不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响.选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组(n=6),分别为精粗分饲组(SI)和全混合日粮组(TMR),精饲料:粗饲料均为50:50.试验结果表明:奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间(P<0.01),显著增加了反刍时间(P<0.05),TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%(P<0.05),但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著(P>0.05).在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响.     

提高奶牛饲料消化率的措施

1加强碳水化合物的消化 奶牛采食的饲料中75%-80%的干物质以及50%以上的粗纤维是在瘤胃内消化的。瘤胃微生物与宿主、瘤胃内的细菌和纤毛虫彼此之间存在共生关系,正是这种共生关系决定了其有消化大量粗纤维饲料的能力。饲料中的碳水化合物经瘤胃发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）,包括乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,是反刍动物最大的能源。正常情况下,乙酸占50%-65%,丙酸占18%-25%,丁酸占12%-20%。 VFA之间的比例受日粮精粗料比例、粗饲料形态的影响。当日粮粗饲料比例减少或粗料太细时,     

不同精粗饲料比日粮对马岗鹅生产性能的影响

试验分A、B、C和D4组,分别为饲喂全精料和精粗饲料比为9∶1、8∶2和7∶3的日粮,研究4种不同精粗比日粮对马岗鹅生产性能的影响。试验结果表明:以10%的黑麦草(风干物)替代精饲料能取得较好的日增重和饲料报酬,对屠宰性能影响不大。     

肉羊饲喂全混合颗粒饲料对其采食行为的影响

本试验通过开展粗饲料资源玉米秸秆和苜蓿干草不同比、不同精粗比全混合颗粒饲料肉羊饲喂试验,观察记录肉羊采食行为。最终得出结论：饲喂全混合颗粒饲料,采食时间缩短30～40 min左右,采食速度提高,增加了采食量;粗饲料比例越高,肉羊饮水次数和饮水时间越长;精饲料比例越高,肉羊排便次数增加;精粗比对肉羊的运动和休息时间没有显著影响。通过观测各指标得出结论：A3B2组饲喂效果最好。     

日粮类型对奶牛能量代谢的影响

为了探讨日粮类型对泌乳奶牛能量代谢的影响,以进一步了解奶牛日粮能量的摄入及损失情况,本试验选用12头体重、年龄相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分为3组,分别饲喂粗料为干秸秆玉米,精粗比40∶60的A组日粮及粗料均为玉米青贮,精粗比分别是40∶60和60∶40的B和C组日粮,进行了奶牛甲烷能、粪能、尿能、消化能等指标的测定。试验结果表明,B组和C组日粮粪能分别比A组日粮减少了37.69%和31.70%,能量消化率分别比A组日粮提高了16.41%和16.76%,差异均显著(P<0.05),粗料均为青贮玉米时,粪能和能量消化率随着精料比例的提高而增加,差异不显著(P>0.05);尿能显示结果为C组日粮﹥B组日粮﹥A组日粮,差异不显著(P>0.05);A组日粮的甲烷能分别比B组和C组日粮提高了24.60%和34.26%,差异显著(P<0.05),粗料均为青贮玉米条件下随日粮精料水平的增加甲烷能下降了7.19%,差异不显著(P>0.05);结果同时表明,三组日粮从粪便、尿液、甲烷途径损失的总能量占摄入总能的比例分别为51.65%、42.63%、41.05%,其中粪能占损失能的比例分别为79.84%、73.94%、76....     

肉牛日粮配制精粗比与饲养管理影响饲料利用率

日粮中精粗比例提高,会导致瘤胃pH值下降,而纤维分解菌对于pH值下降比较敏感,这样就会影响纤维分解菌的活性,造成粗饲料消化率的下降.因此掌握好肉牛日粮的精粗比,对于提高饲料的消化利用率是很重要的.在肉牛生产中,一般的饲养方式是粗料由肉牛自由采食,每天补饲2～3千克精料混合料,日粮的精粗比例大约为20∶80.精料比例较低,不仅节约了精料,而且对于提高粗饲料的消化率也是有利的.当然这样也会使日粮的营养水平偏低,延长了肉牛的肥育时间,使牛肉的嫩度下降.     

农户如何高效养肉鹅

(一)精养雏鹅雏鹅出壳24小时后即可开食,一般雏鹅进入育雏室,先休息一会,后喂水,水中加入少量葡萄糖或多维素,有利于清除胎粪,供给营养,提高成活率,然后开食,一般将切碎的青料和精料混合,撒于干净的塑料布上,任期自由采食,每天6～8次,少喂勤添,夜间喂2～3次。日粮中精料占20%～30%、青料占70%～80%。     

奶牛的饲养管理措施

正1科学合理配制精粗饲料一般来说,粗料主要提供给奶牛所需要的粗纤维和其它养分,而精饲料主要是提供能量、蛋白质和矿物质等养分。如按日粮总干物质计算,干草等粗饲料在奶牛日粮中以占50%为宜,但粗饲料质量不好时,则精粗料比为60%∶40%。在生产实践中,一般根据奶牛日产奶量来确定精粗料的配比。如日产奶量为10kg,精粗料比为30%∶70%,日喂混合精料4kg;日产奶15kg,精粗料比仍以30%∶70%为宜,但精料喂量应增加到5.6kg;日产奶量20kg,精粗料比调整为40%∶60%,     

日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的影响

本试验旨在研究口粮精粗比与泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的关系.选择4头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的初产荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设汁,研究精粗比约为30:70的高低质粗料型日粮、30:70的混合型高青贮日粮、50:50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65:35的高精料日粮对奶牛干物质(dry mater,DM)、中性洗涤纤维(neutraldetergent fiber,NDF)与物理有效NDF(physical effective NDF,peNDF)等营养物质进食量及采食与反刍等咀嚼活动的影响.结果表明:H粮精粗比显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛DM、NDF和peNDF进食量;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日采食时间和单位DM、NDF、peNDF进食量的采食时间及日采食次数、单次采食时间;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响除奶牛单次反刍时间和日反刍次数外的反刍活动参数;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日咀嚼时间、单位DM、NDF、peNDF、ADF进食量咀嚼时间及单位DM、peNDF进食量咀嚼次数.由此可知,通过调节咀嚼活动,4种不同精粗比的日粮均能满足奶牛对peNDF的需要量,且能获得维持合适乳脂率和瘤胃pH的咀嚼时间.     

不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响。选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组（n=6）,分别为精粗分饲组（SI）和全混合日粮组（TMR）,精饲料：粗饲料均为50：50。试验结果表明：奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间（P〈0.01）,显著增加了反刍时间（P〈0.05）,TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%（P〈0.05）,但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著（P〉0.05）。在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …