施,防控甘蔗其他虫害局部地区爆发。     

取食苹果对亚洲玉米螟实验种群发育的影响

通过室内系统饲养,采用组建种群生命表的方法, 研究了取食苹果对亚洲玉米螟实验种群的影响。结果表明,与取食玉米叶片和人工饲料的亚洲玉米螟相比,取食苹果的种群,不仅生长发育受阻, 而且其净增值率、内禀增长率和生殖力等各项参数均有所下降：其平均世代周期（57.3310d）分别比取食玉米叶（37.7170d）和人工饲料（43.5750d）的种群延长了19.6140d和14.1420d;其净增值率（1.8933）、内禀增长率（0.0111）和周限增长率（1.0112）比取食人工饲料的种群分别下降了93.66%、93.26%和14.23%,比取食玉米叶的分别下降了76.91%、80.11%和4.37%。     

Relationship between European corn borer resistance and concentration of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. in grains of transgenic Bt maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, and commercial varieties

The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hb., is a major pest of maize in central Europe and promotes the infection of maize with Fusarium spp. In this study, transgenic Bt maize hybrids were compared with their isogenic counterparts, and with commercial hybrids from the recommended list with regard to their level of ECB resistance and their concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON), its 15‐acetyl (15‐A‐DON) and 3‐acetyl (3‐A‐DON) derivatives, nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon‐X (FUS‐X), fumonisins (FUM), and zearalenon (ZEN) in harvested grains. The field experiments were performed in Germany at four locations in 1999 and at five locations in 2000. Transgenic Bt hybrids showed significantly lower means than their corresponding isogenic counterparts and than commercial hybrids for all resistance traits: damage rating of stalks, number of larvae per plant, number of larvae per ear, and percentage of damaged plants or ears under infestation. Among all mycotoxins analysed, DON consistently showed the highest concentration across all year × location combinations. Mycotoxin concentrations varied significantly between locations, years and genotypes, whereas mycotoxin concentrations were not significantly different between infested and protected plots. Associations between ECB resistance traits and mycotoxin concentrations were not consistent across years. It is concluded that under central European conditions, the use of Bt maize hybrids will only slightly reduce the contamination of maize kernels with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp.     

棉田玉米螟的危害与防治指标研究

玉米螟危害棉株生长点和主茎后,单株产量损失28.26～88.7％,由于棉株的自我生理调节和群体补偿效应,实际损失为12.61～52.17％。测定了受害株率与产量损失率以及受害株率与百株卵块数之间的关系,拟定出不同皮棉产量水平的棉田防治指标:高产田(100kg/亩)4.9块卵/百株;中产田(75kg/亩左右)5.5块卵/百株;低产田(50kg/亩左右)6.2块卵/百株,在玉米螟严重发生年份,应适当放低。