Prediction of penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis,based on prior test results

AIM: To gauge how well prior laboratory test results predict in vitro penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis.

METHODS: Population-based data on the farm of origin (n=79), genotype based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results, and the penicillin-resistance status of Staph. aureus isolates (n=115) from milk samples collected from dairy cows with mastitis submitted to two diagnostic laboratories over a 6-month period were used. Data were mined stochastically using the all-possible-pairs method, binomial modelling and bootstrap simulation, to test whether prior test results enhance the accuracy of prediction of penicillin resistance on farms.

RESULTS: Of all Staph. aureus isolates tested, 38% were penicillin resistant. A significant aggregation of penicillin-resistance status was evident within farms. The probability of random pairs of isolates from the same farm having the same penicillin-resistance status was 76%, compared with 53% for random pairings of samples across all farms. Thus, the resistance status of randomly selected isolates was 1.43 times more likely to correctly predict the status of other isolates from the same farm than the random population pairwise concordance probability (p=0.011). This effect was likely due to the clonal relationship of isolates within farms, as the predictive fraction attributable to prior test results was close to nil when the effect of within-farm clonal infections was withdrawn from the model.

CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the penicillin-resistance status of a prior Staph. aureus isolate significantly enhanced the predictive capability of other isolates from the same farm. In the time and space frame of this study, clinicians using previous information from a farm would have more accurately predicted the penicillin-resistance status of an isolate than they would by chance alone on farms infected with clonal Staph. aureus isolates, but not on farms infected with highly genetically heterogeneous bacterial strains.     

我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌血清型及毒力调查

为了解我国奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)流行血清型和不同血清型菌株的毒力情况,本研究采用玻板凝集和双重PCR方法分别对北京、山西、内蒙古、山东、浙江和新疆奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的191株S.aureus进行血清分型并从各血清型中随机选取100株菌以小白鼠进行毒力测定.结果表明:这些地区牛源S.aureus中,336PS型为流行血清型,占60.2％(115/191),CP8型占19.4％(37/191),CP5型占11.5％(22/191),未分型菌株占8.9％(17/191).毒力测定显示:336PS、CP8和CP5型菌株中强毒力菌株分别占65.1％、62.9％及61.9％,未分型菌株中强毒力菌株为22.2％.该调查为我国奶牛乳房炎S.aureus疫苗菌株的筛选提供了依据.     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌凝固酶分型与致病因子检测

为了解青海和甘肃地区奶牛养殖场的金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)基因型分布状况,本研究对来自该两个地区的210份奶样进行了S.aureus的分离与鉴定,利用凝固酶基因(Coa)扩增和限制性内切酶AluⅠ酶切方法对所有分离株进行了凝固酶多态性分型。并对不同凝固酶基因型的S.aureus进行了白细胞毒素F (LukF)、白细胞毒素S (LukS)、α溶血素(α-hemolysin)、β溶血素(β-hemolysin)等主要致病因子检测。结果显示,共分离鉴定出35株S.aureus (青海13株,甘肃22株),所有分离株均能够扩增出Coa基因片段,并有5种PCR分型结果(本文简称PCR1～PCR5型),其中PCR 1、4和5型只有1种亚型,而PCR 2型有3种亚型,PCR 3型有2种亚型。PCR3型是青海(6/13)和甘肃地区(8/22)主要流行的基因型。致病因子检测结果显示,所有分离株均携带致病因子LukS和α溶血素;致病因子LukF和β溶血素检出率也很高,分别是30株(85.7%)和31株(88.6%)。β溶血素基因在甘肃地区检出率为95.5%(21/22),青海地区检出率为76.9%(10/13),致病因子LukF在甘肃地区检出率为91.0%(20/22),青海地区检出率为76.9%(10/13),且在各基因型中均有分布,甘肃地区S.aureus致病因子LukF和β溶血素检出率高于青海地区。本研究首次对青海和甘肃地区致奶牛乳房炎S.aureus进行了鉴定分析,为这两个地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了参考依据。     

Interpretation of California mastitis test scores using Staphylococcus aureus culture results for screening of subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Screening of subclinical mastitis under field conditions is done using the California mastitis test (CMT). CMT score of ≥1 corresponding to ≥500,000 somatic cells ml⁻¹ is commonly used as threshold of subclinical mastitis in temperate countries. However, given the innately high physiological level of somatic cells in low yielding dairy cows, this threshold may not apply to low yielding dairy cows. The current study was undertaken to investigate the clinical utility of CMT for screening of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in Tanzania. A total of 1151 of quarter-milk samples were CMT tested, of these 914-originated from cows with a lactation period of 14–305 days. All samples were screened for subclinical mastitis by the CMT as well as microbiological culture of single, duplicate (two consecutive) and triplicate (three consecutive) samples as a gold standard. For the duplicate and triplicate quarter-samples, cows were considered positive for S. aureus subclinical mastitis if results of microbiologic culture for S. aureus were positive for two of two, and for at least two of the first three consecutive quarter-milk samples collected from that cow, respectively. Using a CMT score of ≥1 would classify 78.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. Eighty-two percent of the samples in which S. aureus was isolated had CMT scores ≥2; this would classify 51.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. For the single sample, this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio for S. aureus of 0.87, 0.83 and 4.24, respectively. For the duplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of 0.94, 0.86, and 5.19. While, for the triplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of 0.97, 0.92 and 7.47, respectively. Based on these results and practical considerations, it is concluded that CMT score of ≥2 corresponding to ≥800,000 somatic cells Ml⁻¹ is the best cut-off to correctly identify S. aureus intramammary infections in low yielding dairy cows in Tanzania.     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌免疫逃避机制研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,SA）型奶牛乳腺炎是一种较难控制的慢性、亚临床型传染病,给奶牛养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。多种SA免疫逃避机制在乳腺炎发生、发展过程中起重要作用,且SA的免疫逃避机制多与菌体毒力因子相关。本文对近年研究的奶牛乳腺炎SA的免疫逃避机制进行了综述,以期为SA型奶牛乳腺炎的防治研究提供参考。     

Research Progress on the Staphylococcus aureus Immune Evasion in Bovine Mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus(SA)bovine mastitis is a chronic and subclinical infectious disease, which is hard to control. It brings unpredictable losses to dairy-farming industry. Immune escape effect of SA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of mastitis, and some virulence factors are mostly associated with the immune evasion of bacteria. In this paper, some important immune evasion mechanisms of SA in recent researches were reviewed in order to provide theoretical reference for further prevention and treatment of mastitis in dairy cows.     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌凝固酶基因的分型

为了了解我国不同地区奶牛场金黄色葡萄球菌基因型的分布情况,采用凝固酶基因（Coa）扩增的分型方法,对在奶牛乳房炎奶样中所分离到的26株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了分型。结果显示,26株金黄色葡萄球菌共分为5个基因型,黑龙江省分离株以PCR 3型为主（10/16）。发现在同一牛群中的分离株可以存在相同的基因型,也可以存在不同的基因型;而不同牛群中的分离株也可属于同一基因型。这种结果提示,在某个或某些牛群中存在某一金黄色葡萄球菌的流行型,但也可能存在多个金黄色葡萄球菌的克隆。     

上海地区奶牛的乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性

为调查上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,采集上海地区乳房炎患病乳样60 份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明：经分离鉴定,共检出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为13.33%;药敏实验结果表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和氨苄西林的耐药率最高,均为100.00%,对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率次之,为50.00%,对头孢克洛、头孢唑肟、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率均为37.50%,对环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均为25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶     

分光光度法测定金黄色葡萄球菌菌液浓度方法的建立

为了建立一种通过吸光度测定,能够快速准确检测奶牛乳房炎多联苗中金黄色葡萄球菌抗原浓度的方法。用血平板培养至生长高峰期的金黄色葡萄球菌用生理盐水将菌苔洗下,稀释成不同浓度的细菌悬浮液,然后用平板计数法测定不同浓度菌液的活菌数,同时在波长450 nm 条件下测定其相应的吸光度,进而研究两者之间的相关性。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌数与其吸光度呈直线线性相关。建立了金黄色葡萄球菌菌液浓度与吸光度之间的回归方程式 y＝8．4106x－0．2726（R2＝0．9758）。通过测定细菌悬浮液的吸光度,可以快速计算出该菌的菌液浓度。为了验证该方法的准确性,通过平板培养了4批金黄色葡萄球菌菌液,进行了传统平板计数方法和吸光度法的比较和验证,证明吸光度测定法更为简单、快速和准确,且优于平板计数法,可以作为奶牛乳房炎多联苗中金黄色葡萄球菌抗原浓度的测定方法。     

Field trial of a staphylococcal mastitis vaccine in dairy herds: clinical, subclinical and microbiological assessments

Objective To assess the efficacy of a new staphylococcal mastitis vaccine under commercial dairying conditions.
Design A field trial involving 1819 cows and heifers conducted on seven dairy herds in Victoria. The trial was done 'blind'; approximately half the animals were vaccinated and the remainder were untreated controls.
Procedure The vaccine was given twice during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Effects of vaccination were assessed, during the ensuing lactation, on the basis of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and microbiological investigations of the milk.
Results A total of 273 cases of clinical mastitis were recorded. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 112 of these, 45 cases in vaccinates and 67 cases in controls; the difference was not statistically significant. One herd was notable in having a high incidence of clinical staphylococcal mastitis. This herd accounted for 15.8% of the animals in the field trial but 54.5% of cases of clinical staphylococcal mastitis. For this herd, vaccinated animals had significantly lower incidence of clinical staphylococcal mastitis and prevalence of subclinical mastitis, relative to controls. An unexpected feature of the trial as a whole was the low incidence of clinical mastitis from which S aureus was isolated in pure culture (26.3% of cases) and the high incidence of clinical Streptococcus uberis mastitis (22.7% of cases).
Conclusions The trial showed that the vaccine was efficacious in reducing the incidence of clinical mastitis and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in a herd that had a serious staphylococcal mastitis problem.     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌基因多态性分型试验

利用随机引物AP-7,建立引物随机多态性扩增(RAPD)体系对71株引起内蒙古和贵州地区奶牛乳房炎的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株进行基因分型研究。结果表明,71株金黄色葡萄球菌均得到清晰的RAPD指纹图谱,扩增产物为2～9条带,产物大小为240～4 500bp。菌株共分为6个基因型,其中Ⅰ型17株(占23.9%)、Ⅱ型3株(占4.2%)、Ⅲ型33株(占46.5%)、Ⅳ型15株(占21.1%)、Ⅴ型2株(占2.8%)、Ⅵ型2株(占2.8%)。Ⅰ型为内蒙古地区的流行优势菌群,Ⅲ型为贵州地区的流行优势菌群。两地区各基因型菌株比例有明显差异,这可能与奶牛养殖业水平和环境差异有关。     

乳头管灌注金黄色葡萄球菌对家兔血清中酶活性的影响

检测和分析乳头管灌注金黄色葡萄球菌前后家兔血清酶活性的动态变化,筛选奶牛乳房炎早期诊断指标。18只健康的怀孕家兔于产后7 d经第4对乳腺乳头管灌注金黄色葡萄球菌建立乳房炎模型。在灌注前2 h与灌注后6、12、24、48、72 h分别采血测定血清中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、过氧化物酶(LP)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性并同时采集乳腺组织观察病理学变化。结果显示,血清酶ALP、LDH和MPO活性在灌注后6～48 h时显著升高(P0.05),LP活性在灌注后12～48 h时显著升高(P0.05),4种酶活性均在灌注后24 h时达到峰值;LDH活性变化与不同时相之间的拟合度(R2=0.9704)均大于其他3种酶与不同时相之间的拟合度;LDH活性与乳腺组织损伤程度密切相关。研究结果提示,LDH可以作为乳房炎早期诊断候选指标进一步研究。     

Seasonal variations in the concentration of antimicrobial components in milk of dairy cows

The incidence of bovine mastitis and the bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) are influenced by season, which may be associated with innate immune functions, including antimicrobial components in mammary glands. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of season on antimicrobial components in milk. Rectal temperature and plasma cortisol, thyroxine, and derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d‐ROMs) were measured as stress parameters. Concentrations of lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), psoriasin (S100A7), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in milk were measured as indicators of innate immune function. LF and LAP concentrations were significantly lower in summer than in winter and spring, respectively, whereas the concentration of S100A7 was significantly lower in winter than in spring and autumn. The rectal temperature was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons, whereas plasma cortisol, thyroxine, and d‐ROMs did not exhibit any seasonal variation. In conclusion, even though stress parameters were not changed, the concentration of antimicrobial components, such as LF and LAP, decreased in summer, which may explain the frequent occurrence of mastitis during this season.     

金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎多价疫苗的研制和免疫效果评价

为研制用于预防金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的免疫疫苗,使用4株血清型为外膜多糖336型(336PS)、荚膜多糖5型(CP5)和荚膜多糖8型(CP8)强毒力金黄色葡萄球菌试制出金黄色葡萄球菌多价疫苗,并通过抗体水平监测、攻毒保护试验以及两个牧场的田间试验对免疫效果进行了评价。抗体水平监测显示,首免后30 d即可产生较高的抗体水平,二次免疫后有效抗体水平可持续到产后210 d;人工攻毒保护试验显示,疫苗对金黄色葡萄球菌引起的临床型乳房炎的保护率为89%;田间试验结果表明,该疫苗对奶牛临床型乳房炎的保护率在75.2%～83.3%之间,对隐性乳房炎的保护率在49.9%～52.2%之间,免疫组日产奶量较对照组平均提高1.26 kg以上。上述结果表明,所试制的疫苗可以显著降低泌乳牛金黄色葡萄球菌引起的临床型和隐性乳房炎发病率并提高产奶量。     

MLVA方法对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分型研究及效果评价

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分型对预防菌株在牛体之间传播、了解菌株地域性分布特点及针对性疫苗的研制均有重要的意义。本研究旨在将多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)法应用于国内乳房炎金葡菌的分型研究,以进行分子流行病学调查。同时,将其与16-23SrRNA基因间区分析法(RS-PCR)的分型结果比较,以评价MLVA法对乳房炎金葡菌的分型效果。作者建立MLVA方法(多重PCR体系)对27株乳房炎金葡菌进行分型,同时应用RS-PCR法进行分型。结果2种方法均可将8个地区17个牛场分离到的27株菌全部分型,分型率为100%。MLVA法将菌株分为19个型,不同牛场来源的金葡菌均属于不同型,相同牛场来源的菌株除上海和北京某牛场外均属于相同型;此方法的分型力为0.969。RS-PCR法将菌株分为10个型,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ型菌株均来源于不同地区,分型力为0.829。结果显示,MLVA分型法具有快速、操作方便和分型能力强等特点,可应用于乳房炎金葡菌的分子流行病学研究。同时,研究表明,我国不同牛场的乳房炎金葡菌具有型特异性,该结果与少数优势型金黄色葡萄球菌引起绝大多数乳房炎的报道相反。     

奶牛金葡菌乳房炎抗性的转录组及表观遗传学研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是一种常见疾病,对动物福利和奶牛场的经济效益产生不利影响.患有乳房炎的奶牛,尤其是金葡菌乳房炎的奶牛,其牛奶产量和品质大幅下降,严重的还会导致奶牛丧失生产能力.目前,奶牛乳房炎相关的研究已成为畜牧业的重点课题.本文综述和分析了近几年奶牛乳房炎及奶牛金葡菌乳房炎的主要研究领域和现状,主要对其抗病遗传育种在转录组...     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素是其引起奶牛乳房炎的关键因素之一,与金黄色葡萄球菌在奶牛乳房中定植有关的的黏附素主要是ClfA、FnBPA和FnBPB3种。曾有对金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素表达调控的研究发现,在金黄色葡萄球菌感染的早期主要表达黏附素,之后才表达毒素和荚膜,所以人们认为,对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附进行干预,可以减少或阻止毒素和荚膜的表达,而以黏附素作为靶位进行疫苗研制可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。国外对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素的研究历史相对较久,并且也取得了许多可喜成绩,而国内对金黄色葡萄球菌的研究相对滞后。因此,研究金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素对预防由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎具有广阔的前景。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌8种毒力基因的PCR检测

为研究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)主要毒力因子的分布情况,本试验利用PCR对70株临床型乳房炎、55株隐性乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的8种主要毒力基因进行检测。结果显示,nuc、ClfA、TSST-1、PVL、Hla、Hlb、FnBPA和FnBPB 8种毒力基因在临床型乳房炎SA菌株中的检出率分别为:100.0%(70株)、100.0%(70株)、0(0株)、5.7%(4株)、100.0%(70株)、11.4%(8株)、97.1%(68株)和100.0%(70株);在隐性乳房炎SA菌株中的检出率分别为:100.0%(55株)、100.0%(55株)、0(0株)、70.9%(39株)、98.2%(54株)、9.1%(5株)、100.0%(55株)和100.0%(55株)。结果表明,nuc、ClfA、Hla、Hlb和FnBPA 5种毒力基因是引起奶牛乳房炎的SA的最主要毒力基因;PVL基因可能是引起隐性乳房炎的重要致病基因。     

Characterization of Penicillinase Inhibitor in Bovine Serum

Bovine serum containing penicillinase inhibitor activity was fractioned by gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. The penicillinase inhibitor was principally located in the IgG-fraction and therefore appears to be an antibody.When serum antipenicillinase activity was screened in material consisting of 54 animals, mastitis cows showed higher incidence of penicillinase inhibitor than healthy animals.Serum penicillinase inhibitor had a slight effect on the MIC-value of penicillin against penicillinase producing staphylococci which indicates that this inhibitor could have some clinical influence in increasing bacterial sensitivity to penicillin.     

宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

为了解宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况,采用药敏纸片扩散法,测定了50株奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌对常用的17种抗茵药物的耐药性.同时采用产色头孢菌素法进行β-内酰胺酶的检测,并采用苯唑西林纸片法进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检测.结果表明,所有菌株除了对利福平、万古霉素100％敏感以外,对其他15...