Fertility and viability rates of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Mazandaran Province,Northern Iran

The aim of this study was to determine the fertility and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered sheep and cattle. Cysts were collected from the liver and lungs of 169 sheep and 171 cattle infected with Echinococcus granulosus when slaughtered in industrial abattoir in Sari, Iran, 2007–2008. Fertility was determined by the examination of cyst fluid for the presence of protoscoleces. The viability of the protoscoleces was assessed by staining with 0.1% aqueous eosin solution. The fertility rates of hepatic cyst of sheep and cattle were 47.1% and 1.4%, respectively and the fertility rates of pulmonary cyst of sheep and cattle were 39.4% and 8.1%. In the sheep, the fertility of cysts in the liver was higher than that in lungs, but in the cattle the fertility of cysts in lungs was higher than liver. The viability of protoscoleces of fertile cysts for sheep and cattle were about 76.9% and 82.5%, respectively. Based on the finding in the present study, effort should be made to control transmission of cystic echinococcosis by safe disposal of Echinococcus cysts such that dogs cannot have access to the cysts.     

Comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene of Pasteurella multocida serogroup B isolates from different animal species

The phylogenetic relationships of five isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 belonging to buffalo, cattle, pig, sheep and goat were investigated by comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The 1468bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that the isolates of cattle (PM75), pig (PM49) and sheep (PM82) shared 99.9% homology with the buffalo isolate (vaccine strain P52) whereas, the goat isolate (PM86) shared 99.8% homology with the vaccine strain. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates were also found monophyletic with type B reference strain NCTC 10323 of P. multocida subsp. multocida. The present study indicated the close relationships of haemorrhagic septicaemia causing P. multocida serotype B:2 isolates of buffalo and cattle with other uncommon hosts (pig, sheep and goat).     

Sequence analysis of Toll-like receptor genes 1-10 of goat (Capra hircus)

This study involved cloning and sequencing of the coding regions of all 10 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes of goat. Goat TLR 1-10 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide identity with sheep and cattle sequences (>90%) and 75-85% with pig, mouse and human sequences. At the amino acid level, 85-99% similarity was observed with sheep and cattle and 60-85% with pig, mouse and human. TLR9c DNA of goat showed the highest amino acid identity to that of sheep (99%) while TLR8 cDNA showed the lowest identity of 88.7% to that of sheep. Variations were seen in the number of leucine rich repeats (LRRs) of goat TLRs as compared to other ruminant species with maximum differences in the TLR3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis through molecular evolution and genetic analysis (MEGA) software and multi dimensional scaling revealed a high degree of conservation of goat TLRs with those from other species. However when the TIR domain of all the TLRs were compared, goat TLR7 TIR alone showed a high divergence of 19.3 as compared to sheep sequences. This is the first report of the full-length cDNA sequences of all the 10 TLR genes of goats which would be a useful tool for the study of evolutionary lineages and for phylogenetic analysis.     

Hydatidosis of slaughtered animals in Bahir Dar Abattoir,Northwestern Ethiopia

The study was conducted from May 2005 to December 2006 in Bahir Dar Abattoir to assess the current status of hydatidosis in cattle and sheep. Hydatid cyst count and characterization were conducted based on routine meat inspection. Of the total 420 cattle and 340 sheep slaughtered in Bahir Dar Abattoir 143 (34.05%) and 36 (10.6%) animals were found harboring hydatid cysts respectively. Thorough meat inspection in the abattoir revealed that 202 and 54 visceral organs were found harboring one or more hydatid cysts in cattle and sheep respectively. Differences in prevalence rates between the two species of animals were highly significant (P < 0.001). The infection of the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and heart were found to be 57.9% , 36.6% , 3% , 1.5% , 1% in cattle and 50%, 48.1% and 1.9% in sheep respectively. From the total of 864 in cattle and 138 in sheep hydatid cysts counted 315 (36.4%), 268 (31.0%), 65 (7.5%), 216 (25.0%) in cattle and 92 (66.7%), 20 (14.5%), 1 (0.7%), 25 (18.1%) in sheep were found to be small, medium, large and calcified cysts respectively and 484 (56.0%), 164 (18.9%), 216 (25%) in cattle and 35 (25.4%), 78 (56.5%), 25 (18.1%) in sheep were sterile, fertile and calcified cysts respectively. Viability rates of 62.2% in cattle and 78.2% in sheep were observed. The rate of cyst calcification was higher in the liver than in the lung while fertility rate was higher among the cysts of the lung for both cattle and sheep.     

Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran

In the present study, 115 stray dogs (56 males and 59 females, mixed breed), 86 golden jackal (Canis aureus, 42 males and 44 females), 60 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, 33 males and 27 females), and three female wolves (Canis lupus) were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection, as well as, 32,898 sheep, 10,691 goats, 15,779 cattle and 659 buffaloes for hydatid infection from five provinces in western Iran during 3 years (1997-2000). Meanwhile fertility rates of different types and forms of cysts isolated from infected animals and the viability of protoscolices were also determined. Results indicated that 19.1% of the dogs, 2.3% of the golden jackals and 5% of the red foxes were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. 11.1% of the sheep, 6.3% of the goats, 16.4% of the cattle and 12.4% of the buffaloes were also found to be infected with hydatid cyst. The cysts isolated from liver and lungs of the sheep show higher fertility rate than the cysts of liver and lungs of goats, cattle and buffaloes.     

动物组织中GLUD1基因表达与GDH蛋白结构分析

[目的]研究动物不同组织中GLUD1基因的表达情况,比较不同物种中GDH蛋白的结构差异,明晰GLUD1基因的表达模式与GDH蛋白的功能。[方法]分别采集大鼠、绵羊、梅花鹿的肝脏、肾脏、皮肤、脂肪和肌肉5种新鲜组织样品。以β-actin为内参基因,采用荧光定量PCR法（qRT-PCR）分析3种动物不同组织中GLUD1基因的表达情况;利用无重复双因素分析方法表征GLUD1基因在不同组织中的表达量差异。比较人、小鼠、大鼠、山羊、绵羊、牛和猪7个物种GDH蛋白氨基酸序列,模拟这7个物种的GDH蛋白三维空间结构。[结果]GLUD1基因在大鼠、绵羊和梅花鹿的5个组织中均有表达,在肝脏中的表达量均高于其他组织;该基因在大鼠和梅花鹿肝脏组织中的表达量极显著（P<0.01）高于绵羊肝脏组织中的表达量,在大鼠肾脏组织中的表达量极显著（P<0.01）高于梅花鹿肾脏组织中的表达量。人GDH蛋白的氨基酸序列与猪、牛、山羊和绵羊的序列相似度较高,而大鼠与小鼠GDH蛋白的氨基酸序列相似度达到99.10%。大鼠、人、猪的GDH蛋白氨基酸序列中分别存在2个（第8位丙氨酸→缬氨酸、第40位丙氨酸→缬氨酸）、1个（第23位丙氨酸→丝氨酸）、2个（第33位丙氨酸→苏氨酸、第39位丙氨酸→苏氨酸）物种特异性突变位点。小鼠、大鼠、人的GDH蛋白预测为三聚体结构,山羊、绵羊、牛和猪的GDH蛋白预测为同源六聚体结构。[结论]GLUD1基因在大鼠、绵羊、梅花鹿不同组织中的表达量存在差异,在肝脏中都有较高水平的表达。不同物种GDH蛋白的氨基酸序列相似度较高,但依旧存在一定的序列差异性,并且存在数个对应物种特异性的氨基酸突变位点。     

Prevalence and economic importance of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered ruminants in Burdur,Turkey

This study was conducted between April 2000 and March 2001, in 12-month period. During the study, local slaughterhouses were visited periodically for 1 year to examine the internal organs (livers, lungs, spleens and hearts) for the presence of cysts and total 1355 cattle, 218 sheep and 104 goats were examined for the cystic echinococcosis (CE). It was found that 13.5% of cattle, 26.6% of sheep and 22.1% of goats were infected with this disease. While cysts in cattle (P < 0.001) and goats (P > 0.05) were found mostly in lungs (88.5 and 82.6%, respectively), but they were mostly found in livers (P > 0.05) in sheep. In addition to this, three spleens and one heart in cattle were infected with CE. In this study, the prevalence of CE and the number of cysts in ruminants were found different when the cattle, sheep and goats examined were stratified based on age. The prevalence and the number of cysts increased with age approaching an asymptotic prevalence of one in the oldest animals (P < 0.05). The number of cysts in cattle, sheep and goats were increasing at a rate of 0.31, 0.63 and 0.42/year, respectively. The economic decrease in the value of the carcasses because of the discarded liver and lung as a result of CE was estimated as 1.1% (7.5 US dollars per cattle) for cattle, 4.37% (3.2 US dollars per sheep) for sheep and 4.26% (2.9 US dollars per goat) for goats. The minimum total loss for all infected animals was determined to be 583 US dollars in infected animals, based on the market prices in the year 2002.     

Molecular evidence of ovine (G1) and camel (G6) strains of Echinococcus granulosus in Tunisia and putative role of cattle in human contamination

Three hundred and seventy-two cysts coming from 50 humans, 166 cattle, 153 sheep and 3 camels were collected in order to establish some epidemiological molecular information in Tunisia for the first time. The analysis by PCR-RFLP of ITS1 sequence showed that all the human, ovine and bovine cysts were due to the common sheep strain of Echinococcus granulosus. The sequencing of the CO1 gene of 37 isolates confirm the G1 genotype of this strain. For seven of these isolates, we found the mutation C56T which is present in the three principal intermediate hosts: human (three cysts), cattle (three cysts) and sheep (one cyst). With regard to the G1 genotype, we identified three other point mutations. The camel strain G6 is uniquely found in the three camels isolates and not in the other intermediate hosts analysed. The fertility of the bovine cyst represents 48% that means that this host is involved in a bovine-dog cycle and consequently represents a reservoir of sheep strain in Tunisia. Our results confirm the importance of the prophylaxis measures in order to disrupt the cycle of transmission sheep-dog in Tunisia. Nevertheless, the supervision of bovine infection should be reinforced because this intermediate host may constitute an important link with the human contamination.     

Prevalence and Economic Importance of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Ruminants in Burdur,Turkey1

This study was conducted between April 2000 and March 2001, in 12‐month period. During the study, local slaughterhouses were visited periodically for 1 year to examine the internal organs (livers, lungs, spleens and hearts) for the presence of cysts and total 1355 cattle, 218 sheep and 104 goats were examined for the cystic echinococcosis (CE). It was found that 13.5% of cattle, 26.6% of sheep and 22.1% of goats were infected with this disease. While cysts in cattle (P < 0.001) and goats (P > 0.05) were found mostly in lungs (88.5 and 82.6%, respectively), but they were mostly found in livers (P > 0.05) in sheep. In addition to this, three spleens and one heart in cattle were infected with CE. In this study, the prevalence of CE and the number of cysts in ruminants were found different when the cattle, sheep and goats examined were stratified based on age. The prevalence and the number of cysts increased with age approaching an asymptotic prevalence of one in the oldest animals (P < 0.05). The number of cysts in cattle, sheep and goats were increasing at a rate of 0.31, 0.63 and 0.42/year, respectively. The economic decrease in the value of the carcasses because of the discarded liver and lung as a result of CE was estimated as 1.1% ($7.5 per cattle) for cattle, 4.37% ($3.2 per sheep) for sheep and 4.26% ($2.9 per goat) for goats. The minimum total loss for all infected animals was determined to be $583 in infected animals, based on the market prices in the year 2002.     

Molecular epidemiology of Echinococcosis from food producing animals in north India

Echinococcosis is an important medical, veterinary and economic concern in India. Ten cysts were randomly selected from each intermediate host species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pigs). Either the germinal layer (sterile cysts) or protoscoleces (fertile cysts) were collected for molecular characterization. A 434 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene was amplified using PCR from each isolate. Ten representative samples (2 from each intermediate host species) were sequenced in both the directions from which readable sequences were obtained from nine for phylogenetic analysis (NCBI, Blast). Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome oxidase I gene revealed that seven (77.7%) isolates, from cattle (2), pigs (2), buffaloes (1) and goat (2) were clustered with the Indian Buffalo (G3) strain of Echinococcus granulosus, while two (22.2%) isolates from sheep were clustered with the sheep strain (G1) of E. granulosus. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome oxidase-1 gene revealed that the buffalo strain (G3) and common sheep strain (G1) are cycling among livestock in north India and that these strains are highly adapted to cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs.     

Serum gamma globulin concentration in goat kids after colostrum administration: effect of time of administration, volume and type of colostrum

In this study, which was performed on a Dutch dairy goat farm, several aspects of the administration of colostrum to new-born goat kids were examined. Time of colostrum administration and amount and type of colostrum administered were compared. Effectiveness was measured as total serum protein content and gamma globulin fraction. No significant differences in serum gamma globulin titre were observed between kids that received colostrum at 30 or 60-90 minutes post partum, respectively. Titres were significantly lower in kids that received 100 ml of colostrum instead of 150-200 ml. The effect of sheep colostrum replacer or cow colostrum was also examined. Gamma globulin titres were significantly high with goat colostrum than with cow colostrum or sheep colostrum replacer, and titres were higher with cow colostrum than with sheep colostrum replacer. Based on the results of this experiment, the following protocol is suggested for colostrum administration to goat kids: single administration of 150-200 ml of goat colostrum within 90 minutes of birth. Use of cow colostrum is not advised because it may lead to transmission of paratuberculosis. Use of sheep colostrum replacer as a source of passive immunity is not recommended.     

Bovine reaginic antibody III. Cross-reaction of antihuman IgE and antibovine reaginic immunoglobulin antisera with sera from several species of mammals.

Using antisera specific for the heavy chain of human IgE and bovine reaginic immunoglobulin, the degree of cross-reaction amongst sera from pig, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, goat, cow, horse, dog, cat and human was tested. Antihuman IgE antiserum gave strong reactions with pig, rabbit, cow, goat and human sera (100% to 15.1%) and weak reactions with rat, guinea pig, horse, dog and cat sera (10.1% to 3.22%). Antibovine reagin antiserum produced a considerable amount of cross-reaction with sera from pig, rat, rabbit, goat, horse and human (43.6% to 20.1%) with limited reactions with guinea pig, dog and cat sera (13.9% to 9.3%).     

牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的分子克隆和进化分析

对牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因进行了克隆测序，并与GenBank中9个物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列进行了比对分析，在此基础上采用邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法构建了牦牛与其它物种间分子系统进化树。结果表明，牦牛H-FABP基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成，外显子1、外显子2、外显子3和外显子4大小分别为73、173、102和54bp，内含子1、内含子2和内含子3大小分别为3460、1892和1495bp。CDS序列全长为402bp，前体氨基酸数为133个。不同物种间在该基因核苷酸序列上有较高的保守性。牦牛与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、人、大鼠、小鼠、鸡、斑马鱼各物种在H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列上同源性大小分别为99．8％、97．8％、97．0％、92．8％、88．8％、83．3％、83．1％、76．4％、68．7％。通过邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法用H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列构建的物种间分子系统进化树，结果表明，3种方法构建的物种间分子系统进化树基本一致。系统树总体分为两支，斑马鱼为独立的一支，而牦牛与其它物种为另一大分支。牦牛与普通牛、绵羊与山羊先分别聚在一起，然后再聚为一类；后与猪、人依次聚为一类。小鼠和大鼠先聚为一类，再与人和其它物种聚类，然后再与鸡聚为一类。该系统聚类结果与动物学分类一致，表明H-FABP基因适合于构建不同物种间的系统进化树。     

Complement-dependence of polymorphonuclear yeast cell phagocytosis: a comparison between man and various domestic animals

The complement-dependence of polymorphonuclear yeast cell phagocytosis of sheep, goat, cattle, horse, dog, pig and man is determined by comparing the opsonizing abilities of untreated sera with complement-inactivated autologous sera at a serum concentration of 2.5% and at different phagocytosis periods. The performed phagocytosis assays only detects incorporated particles and allows for the differentiation of granulocytes with different quantities of phagocytosed particles. In sheep, horse and man the addition of heat-inactivated serum reduces the phagocytosis index to less than -80% of the value obtained at untreated serum addition at a phagocytosis period of 60 min. The other species show a smaller reduction ranging from -66.9% (dog) to 41.4% (cattle). The evaluation of the distribution pattern of granulocytes incorporating a certain number of yeasts offers significant differences in the investigated species.     

济宁青山羊BMP15基因外显子2的克隆与序列分析

本研究对高繁殖力的山羊品种济宁青山羊和低繁殖力的山羊品种内蒙古绒山羊共20只母羊的骨形态发生蛋白15（bone morphogenetic protein 15, BMP15）基因第2外显子的扩增产物进行了克隆测序及序列比较分析。结果表明：BMP15基因第2外显子的第3对引物扩增片段存在多态。济宁青山羊与内蒙古绒山羊相比，其BMP15基因外显子2差异由2个核苷酸和2个氨基酸改变组成，核苷酸同源性为99%。济宁青山羊与鸡、小鼠、人、猪、牛、绵羊之间BMP15基因外显子2的核苷酸序列同源性为71%～99%，氨基酸序列同源性为43%～99%。     

我国部分地区牛羊弓形虫血清流行病学调查

为了解我国牛羊弓形虫病流行情况,应用间接血凝试验（IHA）对河南、山东、山西、内蒙古、云南、贵州6省区151份牛血清、50份奶样、490份羊血清进行了弓形虫病血清流行病学调查。结果显示：151份被检牛血清和50份牛奶样品,弓形虫抗体均为阴性。490份羊血清弓形虫抗体总阳性率5.71％,其中母羊、公羊血清阳性率分别为4.03％和9.79％;山羊、绵羊、杂交羊血清阳性率分别为6.58％、4.81％和5.13％;阳性率最高的为公山羊（13.2％）,最低的为母绵羊（2.96％）。28份阳性羊血清中,75％的抗体滴度为1：64,25％的抗体滴度为1：256。1岁后的羊,随年龄增长,血清阳性率升高。     

麦洼牦牛SRY基因克隆及序列分析

SRY是Y染色体上具体决定生物雄性性别的基因片段,是多数哺乳动物性别决定基因之一。本试验采用克隆测序SRY基因并结合生物信息学对其序列进行分析,利用软件Codon W分析麦洼牦牛、普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、小鼠、鸡和人该基因编码区的密码子偏好性。克隆测序得到SRY基因序列含1个690 bp的开放阅读框,共编码229个氨基酸;其编码区核苷酸序列与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、小鼠、鸡、人相应序列间的一致性分别为99.9%、93.9%、91.2%、76.5%、43.3%、21.4%、69.1%。经聚类分析,麦洼牦牛首先与普通牛聚在一起,绵羊与山羊聚为一类,这两类相聚后再依次与猪、人、小鼠相聚,最后与鸡聚为一类,其结果与以往的生物学分类结果一致。该基因编码的蛋白质分子式为C₁₁₅₅H₁₈₂₇N₃₅₁O₃₄₈S₁₁,相对分子质量为2655.0,理论等电点PI为9.55,亲水性平均数为-0.855。其密码子偏好性分析显示,T3_s为0.2905、C3_s为0.3240、A3_s为0.3728、G3_s为0.2963,第3位碱基中出现G和C占第3位碱基总量的48%,同义密码子数为61。上述数据表明麦洼牦牛SRY基因编码序列与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、人具有较高的一致性,在物种进化过程中较为保守。该基因对含A的密码子有较高的偏爱性,尽量避开以G结尾的密码子,且其所编码的蛋白质为亲水性蛋白。     

Sulfadimidine metabolism in vitro: II. comparative studies in cultured rat, goat, sheep and cattle hepatocytes

van't Klooster, G.A.E., Blaauboer, B.J., Noordhoek, J. & van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. Sulfadimidine metabolism in vitro: II. comparative studies in cultured rat, goat, sheep and cattle hepatocytes. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 16, 454–461.
Hydroxylation and acetylation of sulphadimidine (SDD) and the deacetylation of N4-acetyl SDD was investigated in cultured hepatocytes from male and female rats, from male and female goats and from female sheep and cattle. Significant sex differences were observed for hydroxylation of SDD in hepatocytes from rat and goat. In goat, sheep and cow hepatocytes, the hydroxylation pathway is relatively important, whereas in rat hepatocytes, acetylation is predominant. Hepatocytes of all four species deacetylated N4-acetyl SDD. In ruminant hepatocytes, deacetylating activity was of considerable importance, whereas in rat hepatocytes, it appeared a minor pathway of metabolism. Similar to the in vivo situation, formation of N4-acetyl SDD in cultured hepatocytes results from an equilibrium of acetylation and deacetylation. A good correlation was found between results in isolated hepatocytes and previous findings in vivo , both in levels of species-related activities and in acetylation-hydroxylation ratios. In conclusion, cultured hepatocytes appear a useful in vitro model to study comparative sulfonamide metabolism.     

用单克隆抗体快速诊断衣原体病

采用抗衣原体单克隆抗体和ELISA原理，用双抗夹心法对在宁夏地区所采得的112份猪、牛、羊胎盘和猪流产胎儿进行检测，其中猪流产胎儿阳性率高达75％，猪的胎盘阳性率达31．8％，牛的胎盘阳性率为19．71％，羊的胎盘阳性率为13％。     

5个不同家畜品种骨骼肌氨基酸含量分析

本试验旨在通过对内蒙古绒山羊骨骼肌中氨基酸含量进行测定,并与之前文献报道的绵羊、牛、猪、鸡骨骼肌中氨基酸含量进行检测比较并分析。结果显示,试验检测的7种必需氨基酸含量物种间差异较大,但总含量都在35%以上,含量从大到小依次为：猪、鸡、绵羊、绒山羊、牛。绒山羊和绵羊的谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量较高,提示鲜味氨基酸含量较高可能是羊肉味鲜美的主要原因。聚类分析结果显示19个绒山羊肌肉样品中的17个与所有绵羊、牛及鸡聚在一起,牛、绵羊与猪完全分开,提示反刍动物和单胃动物体内与鲜味相关的氨基酸模式存在差异。本研究为揭示反刍家畜骨骼肌蛋白特性提供了重要试验依据,并对将来深入揭示绒山羊肉质特性形成的机理提供一定的理论依据。