土地利用及其变化对洮儿河流域中上游地区非点源污染的影响

为了评价老秃顶子自然保护区不同森林类型土壤水源涵养功能,对区内5种植被类型的土壤贮水能力与入渗特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同林型0—40cm土壤容重均值为0.76～1.71g/cm3,非毛管孔隙度均值为8.15%～22.07%,毛管孔隙度均值为27.60%～53.28%,灌木林、岳桦林、杂木林等天然次生林的土壤孔隙状况要好于落叶松人工林和红松人工林;不同林型0—40cm土壤的蓄水容量为1 429.8～2 834.3t/hm2,有效蓄容为325.9～882.7t/hm2,毛管持水量为1 103.8～2 131.0t/hm2,天然次生林土壤贮水能力相对较强;不同林型0—20cm土壤初渗率介于0.28～21.1mm/min之间,20—40cm土壤初渗率介于0.07～6.7mm/min之间,不同林型0—20cm土层稳渗率介于0.14～8.3mm/min之间,20—40cm土层稳渗率介于0.05～2.0mm/min之间,初渗率和稳渗率均表现为天然次生林高于人工林;土壤入渗速率与入渗时间存在良好的幂函数关系。     

黄土高原水土保持对流域降雨径流的影响分析

以黄土高原西川河流域1990年开展大规模水土保持综合治理以来的降雨、径流及各种治理措施面积变化等资料为基础，提出对各次降雨径流过程按雨量分级，然后分别研究流域治理程度逐年提高对其径流的影响规律，并对各种治理措施的降雨径流影响大小进行了对比分析。结果表明水土保持综合治理可以明显改变中雨、大雨级的降雨产流量，削弱降雨—径流型的流域间水分大循环，强化以降雨—入渗—蒸发型的流域内水分小循环；工程治理措施对径流的拦蓄作用大于植树种草生物治理措施；林草拦蓄降雨径流作用具有滞后性。     

基于SWAT模型的流域土地利用格局变化对面源污染的影响

近年来随着流域经济社会的快速发展,密云水库流域的土地利用格局也发生了明显的改变,作为影响流域非点源污染输出的主要因素,探讨土地利用格局的演变对非点源污染的影响对有效控制非点源污染具有重要的意义。该文以密云水库上游流域为研究区,从土地利用变化与污染过程相互作用的角度出发,开展流域非点源污染过程对土地利用变化的响应研究。基于流域1995年、2000年、2005年3期的土地利用数据,基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型,模拟评价流域非点源污染负荷分布特征,并应用景观格局指数、典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)和通径分析等方法,从全流域和三级保护区等多空间尺度,量化分析流域土地利用及其格局时空变化对非点源污染负荷的影响。研究结果表明流域的非点源负荷与土地利用格局间存在着密切的联系。格局指数能累积解释流域非点源污染负荷变化的56.3%。污染负荷受土地利用格局的破碎度和形状的影响较大。通径分析的结果表明,耕地、林地面积比例、形状指数和斑块密度是影响研究区非点源污染负荷输出的主要因子,其中形状指数和耕地面积比例对TN、TP负荷的解释能力要明显高于其他指标。从空间尺度上看,各格局因子与非点源污染负荷的关系具有尺度效应,随着空间尺度的递增,格局对负荷的解释程度降低,在较小的尺度范围内,尤其是一级保护区的解释能力最高,达到62.9%,表明离水库越近的区域应是非点源防治高度重视的区域。     

基于流域降雨强度的氮磷输出系数模型改进及应用

为研究曹娥江流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷量,将流域降雨及不同营养源产生的氮磷"合成"考虑,提出了产污系数以表征降雨产汇流过程氮磷输出强度,改进了输出系数模型,并探索发现流域年降雨强度与氮磷产污系数之间呈指数正相关,由此构建了基于年降雨强度的农业非点源氮磷输出负荷模型。利用此模型估算了农业污染源氮磷输出负荷量,显示2005-2010年流域总氮(total nitrogen,TN)年输出总量为5456.60~12268.38 t,总磷(total phosphorus,TP)为393.19~820.65 t,年度分布不均,降雨对TN输出总量的贡献率高达54.75%~69.67%。不同农业污染源对TN、TP输出总量的贡献率表明,该流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷主要来源于人畜,应加强农村生活污水及垃圾、畜禽养殖粪便等治理,进一步控制农田过量施肥,减少耕地氮磷流失。     

Assessing Molybdenum Adsorption onto an Industrial Soil and Iron Minerals

Spatial accuracy of hydrologic modeling inputs influences the output from hydrologic models. A pertinent question is to know the optimal level of soil sampling or how many soil samples are needed for model input, in order to improve model predictions. In this study, measured soil properties were clustered into five different configurations as inputs to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulation of the Castor River watershed (11-km² area) in southern Quebec, Canada. SWAT is a process-based model that predicts the impacts of climate and land use management on water yield, sediment, and nutrient fluxes. SWAT requires geographical information system inputs such as the digital elevation model as well as soil and land use maps. Mean values of soil properties are used in soil polygons (soil series); thus, the spatial variability of these properties is neglected. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of spatial variability of soil properties on the prediction of runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus using SWAT. The spatial clustering of the measured soil properties was undertaken using the regionalized with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning method. Measured soil data were clustered into 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 heterogeneous regions. Soil data from the Castor watershed which have been used in previous studies was also set up and termed “Reference”. Overall, there was no significant difference in runoff simulation across the five configurations including the reference. This may be attributable to SWAT's use of the soil conservation service curve number method in flow simulation. Therefore having high spatial resolution inputs for soil data may not necessarily improve predictions when they are used in hydrologic modeling.     

A Modeling Approach to Water Quality Management of an Agriculturally Dominated Watershed, Kansas, USA

Impairment of water quality is a major concern for streams and rivers in the central USA. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) establish a watershed framework and set management targets to alleviate pollution from both point and nonpoint sources. For this study, we have used a hydrologic modeling approach to holistically examine the effect of land use management, urban development, and agricultural practices on sediment and nutrient loadings in an agricultural watershed. Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source (AnnAGNPS) simulation indicates that while point source dischargers contribute 8% of total nitrogen (TN) and 24% of total phosphorus (TP) loadings to the Marmaton River, agricultural nonpoint sources are the leading pollution source contributing 55% of TN and 49% of TP loading. Based on TMDL analysis and model simulation, 3% of the watershed area (3,244 ha) needs to be targeted to control TN loading whereas 1% of the total area (1,319 ha) is required for TP reduction management. Managing the TN areas alone can achieve a 57% reduction in the TP load required for the TMDL, whereas managing the targeted TP areas can only provide 30% of the required TN reduction. Areas required both TN and TP management comprise 469 ha. Targeting these areas can achieve approximately 22% of the required TN reduction and 29% of the required TP reduction. Overall, 4,094 ha will require management to achieve water quality goals. This study demonstrates that a modeling approach is needed to effectively address TMDL issues and help identify targeted areas for management.     

基于SWAT模型的北京沙河水库流域非点源污染模拟

该文应用分布式水文模型SWAT,以北京昌平沙河水库流域为典型区开展研究,通过对流域非点源污染的调查、监测和模拟,定量计算和分析了非点源污染时空分布规律。结果表明：该模型在研究区适用性较好（月径流率定期R2=0.85,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.64;验证期R2=0.77,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.60）,非点源污染占污染负荷总量的30～50%,汛期集中了全年泥沙、总磷流失量的70%和总氮流失量的50%,南沙河子流域是污染负荷的关键区。通过研究不同水文条件、土地利用和管理措施对流域非点源污染的影响,得出结论：非点源污染负荷贡献率随降雨量增加而增加,其偏枯水年贡献率为27.4%,平水年36.7%,丰水年52.3%。若全部排污口实施达标排放、流域内全部农田改为林地,径流量、氮磷负荷量均会减少40%～50%;若实施化肥施用量减半,氮磷负荷可降低20%左右。氮元素不同土地利用单位面积负荷由高到低依次为：果园＞农田＞草地＞林地＞城镇用地,研究成果将为流域水资源保护规划提供科学依据。     

Best management practices for agricultural non-point source pollution in a small watershed based on the AnnAGNPS model

Best management practices (BMPs) are implemented to reduce non-point source pollution (NPSP) worldwide. In this study, the AnnAGNPS model was adapted and used to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs for NPSP control in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Through field investigation and experimental observation, the AnnAGNPS model database was constructed. The model best simulated run-off and its simulation of total nitrogen (TN) was better than for total phosphorus (TP). Simulation of the spatial distribution of different pollutant loads showed that the annual outputs of TN and TP per unit area were the highest, with an average of 63 and 6 kg hm⁻² per year, respectively. An optimal scenario was developed based on adjustments to the existing land structure which were most effective at reducing N and P loads. The reduction rates of TN and TP loads were 54% and 63%, respectively, while the reduction rates of dissolved and particulate N and P loads were between 47% and 68%. After 27% of arid slope fields were converted into terraces in the study area, the modelled particulate N and P outputs were reduced by 44% and 46%, respectively, showing that terracing sloping land could be effective at reducing particulate N and P losses. These findings indicated that slope-shifting technology is the most important method for NPSP control in the TGRA. In addition, reduced fertilizer use and conservation tillage measures should also be adopted to effectively reduce TN and TP losses.     

Sustainable land and water management policies and practices: a pathway to environmental sustainability in large irrigation systems

Water cycle, land management, and environmental sustainability are intimately linked. Sustainable land and water management practices are vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and regional development. Unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity constraint over long periods can impose significant costs in terms of lost opportunities in farm production and regional development, say by causing waterlogging and salinity. On‐farm and regional salt and water balance dynamics are modeled as a sustainability or carrying capacity constraint, proxied by regional salt and water balance; on‐farm land and water management practices are then adjusted to meet the constraint, such that individual actions do not lead to a net change in the ground water and salt balance. Common actions across the farms would achieve the overall environmental sustainability. An irrigated area in southern Murray‐Darling Basin in Australia serves as a case study example. Integrated hydrologic, economic, agricultural, and environmental models called SWAGMAN series are used to evaluate the impacts of a range of on‐farm interventions on farm income and environmental sustainability. The results show that policies such as restrictions on area under certain crops, and tradable groundwater recharge/salinity credits both offer higher total gross margin and net present value than the business as usual scenario, specifically in the long run—win–win options for the farmers and the environment. The modeling results thus confirm the widely held view that unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity can impose significant costs on regional communities. In‐depth hydrological and economic analyses are needed to shape and guide society's vision for sustainable land and water management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Agricultural Diffuse Nutrient Pollution Transport in a Mountain Wetland Complex

Wetlands in mountain environments provide critical ecosystem services but are increasingly threatened by agricultural land use intensification. This study evaluates agricultural nonpoint source nutrient pollution transport in a wetland–stream–lake complex in a mountain, tussock grassland catchment in the South Island, New Zealand. Flow and water-quality monitoring in the Lake Clearwater catchment during three flow events from May to August 2010 (autumn high flow, winter low flow, and winter high flow) showed high concentrations and exceedances of water quality guidelines for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in small ephemeral streams draining agricultural land during high flows. Concentrations were attenuated through the wetlands to below guidelines, with the exception of TN which still remained slightly higher. Most TN was in the organic form above and below the wetland, suggesting N sources from animal waste/agricultural land and organic material and vegetation within the wetland. Most TP was particulate associated with suspended solids during high flows. Dissolved forms of N and P generally were below guidelines. Flows and loads (instantaneous and daily) increased at the lake outlet during winter high flow, indicating unaccounted sources to the lake from groundwater, the wetlands, or the lake sediments, and seasonal N saturation. Infiltration losses to shallow groundwater along the main perennial tributary likely re-appear as discharge to the wetlands and lake downstream. Surface–groundwater interactions play a dominant role in N transport to the wetland complex due to highly permeable soils and glacial alluvial deposits. Loads and unit loads of TN and TP were also elevated in the ephemeral streams. Results show that TN and TP concentrations and unit loads during high flows in ephemeral streams in this mountain grassland catchment are similar to, or higher than, values for impacted lowland pasture catchments. Although impacts to the wetland ecosystem have not been observed to date, the lake is shifting toward a mesotrophic state, and further research is needed to elucidate impacts of nutrient loads and help meet conservation and restoration goals.     

不同气候模式对密云水库流域非点源污染负荷的影响

以密云水库流域内4个气象站1961-2000年40 a的气象特征分析结果为基础,采用统计分析和线性回归的方法,预测流域气候变化趋势,采用任意情景设置法设定25种气候情景(5种温度变化和5种降雨变化的组合情景)和3个水文情景年(丰、平、枯水年)。利用HSPF(hydrologic simulation program-fortran)模型模拟密云水库流域不同气候变化情景下径流量和非点源污染物负荷量的变化情况。结果表明:1)增加20%降雨,能增加73.4%的径流量,而减少20%降雨会减少56.3%的径流,而气温变化对径流和水质负荷影响不是很明显;2)总氮和总磷负荷随径流增加而增大,总磷负荷对径流变化更加敏感,降雨增加20%,总氮和总磷负荷分别增加约70.8%和78.3%;而减少20%降雨,会使得总氮和总磷负荷分别减少约55.3%和57.2%;3)从水文年对比来看,潮河流域丰水年径流量是枯水年的3.1倍,总氮、总磷负荷则分别是枯水年的2.9倍、3.5倍,白河流域丰水年径流量是枯水年的4.6倍,总氮、总磷负荷则分别是枯水年的5.6倍、8.5倍,且年内非点源污染负荷主要集中在汛期,高风险区主要分布在怀柔区、延庆县、滦平县以及密云县,需要对其采取对应的措施来控制非点源污染的影响。     

Using multi-scale modelling to predict habitat suitability for species of conservation concern: The grey long-eared bat as a case study

Although spatial scale is important for understanding ecological processes and guiding conservation planning, studies combining a range of scales are rare. Habitat suitability modelling has been used traditionally to study broad-scale patterns of species distribution but can also be applied to address conservation needs at finer scales. We studied the ability of presence-only species distribution modelling to predict patterns of habitat selection at broad and fine spatial scales for one of the rarest mammals in the UK, the grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus). Models were constructed with Maxent using broad-scale distribution data from across the UK (excluding Northern Ireland) and fine-scale radio-tracking data from bats at one colony. Fine-scale model predictions were evaluated with radio-tracking locations from bats from a distant colony, and compared with results of traditional radio-tracking data analysis methods (compositional analysis of habitat selection). Broad-scale models indicated that winter temperature, summer precipitation and land cover were the most important variables limiting the distribution of the grey long-eared bat in the UK. Fine-scale models predicted that proximity to unimproved grasslands and distance to suburban areas determine foraging habitat suitability around maternity colonies, while compositional analysis also identified unimproved grasslands as the most preferred foraging habitat type. This strong association with unimproved lowland grasslands highlights the potential importance of changes in agricultural practices in the past century for wildlife conservation. Hence, multi-scale models offer an important tool for identifying conservation requirements at the fine landscape level that can guide national-level conservation management practices.     

应用危险确认模型评估土地管理的可持续发展

New Zealand is highly dependent on its soil resource for continued agricultural production.To avoid depleting this resource,there is a need to identify soils and associated land management practices where there is a risk of soil degradation.Environmental integraity and ecosystem services also need to be maintoained.Accordingly,to ensure sustainable production,The on -and off-site environmental impacts of aldn management need to be identified and managed.We developed a structural vulnerability index for New Zealand soils.This index ranks solis according to their inherent susceptibility to physical degradation when used for agricultural (pasture,forestry and cropping) Purposes.We also developed a rule-based model to assess soil sompaction vulnerability by characterising the combined effects of resistance and resilience,Other soil attributes have been approatised using seven chemical,physical and biological indicators of soil quality.These indicators have been applied in a nation -wide project involving data collection from over 500 sites for a range of land uses.These soil quality data can be interpreted via the World Wide Web -through the in teractive decisionsupport tool SINDI,The land-use impact model is a framework to assess agricultural land management and environmental sustainability,and may be applied to land units at any scale.Using land resource data and information the model explicitly identifies hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity,It utilises qualitative expert and local knowledge and quantitative model-based evaluations to assess the potential environmental impacts of land-management pratices.The model is linked to a geographic information system(GIS),allowing model outputs.such at the environmental impacts of site-specific best management practices,to be identified in a spatially explicit manner,The model has been tested in New Zealand in an area of pastoral land use.Advantages of this risk identification model include:utilising current knowledege of the causes and effects of land-management practices on soil degradation;linking land management practice to both on-and off-site environmental consequences;identifying important gaps in local knowledge,and providing spatially explicit information on the environmental impact of land-management practices.     

HEC-HMS水文模型系统在汉江褒河流域的应用研究

基于地理信息系统和遥感技术的水文模型集成系统将成为未来水文循环过程研究的发展趋势。基于HEC-HMS水文模型系统,采用多种方案对位于汉江上游的褒河流域进行了降雨径流模拟。研究结果表明:基于DEM、遥感影像和土壤资料,并结合GIS技术推求反映流域下垫面特征的关键水文参数的方法可以与HEC-HMS水文模型系统很好地耦合。该模型对于我国湿润、半湿润山区的次洪模拟具有较好的适用性。     

基于地形梯度的汾河流域土地利用时空变化分析

地形在一定程度上影响着土地利用变化,对土地利用空间格局的形成具有重要作用,因此,分析土地利用类型与地形因子的动态关系可以反映土地利用变化的合理性,对后续的土地利用管理和水土保持有重要的意义。基于汾河流域1986年、1995年、2005年和2010年土地利用矢量图,构建土地利用变化图谱和地形位指数,系统分析了土地利用在地形梯度上的分布特征和变化历程。结果表明：1986－2010年,土地利用类型以耕地、林地和草地为主,其中耕地减少和建设用地增加是主要变化类型。各地类在地形梯度上呈明显的层级分布,耕地、建设用地和水域主要分布在低地形梯度,草地分布在中区段,而林地集中分布在中高区段。土地利用变化以稳定型和反复变化型为主,两者占研究区总面积的98.4%,其中,稳定型以低地形梯度的耕地和中高地形梯度的林地为主,反复变化型以低中地形梯度的草地与耕地间的反复转化为主;其余图谱类型的比例均在1%以下,主要变化类型均为中低地形梯度下耕地向建设用地的转化。在自然因素、人类活动和政策的共同作用下,汾河流域的土地利用结构和空间格局发生了改变,整体趋于合理,但仍存在部分不合理利用现象,需要加强规划管理。     

不同土地利用变化情景下的洪汝河流域水文响应

[目的]研究洪汝河流域土地利用变化对水文过程的影响,为当地水资源的合理规划和利用提供依据和参考。[方法]本研究以土壤水体评价模型(soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)为基础,通过设计多种土地利用情景模式模拟洪汝河流域水文情景,首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),土地利用数据、土壤数据以及日气象数据建立模型;其次选用2006—2008年的水文观测数据进行模型率定,并进行敏感性和不确定性分析;最后,设置4种土地利用情景模式进行水文模拟。[结果]退耕还林情景下径流减少4.23%;而在耕地增加,城镇用地增加和以城镇用地、林地草地增加为主的复杂土地利用变化这3种情景下,径流分别增加3.01%,4.91%和1.50%。[结论]退耕还林增加了可涵养水源的森林,使得径流减少,而增加耕地开垦或城市建设用地则会增加地表径流。     

基于SWAT模型的平原河网区水文过程分布式模拟

目前普遍使用的基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的分布式建模方法仅适用于山地、丘陵等高差较大的地区,对于具有复杂水文结构特点的平原河网区尚无有效的解决方案。该文选择太湖流域湖西区作为研究区,基于SWAT模型探索出一套完整的针对平原河网区的分布式建模方案。该方案采用概化、打断的方式将交叉、环状河网处理成单一的枝状河网,采用按河道分流比例跨子流域调水的方式来还原原始河道的传输过程,采用添加"虚拟水库"的方式来模拟人工圩区内外的水量交换。通过对太湖湖西区2008-2010年的月均径流量进行模拟验证,根据模拟值和观测值计算的荣登桥、胡家圩及宜兴3个水文站的相关系数r和纳什(Nash-Sutcliffe)系数Ens分别为0.94、0.95、0.93和0.84、0.80、0.67,说明了这种建模方法在平原河网区具有较好的适用性。     

灞河流域产流产污的时空特征模拟研究

[目的]探究灞河流域非点源污染物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)时空演变特征及其与年径流量的负荷关系,提出污染负荷的空间分布规律,为流域规划治理提供思路.[方法]以1996年和2017年两期土地利用数据和2001-2017年灞河流域降雨数据为基准,基于GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型开展现状模拟与情景设计.[结果]①相比19...     

Identifying indicators of atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts in acid grasslands

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has become a serious concern for nature conservation managers and policy makers. It has the potential to reduce species richness, increase the graminoid component of the sward, encourage species typical of more fertile conditions and alter the soil biogeochemistry of grasslands. Calcifugous grasslands (grasslands found on acid soils) are among the most sensitive to N deposition due to their poorly buffered soils and species typical of nutrient poor environments.Indicators have an important role to play in detecting the impact of nitrogen deposition on sites of conservation importance and assessing conservation status. This study investigates potential indicators of nitrogen deposition impacts that could be incorporated into site condition monitoring programmes such as the UK Common Standards Monitoring.Using two national surveys of calcifugous grasslands we examined the potential for using: the presence or absence of indicator species, the cover of indicator species, the species richness and richness of functional groups, and the cover of functional groups as indicators of N deposition impacts. Of all the potential indicators investigated, graminoid:forb ratio was found to be the best indicator of N deposition impacts. It showed a significant relationship to N deposition in both data sets and is quick and easy to assess in the field. Vegetation indicators must be used with caution as there is potential for vegetation management regime and nutrients from other sources to cause similar changes in species composition. Consideration must be given to these before attributing changes to nitrogen deposition.     

嘉陵江流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷模拟研究

嘉陵江流域是乏峡水库最大的支流,为研究嘉陵江流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷的年际变化规律及其来源的空间分布情况,以流域土地利用类型为研究单元,通过引入具有物理机制的半分布式水文模型——sLuRP水文模型,并推导溶解态氮的流域输移损失系数,建立了流域非点源溶解态氮污染年负荷模型。借助GIS技术,应用所建模型,对嘉陵江流域各土地利用类型L的年地表径流量和溶解态氮污染负荷进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,以旱地和水田为主的涪江流域的溶解态氮流失情况最为严重,其次是渠江下游流域和西汉水流域,1990---2005年嘉陵江流域各土地利用类型上产生的非点源溶解态氮年均负荷为35726t·a^-1,约占流域出口总氮负荷的32％。