开展退耕还湿工程保护天津湿地

天津是我国湿地资源相对比较丰富的地区之一,通过开展退耕还湿工程加强天津市的湿地保护、改善生态环境已刻不容缓。本文从5个方面分别介绍了天津市湿地的基本情况、湿地保护现状、湿地保护存在的问题、开展天津市退耕还湿工程的意义以及天津市退耕还湿工程的发展对策。     

浅淡三江平原退耕还湿工程的深远意义

三江平原湿地是我国三大湿地之一,其面积为1.52 万 km2,占黑龙江省湿地总面积的 74%,主要分布在三江平原挠力河流域、别拉洪河流域、穆兴平原、嘟噜河流域。从世界范围来看,三江平原湿地是很多国际迁徙鸟类的必经之地和繁殖基地,拥有丰富的动植物、鱼类和水资源,生物多样性     

退耕植茶对川西低山丘陵区土壤有机碳库的影响

【目的】土壤有机碳库能够有效地表征土壤的固碳容量,研究川西低山丘陵典型退耕植茶区土壤有机碳库的变化对认识退耕植茶地在生态恢复过程中土壤质量的演变及其效果评价具有重要意义。【方法】以雅安市名山区中峰乡不同退耕年限的茶园（2-3年、9-10年、16-17年）为研究对象,选取邻近耕地为对照,分析退耕植茶对土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳和非活性有机碳质量分数、密度的影响,并对土壤碳库管理指数进行计算,分析土壤有机碳库、碳库管理指数与退耕年限的关系。【结果】退耕植茶地土壤总有机碳质量分数呈先降低后升高的趋势,与对照相比,退耕植茶16年后,0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-40 cm土层有机碳质量分数分别增加了5.67%、5.67%和0.78%,土壤总有机碳密度亦在该年限显著增加。退耕植茶地土壤活性有机碳质量分数显著增加,平均增幅是总有机碳的23倍,土壤活性有机碳密度在0-40 cm土层的增幅表现为退耕植茶16-17年（平均182.26%）＞9-10年（平均177.74%）＞2-3年（平均132.74%）。0-10 cm和0-20 cm土层土壤活性有机碳密度分别占0-40 cm剖面的30%和50%以上。退耕植茶地土壤非活性有机碳质量分数及密度的变化趋势与总有机碳较为一致。与对照相比,退耕植茶2-3年土壤活性有机碳有效率最高,且表现出一定的表聚现象,但差异不显著,表明活性有机碳的有效率对土层的变化不敏感。随着退耕植茶年限的延长,土壤碳库管理指数先下降后上升,但均显著高于对照,且在退耕植茶16-17年达到最大值。0-10 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤碳库管理指数较大,说明表层和深层碳库均具有一定的固碳效应,且退耕植茶对表层碳库的影响尤为明显。【结论】随着退耕植茶年限的延长,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳和非活性有机碳的质量分数均有所增加。退耕植茶16年后,土壤0-40 cm剖面上总有机碳、活性有机碳及非活性有机碳密度均显著高于对照,0-10 cm土层有机碳累积效果最佳。土壤活性有机碳的有效率在退耕植茶后显著增加,碳库管理指数在退耕植茶16-17年0-10 cm土层上最高,表明退耕植茶工程增强了土壤的碳汇效应,土壤质量向着良性方向发展。     

退耕还湿后长子精卫湖国家湿地公园鸟类资源现状

采用可变距离样线法和样点直接计数法于2017年9月至2019年12月对精卫湖湿地公园鸟类资源现状进行了调查。结果表明,精卫湖国家湿地公园现有鸟类17目47科138种,区系组成以古北界为主,鸟类群落结构体现了精卫湖地处水陆交错区的特征;与2014年相比,2019年精卫湖国家湿地公园新收录的鸟类增加了74种。退耕还湿之后,生态系统的改善是精卫湖国家湿地公园鸟类多样性更为丰富的重要原因。     

湿地垦殖对土壤有机碳影响的模拟研究

以现有的农田土壤有机碳动态模拟模型(Soil-C)为基础,针对湿地垦殖的特点及土壤有机碳的物理属性,将原模型中土壤有机碳单一分室改进为轻组和重组两分室进行模拟,并利用较大时空差异的土壤有机碳测定数据对模型进行了验证.结果表明,改进后的模型能较好地模拟湿地垦殖对土壤有机碳的影响,模拟值与观测值具有良好的一致性,原模型对垦殖湿地土壤有机碳变化的模拟能力较弱.     

喀斯特地区不同退耕类型对土壤碳氮的影响

为探讨不同退耕模式对喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤碳氮特征的影响,选取广西环江典型退耕类型样地进行有机碳、全氮特征研究,结果表明:不同退耕类型之间的土壤有机碳、全氮差异显著;各退耕类型土壤有机碳和全氮都表现出随土层加深而逐渐降低趋势;土壤有机碳和全氮线性拟合呈显著正相关.表明退耕还林(草)显著提高了土壤有机碳、氮,但在植被类型和人为活动的影响下土壤碳氮特征差异明显.     

广西红树林湿地土壤有机碳储量估算

以典型区域茅尾海红树林自然保护区为样区,采样估算广西红树林湿地沉积层有机碳储量。结果表明,红树林土壤有机碳含量平均值从大到小排列顺序为混交林桐花光滩,0~50 cm土层分别为2.797%、1.218%和0.870%;红树林湿地土壤有机碳储量由大到小依次为混交林桐花光滩,混交林、桐花和光滩0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳储量分别为142.79、47.25和47.21 t/hm2。与周边红树林地区相比,钦州湾混交林的各层土壤碳储量与深圳湾红树林和海口的白骨壤接近,但远低于深圳福田的秋茄林和海口的桐花,而钦州湾桐花、光滩的各层土壤碳储量与深圳湾光滩较接近。     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤有机硫矿化特征研究

利用开放系统培养法,分别在不同温度和水分条件下,研究了三江平原小叶章典型草甸和小叶章沼泽化草甸两种湿地类型的不同层土壤有机硫的矿化特征。结果表明,在不同培养条件下,两种小叶章湿地土壤有机硫的矿化具有一致性:每层土壤有机硫累积矿化量随培养时间的延长而增加,二者之间符合一级动力学方程。上层土壤有机硫的矿化量高于下层土壤,好气培养条件下每层土壤有机硫的累积矿化量均高于淹水条件下矿化量;30℃培养条件下每层土壤有机硫的累积矿化量均高于20℃培养条件下矿化量。温度、水分条件和土壤类型对土壤有机硫的矿化影响显著,但它们之间的交互作用影响不明显。对比两种湿地类型不同层土壤有机硫的矿化,发现在不同培养条件下,小叶章沼泽化草甸土壤有机硫的矿化速率和潜力均高于小叶章典型草甸。     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤SO4^2-的吸附与解吸特征

以三江平原小叶章湿地为研究对象,研究了小叶章湿地土壤SO4^2-的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明,小叶章湿地不同层土壤对SO4^2-的等温吸附均可以用Langmuir、Freundrich和Temkin方程来表示,且吸附能力均随土壤深度的增加而增加,这种变化和土壤有机质、pH值和粘粒含量密切相关。土壤的解吸能力不仅和土壤质地密切相关,而且受土壤中吸附SO4^2-的影响,一般当土壤中吸附SO4^2-量较大时,解吸的绝对量大,但解吸率较低,反之亦然。吸附率明显高于解吸率,对于延缓土壤的酸化具有一定的意义。     

稻田湿地土壤碳固定研究进展

稻田湿地土壤由于淹水时间长,具有积累更多有机碳潜能,其积累的有机碳呈现明显表层聚集趋势。介绍了稻田湿地土壤有机碳固定现象、原因,并从微团聚体、杂草及微生物多样性等方面对其机制进行了初步探讨及展望。     

Studies on the Situation of Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Croplands in Northeast of China

This paper aims to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in Northeast of China, identify its balance situation and changing trends under current cropping systems, and finally put forward some strategies to keep the SOC in balance. A biogeochemical model (DNDC) for agro-ecosystem was employed to predict SOC dynamics in agricultural ecosystems at regional scale. Data on climate, soil properties, cropping systems, acreage, and management practices at county scale were collected from various sources and integrated into a GIS database to support the model runs at the regional scale.The model predicted results revealed that (1) Total SOC storage in agricultural lands in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in Northeast of China is about 1243.48 × 106 t (0-30cm soil layer), respectively occupying 58.4, 25.5 and 16.1%;(2) Under the current cultivation systems, SOC is in a situation of net loss with carbon losing at a high rate of 31.22 ×106 t a-1 (respectively 59.3, 25.9 and 14.8% in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces) and 2.05 t ha-1 a-1, the situation is more serious in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces; and (3) Protective cultivations, such as manuring, returning more residue of crop to the field, adopting no-till, are very useful for the accumulation of SOC in these regions.     

有机物料对土壤有机碳含量的影响

[目的]为了探讨在实际的生产中,有机物料归还量、归还时间对土壤有机碳含量的影响。[方法]采用盆栽试验,研究有机物料施用量对低、中、高有机碳含量土壤的影响。[结果]有机碳含量随着有机物料施用量和培养年限的增加而增加,有机物料转化率随着培育年限的增加而增加,并且低、中有机碳含量土壤的有机物料转化率高于高有机碳含量土壤。[结论]该研究可以为秸秆等有机物料施入土壤培肥提供依据。     

三江平原富锦湿地公园恢复初期土壤种子库特征

[目的]了解三江平原富锦湿地公园恢复初期种子库物种组成和规模。[方法]采用温室萌发法对比分析了三江平原恢复初期湿地和开垦湿地的土壤种子库特征。[结果]共萌发物种14种,其中,恢复湿地13种,开垦湿地8种,主要是稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、香蒲(Typha sp.)、春蓼(Polygonum persicaria)、灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)和菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne)等物种,缺乏薹草(Carex spp.)和小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)等该地区典型沼生植物;恢复湿地单位面积萌发幼苗数量(389株/m~2)是开垦湿地(166株/m2)的2.3倍。地上植被常见香蒲(Typha angustifolia)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica)、水葱(Scirpus validus)和野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)等水生植物。[结论]在以恢复薹草湿地等浅水沼泽或湿草甸为目的时,应采用播种、移栽等方式补充种源,同时加强植被监测和水位管理,以促进目标植被的恢复。     

Effects of Nitrogen Additions on Soil Seed Banks of a Freshwater Marsh in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Over the past five decades, the natural wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, have been extensively reclaimed for agriculture with a total loss of nearly 80% of the surface area and the undrained marshes have received a large amount of exogenous nitrogen （N） input from the adjacent agricultural land because of fertilization. In the present study, the effects of nitrogen additions on seed germination and seedling biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia in freshwater marsh were tested in a greenhouse study. Seed bank soil was exposed to different N additions （0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/m^2） under non-flooded water regime. Results revealed that, low level of N additions （less than 10 g/m^2） did not significantly affect the species richness and seedling density, while the seedling biomass at 5 g/m^2 of N addition was higher than other nutrient conditions. But species richness, seedling emergence and biomass decreased significantly at high level of N additions （20-40 g/m^2）. The responses were species-specific. High level of N additions had negative impacts on seed germination, seedling growth and biomass of dominant species Eleocharis ovata, Calamagrostis angustifolia, duncus effusus in the seed bank. To protect and restore the wetland vegetation community in the Sanjiang plain, fertilization, irrigation and land management strategies will need to be implemented to reduce the nutrient input from the agricultural land to the wetlands.     

Modeling Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Its Dynamics in Croplands of China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the centre issues related to not only soil fertility but also environmental safety. Assessing SOC dynamics in croplands has been a challenge in China for long due to the lack of appropriate methodologies and data sources. As an alternative approach for studying SOC dynamics, process-based models are adopted to meet the needs. In this paper, a process-based model, DeNitrification-DeComposition （DNDC）, was applied to quantify the SOC storage and the spatial distribution in croplands of China in 2003, with the support of a newly compiled county-level soil/ climate/land use database. The simulated results showed that the total SOC storage in the top layer （0-30 cm） of the 1.18 × 10^8 ha croplands of China is 4.7-5.2 Pg C in 2003 with an average value of 4.95 Pg C. The SOC storage in the northeastern provinces （1.3 Pg C） accounts for about 1/4 of the whole national totals due to their dominantly fertile soils with high organic matter content. SOC density ranges from 3.9 to 4.4 kg C m 2, with an average of 4.2 kg C m^-2, a level is much lower than the world average level. The model results also indicated that high rates of SOC losses occurred in the croplands with the most common cropping patterns in China as like single soybean 〉 maize 〉 paddy 〉 cotton 〉 winter wheat and corn rotation. The results reported in this paper showed that there was still a great potential for improving SOC status in most croplands of China by adopting proper farming practices and land-use pattern. Therefore, long-term policy to protect SOC is urgently needed.     

农田土壤有机碳含量对作物产量影响的模拟研究

 【目的】探求土壤有机碳含量对作物产量的影响,以期为保障国家粮食安全和耕地持续利用与管理提供决策依据。【方法】利用农田生态系统生物地球化学模型DNDC,针对中国东北、华北、西北、中南、华东和西南6个典型农业区域,每个区域选择各自典型的种植模式和现行的农田管理措施,在各自特定的土壤和气候条件下,输入并运行模型,模拟考察在其它投入条件不变的情况下,改变土壤有机碳本底值对作物产量的影响。【结果】当土壤有机碳含量（SOC）增加1 g C?kg-1,东北地区玉米产量可增加176 kg?hm-2;华北地区夏玉米与冬小麦轮作,产量可增加约454 kg?hm-2;西北地区春玉米产量约可增加328 kg?hm-2;中南地区单季水稻产量可增加约185 kg?hm-2;华东地区双季稻产量可增加约266 kg?hm-2;西南地区水稻与冬小麦轮作产量可增加约229 kg?hm-2。【结论】在其它投入既定的条件下,全国各地区均存在通过提高耕地土壤有机碳含量来增加作物产量的潜力。保持较高水平的土壤有机碳含量对节本增效具有十分明显的作用。