四川山姜的化学成分研究

采用正相硅胶和Sephalex LH-20凝胶色谱柱层析等分离方法对姜科山姜属植物四川山姜的乙酸乙酯部位的成分进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定.分离得到了8个化合物,分别鉴定为3,5-二羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基黄酮(1)、4′,7-二羟基-5-甲氧基二氢黄酮(2)、4′,5,7-三羟基黄酮(3)、5,7-二羟基-4′甲氧基黄酮(4)、对香豆酸(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)和豆甾醇(8).化合物1～5为首次从该植物中获得.     

HPLC法同时检测刚竹属竹叶中4种黄酮碳苷的含量

建立了HPLC同时检测竹叶中4种黄酮碳苷(异荭草苷、荭草苷、牡荆苷和异牡荆苷)的方法,并测定了这4种常见的黄酮碳苷在24种刚竹属竹叶的含量,以及早园竹4个季度中黄酮碳苷的含量。采用Inertsil ODS-3色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈/0.5%磷酸水溶液(体积比15∶85)为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长340 nm。实验结果表明:4种黄酮碳苷的质量浓度在1～300 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均在99%以上,加标回收率(n=3)分别为97.14%、100.53%、93.60%和95.66%,RSD值分别为1.11%、1.45%、1.96%和1.43%;24种刚竹属竹叶中黄酮碳苷含量差异显著,4种黄酮碳苷质量分数的总和在286.14～3 838.79 mg/kg之间,毛金竹最高,为3 838.79 mg/kg;早园竹中4种黄酮碳苷的含量随时间变化差异明显,质量分数的总和在1 371.15～4 367.01 mg/kg之间,其中1月份采摘时总质量分数最高,为4 367.01 mg/kg。HPLC法准确度高,适用于竹叶黄酮碳苷的测定。     

独脚金的化学成分研究

为研究玄参科植物独脚金(Striga asiatica(L.)O.K.)全草的化学成分,采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶色谱等方法进行化学成分的分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱数据(如核磁共振、红外光谱、质谱等)进行结构鉴定。结果表明:分离鉴定了到19个化合物,分别为(-)-threo-guaiacyl-glycerol-8-O-4'-(coniferyl alcohol) ether(1),3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-11-one acetate(2),2α, 3α, 19α, 23-四羟基-乌索烷-12-烯-28-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3),olean-12-ene-3β,7β,15α,28-tetraol(4),黄芩素6,4'-二甲醚(5),金圣草黄素(6),金圣草黄素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(7),rhamnopyranosyl vanilloyl(8),5, 3', 4'-三羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮(9),5,7,3',4',5'-五甲氧基黄酮(10),木犀草素-7, 3', 4'-三甲醚(11),芹菜素(12),芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸甲酯(13),芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(14),3-O-(6'-O-palmitoy-β-D-glucosyl)-spinasta-7,22-diene(15),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(16),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(17),withagulatin A(18),(6S,9R)-roseoside(19),其中化合物1,2,3,4和19是首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

Study on the Chemical Constituents of Leaves from Vatica mangachpoi Blanco

采用正相硅胶柱、反相硅胶柱、凝胶柱等柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法对青梅叶的化学成分进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和核磁共振等方法鉴定化合物的结构.从青梅叶75％乙醇提取物中分离了13个化合物,分别鉴定为岩白菜素(1),1,3,4/2,5-环己五醇(2),3-(1 -C-β-葡萄糖)-2,6-二羟基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸(3),木栓酮(4),木栓醇(5),羽扇豆醇(6),4-叔丁基苯甲醚(7),对甲氧基苯甲酸(8),邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(9),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(10),熊果酸(11),β-谷甾醇(12),β-胡萝卜苷(13).化合物2～9均为首次从青梅属植物中分离得到,化合物1为青梅中具有保肝护肝的主要活性成分之一.     

引种阿斯油橄榄叶中橄榄苦苷提取分离及结构鉴定

油橄榄叶主要含有橄榄苦苷、黄酮和多酚等抗氧化物.本研究以引种的希腊油橄榄阿斯为原料,采用乙醇-水(体积比60:40)对油橄榄叶进行提取,依次用石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取,乙酸乙酯萃取相经过硅胶柱层析,再用HPLC制备色谱,得质量分数95%以上的单体,通过IR、UV、MS、NMR鉴定该化舍物为橄榄苦苷.橄榄苦苷经过酸水解,得到两个主要产物,一个为羟基酪醇,另一个为榄香酸.     

新疆圆柏黄酮类成分的研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20柱等色谱手段,对新疆圆柏叶的黄酮类成分进行了研究,从中分离鉴定了9个黄酮类化合物:柏木双黄酮(Ⅰ)、柏木双黄酮4',4'-二甲醚(Ⅱ)、穗花杉双黄酮(Ⅲ)、罗汉松双黄酮A(Ⅳ)、儿茶素(Ⅴ)、槲皮素(Ⅵ)、异高黄芩素7-O-β-D-木糖苷(Ⅶ)、杨梅素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅷ)和芦丁(Ⅸ).其中化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物Ⅷ和Ⅸ为首次从该属植物中分离得到.二苯代苦味肼基自由基(DPPH·)清除活性测试结果表明,化合物Ⅴ和Ⅵ的抗氧化活性较高,与阳性对照品抗坏血酸的接近;黄酮苷类化合物Ⅷ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ次之,而双黄酮类化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ活性较差.     

五指毛桃黄酮和香豆素类成分研究

对五指毛桃的化学成分进行了研究.分离得到11个化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据,分别鉴定为补骨脂素(Ⅰ)、伞形花内酯(Ⅱ)、 5,3',4'-三羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮(Ⅲ)、 5,7,2',4'-四羟基黄酮(Ⅳ)、 5-羟基-3,7,4'-三甲氧基黄酮(Ⅴ)、山柰酚(Ⅵ)、紫云英苷(Ⅶ)、金合欢素 7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅷ)、木犀草素7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅸ)、柚皮素(Ⅹ)及胡萝卜苷(Ⅺ).经检索,化合物Ⅱ～Ⅹ为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

青梅叶化学成分研究

采用正相硅胶柱、反相硅胶柱、凝胶柱等柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法对青梅叶的化学成分进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和核磁共振等方法鉴定化合物的结构。从青梅叶75%乙醇提取物中分离了13个化合物,分别鉴定为岩白菜素(1),1,3,4/2,5-环己五醇(2),3-(1-C-β-葡萄糖)-2,6-二羟基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸(3),木栓酮(4),木栓醇(5),羽扇豆醇(6),4-叔丁基苯甲醚(7),对甲氧基苯甲酸(8),邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(9),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(10),熊果酸(11),β-谷甾醇(12),β-胡萝卜苷(13)。化合物2～9均为首次从青梅属植物中分离得到,化合物1为青梅中具有保肝护肝的主要活性成分之一。     

刺玫果化学成分的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱和薄层色谱等方法对吉林产刺玫果化学成分进行了分离、纯化,运用现代波谱分析技术和理化性质对照等方法对其进行结构鉴定。共分离得到7个化合物,分别为α-D-(6-O-白芥子酰基)-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-(3-O-白芥子酰基)-呋喃果糖(1)、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷(2)、金丝桃苷(3)、槲皮素(4)、异甘草素(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)。其中化合物1、2、5为首次从刺玫果中分离得到。     

湖南银杏细胞培养高产黄酮苷细胞系选育

为了选育生产黄酮苷能力强且性状稳定的细胞系,采用高效液相色谱仪对8个银杏品种细胞悬浮培养得到的黄酮苷进行测定,找到了适合不同品种悬浮培养的最佳培养基。以8个品种中细胞黄酮苷含量较高的邵2-3为材料,对影响黄酮苷生成的因素:培养基、温度以及激素进行了系统研究,找到了适合该品种悬浮培养高产黄酮苷的最佳条件。结果表明,在M S液体培养基中,温度为24℃的条件下,激素质量浓度为NAA 1.0 m g/L或6-BA 1.0 m g/L时,悬浮培养邵2-3得到的黄酮苷含量最高,分别是4.22 m g.g-1和6.84 m g.g-1。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.