三类植物卵菌的全基因组比较

为有效防治由不同类型卵菌引起的植物病害,该研究对数据库中的霜霉、疫霉和腐霉3类不同卵菌的全基因组数据进行序列特征分析、同源性分析和共线性分析以及同源差异基因富集通路分析。结果显示,霜霉、疫霉和腐霉来自独立的谱系,且疫霉与霜霉的亲缘关系较近;疫霉的致病相关基因数量最多,主要有RxLR、CRN、NPP、NF和PcF基因家族,霜霉的致病相关基因数量次之,腐霉的致病相关基因数量最少;3类卵菌共确定了13 392个同源基因,其中3类卵菌均共有的同源基因为3 786个,不同菌种的同源基因数量差异较大,整体表现为疫霉>霜霉>腐霉;同源差异基因富集程度最高的前20个通路主要是基础代谢的通路和中间代谢通路,其中抗坏血酸和藻酸盐代谢、ABC转运蛋白和果糖和甘露糖代谢相对富集程度较高,基因数目也较多。     

基于高通量测序检测甜菜生尾孢中真菌病毒多样性

为明确甜菜生尾孢Cercospora beticola中真菌病毒的多样性,2020年自新疆维吾尔族自治区、内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省和北京市采集感染褐斑病甜菜病叶,鉴定获得78株甜菜生尾孢菌株,运用高通量的宏转录组测序技术检测甜菜生尾孢所携带的真菌病毒种类;将分离到的甜菜生尾孢按照菌落生长表型分为4组,进行宏转录组测序,将得到的序列经过拼接、聚类和基因功能注释,筛选出真菌病毒相关同源序列。序列分析结果显示,4组样品共比对到6个真菌病毒科,包括双分体病毒科Partitiviridae、双核糖核酸病毒科Birnaviridae、低毒病毒科Hypoviridae、裸露RNA病毒科Narnaviridae、泛欧尔密病毒科Botourmiaviridae和转座病毒科Metaviridae,以及未分科的负义单链RNA病毒。研究结果丰富了甜菜生尾孢真菌病毒资源库。     

Note:In vitro antagonism of actinomycetes isolated from fungus-growing ants against plant pathogenic fungi

Fungus-growing ants have been found recently to be symbiotic with actinomycetes living on the ant’s cuticle; these bacteria are inhibitory to soil fungi that are detrimental to the ants’ fungus gardens. In order to investigate whether actinomycetes found on the cuticle of attine ants also had inhibitory properties against plant pathogenic fungi, we isolated 32 strains of actinomycetes from fungus-growing ants (Atta, Trachymyrmex, andCyphomyrmex), from the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. Of the actinomycetes tested against selected plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium sp.) on Czapek-Dox agar medium, 13 isolates inhibited at least one of the fungi.C. lindemuthianum was inhibited by 11 actinomycetes, andRhizoctonia by three. An actinomycete strain isolated fromCyphomyrmex rimosus inhibited all five fungi tested. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 30, 2008.     

昆虫不育技术在害虫防治中的应用和研究进展

昆虫不育技术是一种通过释放不育昆虫来控制田间害虫种群的生物防治新策略。为将昆虫不育技术应用于防治全球入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,该文对昆虫不育技术的作用机理和防治现状进行了综述,并对国内外利用该技术成功防治害虫的作用原理、作用方式和对多种害虫防治的成功案例进行了归纳;同时,对防治靶标基因doublesex的功能性作用进行总结。本综述基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统调控靶标基因,整理并展望通过释放携带显性致死基因的昆虫种群实现虫口密度控制的研究现状,为促进昆虫不育技术防治害虫提供理论基础。     

Hypersensitive response suppression by type III effectors of plant pathogenic bacteria

The suppressor activity of four representative avirulence (avr) genes from the Pseudomonas syringae group against elicitors of a general hypersensitive response (HR) was examined in tobacco leaves inoculated with double transformants of Pseudomonas fluorescens containing both a cosmid plasmid (pHIR11) carrying the hrp gene cluster and a plasmid carrying each avr gene. The double transformants Pf (pHIR11) containing avrB, avrRps4, or avrPto failed to induce an HR, but that carrying avrRpt2 did induce an HR as Pf (pHIR11 + empty vector) did. Thus, some Avr proteins seem to have suppressor activity against a general HR and should promote aggressiveness of the pathogens.     

Toxicity of fungal endophyte secondary metabolites to plant parasitic nematodes and soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi

Fungi isolated from the cortical tissue of surface sterilized tomato roots collected from field plots produced secondary metabolites in nutrition broth that were highly toxic toMeloidogyne incognita. Especially strains ofFusarium oxysporum were highly active with 13 of 15 strains producing culture filtrates toxic to nematodes. The mechanism of action of the toxic metabolites produced by the non-pathogenicF. oxysporum strain 162 with proven biological control ofM. incognita in pot experiments was investigated. These metabolites reducedM. incognita mobility within 10 min of exposure. After 60 min, 98% of juveniles were inactivated. Juveniles were initially inactivated within a few minutes of exposure, but with exposure of 5 h 50% of the juveniles were dead and 24 h exposure resulted in 100% mortality. In a bioassay with lettuce seedlings metabolite concentrations > 100 mg/l reduced the number ofM. incognita juveniles on the roots comparing to the water control. TheF. oxysporum toxins were highly effective towards sedentary parasites and less effective towards migratory endoparasites. Nonparasitic nematodes were not influenced at all. Metabolites of strain 162 also reduced significantly the growth ofPhytophthora cactorum, Pythium ultimum andRhizoctonia solani in vitro. Secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi on plant-parasitic nematodes and soil-borne fungi should be considered for control of plant parasitic nematodes and plant pathogenic fungi. The results also show the need for proper selection of target nematodes inin vitro bioassays.     

甘肃定西地区马铃薯线虫病病原的分离鉴定

为明确甘肃省定西市马铃薯线虫病的病原种群分类地位,采用形态学结合分子生物学的方法对该地区马铃薯上的4个线虫群体进行了鉴定,观察和测量其形态特征值,基于r DNA-ITS序列以UPGMA法构建线虫群体的系统发育树,并按照柯赫氏法则进行了致病性测定。结果表明,4个线虫群体在形态学上与马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor一致,但群体DX27与群体DX11、DX16、DX19雌虫的体长、体长/食道长、体长/尾长值存在极显著差异。利用通用引物TW81/AB28扩增r DNA-ITS序列均获得长度为915 bp的片段;序列比对分析表明,群体DX27与其它3个群体相比在ITS1区的第96~255 bp片段内有25个碱基的差异;系统发育树显示,群体DX27与C型群体聚为1支,群体DX11、DX16、DX19与B型群体聚为1支。根据形态学特征及r DNA-ITS序列分析结果确定该病原线虫为马铃薯腐烂茎线虫,其中群体DX27属于C型,群体DX11、DX16、DX19属于B型。     

Pi34-AVRPi34: a new gene-for-gene interaction for partial resistance in rice to blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea

The japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar Chubu 32 has a high level of partial resistance to blast, which is mainly controlled by a dominant resistance gene located on chromosome 11. The partial resistance to the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) in Chubu 32 has isolate specificity; isolate IBOS8-1-1 is more aggressive on Chubu 32 than are other isolates. We hypothesized that the gene-for-gene relationship fits this case of a partial resistance gene in Chubu 32 against the avirulence gene in the pathogen. The partial resistance gene in Chubu 32 was mapped between DNA markers C1172 (and three other co-segregated markers) and E2021 and was designated Pi34. In the 32 F₃ lines from the cross between a chromosome segment substitution line (Pi34⁻) from Koshihikari/Kasalath and Chubu 32, the lines with high levels of partial resistance to the M. grisea isolate Y93-245c-2 corresponded to the presence of Pi34 estimated by graphic genotyping. This indicated that Pi34 has partial resistance to isolate Y93-245c-2 in compatible interactions. The 69 blast isolates from the F₁ progeny produced by the cross between Y93-245c-2 and IBOS8-1-1 were tested for aggressiveness on Chubu 32 and rice cultivar Koshihikari (Pi34⁻). The progeny segregated at a 1 : 1 ratio for strong to weak aggressiveness on Chubu 32. The results suggested that Y93-245c-2 has one gene encoding avirulence to Pi34 (AVRPi34), and IBOS8-1-1 is extremely aggressive on Chubu 32 because of the absence of AVRPi34. This is the first report of a gene-for-gene relationship between a fungal disease resistance gene associated with severity of disease and pathogen aggressiveness.     

A new Badnavirus species detected in Bougainvillea in Brazil

Badnavirus in Bougainvillea spectabilis showing virus-like symptoms was identified by the presence of bacilliform particles, measuring 125–130 × 30–40 nm in leaf-dip preparations and by analysis of its putative open reading frame 3 sequence. The virus, tentatively named Bougainvillea bacilliform virus (BBV), had the highest identities (up to 60%) with Spiraea yellow leaf spot virus, Gooseberry vein banding associated virus, Taro bacilliform virus, and Citrus yellow mosaic virus. In phylogenetic analysis, BBV clustered with Badnavirus putative species. Attempts to transmit the virus to several hosts failed. This is the first report of a new Badnavirus detected in Bougainvillea.     

三七NAC基因家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

为明确三七Panax notoginseng NAC转录因子基因家族的分布、功能和结构,通过生物信息学分析法进行鉴定,对其理化特性、染色体位置和进化特征进行分析,并根据RNA-seq数据分析其家族成员的时空表达模式和受黑斑病菌Alternaria panax诱导后的表达情况。结果显示,三七中共有98个NAC基因家族成员,其编码蛋白质长度介于104～882个氨基酸之间,分子量在11.78～100.20 kD之间,等电点在4.12～9.75之间。这98个NAC基因家族不均匀地分布在三七的12条染色体上,其中1号染色体分布最多（16个）,而11号染色体上分布最少（1个）。三七NAC基因启动子区域存在与光响应、生长素响应、赤霉素响应及茉莉酸甲酯响应等相关的多种顺式作用元件。NAC基因在三七不同组织及根部不同发育时期均有表达,在受到黑斑病菌侵染的叶片中NAC部分基因家族成员显著上调表达。表明NAC基因家族在三七的生长发育和响应黑斑病菌侵染过程中具有重要作用。     

核盘菌自噬相关基因SsATG5和SsATG8的功能分析

为探究自噬在核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum致病过程中的作用,利用酵母Saccharomyces自噬相关基因（autophagy-related gene,ATG）编码的蛋白序列比对核盘菌基因组,获得核盘菌假定ATG,并以核盘菌1980菌株为出发菌株,基于同源重组的原理对假定ATG进行敲除和回补,并测定不同突变体的生长表型和致病能力。结果表明,从核盘菌基因组中比对到2个ATG,分别命名为SsATG5和SsATG8,两者在核盘菌致病过程中均上调表达。SsATG5和SsATG8敲除突变体在菌丝生长、产草酸和侵染垫形成方面与野生型菌株无明显差异,但SsATG5敲除突变体在离体拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana叶片上的致病力显著下降了约40%,在活体拟南芥植株上的致病力显著下降了约80%,同时SsATG5回补突变体恢复了正常的致病力。表明SsATG5参与了核盘菌的致病过程,证实自噬在核盘菌致病过程中发挥着重要作用。     

大丽轮枝菌效应蛋白VdSRP2的功能分析

为明确效应蛋白VdSRP2在大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae中的生物学功能,从大丽轮枝菌落叶型菌株V592中克隆VdSRP2基因并进行生物信息学分析,利用酵母转化酶分泌系统对其信号肽活性进行测定,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR)技术分析VdSRP2基因在大丽轮枝菌中的表达模式,并以V592菌株为材料获得VdSRP2基因的敲除突变体和过表达体菌株,通过表型分析和致病性测定确定VdSRP2基因的生物学功能。结果显示,VdSRP2基因编码232个氨基酸,含有5个半胱氨酸残基,N-端信号肽具有分泌活性,为真菌的典型效应蛋白;VdSRP2基因主要在大丽轮枝菌菌丝和微菌核中表达,其中经棉花根系诱导培养24 h时表达量最高;与野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP2基因敲除导致大丽轮枝菌的产孢量和孢子萌发率显著下降,不能形成微菌核,对棉花的致病力明显减弱;但VdSRP2基因敲除不影响大丽轮枝菌的穿透能力;VdSRP2基因在本氏烟和棉花叶片瞬时表达不会诱导细胞死亡。表明VdSRP2是大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成必需...     

Characterisation of a proposed Nucleorhabdovirus new to South Africa

A previously uncharacterised plant rhabdovirus, infecting Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in the North West Province, South Africa, has been found. To determine the morphology and virion size of this virus, embedded ultra-thin sections of infected plant samples were observed under a transmission electron microscope. The virion distribution within the cell, its bullet-shaped morphology and its size (240 × 63 nm) indicated that this might be a rhabdovirus of the genus Nucleorhabdovirus. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed by alignment of the polymerase gene sequences of several plant rhabdoviruses in order to identify conserved regions. Standard PCR and sequencing protocols were used to determine a partial polymerase gene sequence of this virus sample which was then compared to the most closely related sequences available on Genbank. The analysis indicated that the virus was indeed most closely related to known nucleorhabdoviruses, with the highest nucleotide sequence similarities being to Maize mosaic virus and Taro vein chlorosis virus (70% and 69.7% respectively). Serological testing indicated that the South African Cynodon rhabdovirus had a close serological relationship with the nucleorhabdovirus Cynodon chlorotic streak virus.     

二点螟几丁质酶1基因CiChi1的克隆和功能分析

为明确几丁质酶1(chitinase 1,Chi1)编码基因在二点螟Chilo infuscatellus中的潜在功能,对Chi1基因进行全长序列克隆和生物信息学分析,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因的时空表达模式,利用RNA干扰技术探究其在二点螟生长发育方面的功能。结果表明,二化螟Chi1基因序列全长为1 788 bp,开放阅读框为1 653 bp,编码550个氨基酸,并命名为CiChi1;CiChi1基因在二点螟不同发育阶段及不同组织中均有表达,其中在成虫期的相对表达量最高,在6龄幼虫期的相对表达量次之,且在6龄幼虫表皮中的相对表达量最高;在RNA干扰试验中,注射ds CiChi1的二点螟3龄幼虫试验组在第14天的最终死亡率为62.0%,显著高于注射ds EGFP的阴性对照组（27.8%）和注射蒸馏水的空白对照组（33.9%）;此时试验组的平均虫重为0.024 g,显著低于阴性对照组（0.039 g）和空白对照组（0.040 g）,且试验组试虫还伴随有外表皮急剧变黑、消解软化的致死表型;实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,试验组试虫体内CiChi1基因表达量较阴性对照组和空白对照组...     

烟蚜热激蛋白Hsp90基因的克隆及在UV-B胁迫下的表达分析

为探讨UV-B胁迫对烟蚜Myzus persicae热激蛋白Hsp90基因表达量的影响,采用RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆了烟蚜热激蛋白Hsp90基因的全长,并对其进行生物信息学分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了烟蚜Hsp90基因在不同时长UV-B胁迫下的表达量变化。结果表明,烟蚜Hsp90基因的cDNA全长为2 670 bp,编码728个氨基酸,编码蛋白质的相对分子量为82.6 kD,等电点为4.95,获得的氨基酸序列具有Hsp90蛋白家族的1个签名序列及C末端MEEVD基序,推测其属于胞质型热激蛋白。系统进化树结果显示,烟蚜Hsp90与其它昆虫Hsp90具有很高的相似性。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,不同时长UV-B胁迫下烟蚜Hsp90均有表达,随着照射时间延长,Hsp90表达量表现为先上升后下降的趋势;与对照相比,照射时间为15、30、60、90和120 min时,Hsp90表达量均显著升高,且在60 min时Hsp90表达量达最大,是对照组的2.05倍。表明Hsp90基因在不同时长UV-B胁迫下差异表达,在烟蚜适应紫外胁迫的分子机制中具有重要作用。     

水蜡A病毒在呼和浩特市和哈尔滨市紫丁香上的发生及其基因组分子特征分析

为明确侵染紫丁香Syringa oblata并引起褪绿花叶症状的病毒种类及其基因组分子特征,利用透射电子显微镜对分离自呼和浩特市和哈尔滨市的紫丁香病样中的病毒粒子进行观察,并通过小RNA高通量测序和RT-PCR技术对其进行检测分析。结果表明,在紫丁香显症叶片的病毒粗提液中观察到长约600 nm、宽约13 nm的线状病毒粒子。利用小RNA高通量测序和RT-PCR技术从病样中检测到水蜡A病毒（Ligustrum virus A,LVA）,发病率为3.7%。呼和浩特市紫丁香分离物LVA-Sob的基因组序列全长8 525 nt,包含6个开放阅读框,分别编码Rep（1 968 aa）、TGB1（229 aa）、TGB2（107 aa）、TGB3（60 aa）、CP（294 aa）和NABP（119 aa）共6个蛋白。序列一致性分析表明,分离物LVA-Sob与韩国水蜡树分离物LVA-SK的基因组序列一致率高达97.9%,而与我国辽宁省暴马丁香分离物LVA-DX的基因组序列一致率仅为73.6%。在这3个LVA分离物基因组中没有检测到重组事件;基于基因组和cp基因序列的系统发育树显示这3个LVA分离物形成一个分支,并与瑞香S病毒（daphne virus S,DVS）有较近的亲缘关系。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌SN313的次生代谢产物及其抑制植物病原真菌活性研究

通过化学与生物活性筛选从土壤中分离得到一株菌株,利用16S rDNA方法将其鉴定为嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila并命名为SN313。采用微生物发酵、液相萃取、柱层析及半制备高效液相色谱等技术,对SN313的发酵液进行分离纯化,得到3个化合物。利用质谱和核磁共振等波谱技术并依据文献数据确定了这3个化合物分别是N-(2-羟基苯基乙酰) 色胺 ( 1 )、吩嗪-1-羧酸 ( 2 ) 和环(脯氨酸-色氨酸) ( 3 ),其中化合物 1 是一个新的β-吲哚基乙胺类衍生物。通过微量稀释法测定了3个化合物对4种植物病原真菌的抑制活性。结果表明:化合物 1 对辣椒疫霉Phytophthoa capsici和番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea具有明显的抑制作用 (IC₅₀值分别为11.20 μg/mL和28.94 μg/mL);化合物 2 对番茄灰霉病菌、辣椒疫霉、水稻纹枯病菌Thanatephorus cucumeris和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana有明显的抑制作用 (IC₅₀ < 40 μg/mL);化合物 3 对番茄灰霉病菌具有较好的抑制效果 (IC₅₀ = 41.58 μg/mL)。从土壤微生物中获取化合物 2 ,为生物农药申嗪霉素有效成分的天然获取提供了一种新的途径。     

球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛的致病力及其与花绒寄甲的相容性

为探明昆虫病原真菌球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana与天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides的相容性,观察4株球孢白僵菌菌株的生长性状、产孢量以及孢子萌发率,并选用Bb3275和Bb202菌株测定其对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus的致病力以及对花绒寄甲的毒力;同时在模拟环境条件下,分别用Bb3275和Bb202菌株的孢子悬浮液先侵染松墨天牛幼虫,再按1∶1比例将花绒寄甲与受侵染的松墨天牛置于同一环境下饲养,观察花绒寄甲的死亡率。结果显示,孢子悬浮液浓度为1×10⁶孢子/mL至1×10⁸孢子/mL时,Bb3275菌株和Bb202菌株对松墨天牛幼虫和成虫的致病力与对照组相比均有显著差异;经4种浓度Bb3275和Bb202菌株侵染花绒寄甲幼虫和成虫15 d后,仅在高浓度1×10⁸孢子/mL时表现出轻微致死作用,但花绒寄甲的存活率均高于85.00%;模拟条件下,松墨天牛幼虫校正死亡率均在80.00%以上,而同环境下花绒寄甲幼虫和成虫均表现出良好的活力,且侵染率为0。表明球孢白僵菌和花绒寄甲之间具有很好的相容性,可以同时应用于松墨天牛的生物防治。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry1Ie新基因的克隆、表达与生物活性测定

为获得新的鳞翅目害虫杀虫基因,根据已知cry1I类基因编码区设计简并引物,采用直接克隆法,以苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株BN23-5质粒DNA为模板进行扩增,并对得到的基因进行鉴定和分析。结果表明:克隆得到一个完整的cry1Ie基因,全长2 160 bp,由719个氨基酸组成,该氨基酸序列与已知的4种Cry1Ie蛋白不同,与Cry1Ie2和Cry1Ie3的氨基酸序列同源性最高,为95.4%,被国际Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为Cry1Ie5(登录号为KJ710646)。将该基因插入表达载体p ET-28a,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG低温诱导成功表达,SDS-PAGE电泳验证其大小为81 k D,与预测的分子量相符合。生物活性测定表明,Cry1Ie5表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和亚洲玉米螟具有杀虫活性,LC_(50)分别为0.43μg/m L和48.39μg/m L;对棉铃虫的致死率不高,但能明显抑制其生长;对甜菜夜蛾没有杀虫活性。