Access and control of resources: Lessons from the SANREM CRSP

Attention to differences within communities is important in working toward sustainability of an agro-ecosystem. In the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program, gender made a difference in terms of access and control over key resources – financial, human, natural, and social capital – critical for project success. Efforts to build social capital among women proved critical in developing both collective and households strategies for sustainability. The sites differed greatly in both landscape and lifescape. Women's position within each landscape provided an important perspective with which to assess and act toward achieving ecosystem, economic, and social sustainability. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国水稻有害生物综合治理体系的演变及对策

在论述有害生物综合治理体系概念和组成的基础上，回顾了我国水稻有害生物综合治理体系主要组成成份的演变和特点，分析了社会主义市场经济的发展对有害生物综合治理体系的可能影响，并讨论了相应的对策．     

园林介壳虫综合治理信息咨询专家系统

系统收集介壳虫生物学和生态学资料,提供介壳虫计算机辅助识别功能,分析介壳虫发生特点和防御对策,建立介壳虫天敌资料库。在防治档案和农药处方库的支撑下,在园林害虫网站导航系统帮助下,分析汇总各地的防治经验,提供优化的化学防治方案。介绍使用VB开发简便实用的地理信息系统,利用VB的IE Navigate方法实现网站导航功能和ADO技术在数据库系统中的应用技巧等。     

我国实施IPM的影响因素及对策

在分析影响我国有害生物综合治理(Integrated pest management,IPM)实施的各种问题,如农户对IPM技术的需求、IPM推广服务体系、IPM应用基础理论及技术研究、农药市场和社会环境等问题的基础上,提出了相应的对策.认为IPM不仅是一个应用生物学、生态学问题,其实施过程涉及社会各相关领域,为了全面推进IPM在生产中的应用,必须进一步加强IPM应用基础理论的研究,开发符合IPM要求的新技术,完善推广服务体系,加强农药生产、销售与使用的管理,创造有利于IPM实施的社会环境等.     

An integrated pest management program for managing fusarium head blight disease in cereals

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a worldwide devastating disease of small grain cereals and Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is the major pathogen causing the disease. The epidemics of FHB lead to the reduction of grain yield and economic losses. Additionally, mycotoxins produced by the FHB pathogens are hazardous to the health of human and livestock. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of FHB, and introduce effects of this disease on economy, environment and food safety. We focus on the integrated management approaches for controlling FHB including agronomic practices, resistant cultivars, chemical control, and biocontrol. In addition, we also discuss the potential novel management strategies against FHB and mycotoxin.     

南通地区棉花害虫综合管理专家系统

南能守区棉花害虫综合专家系统（ＣＰＩＭＥＳ）由三部分组成;专家系统（知识库）,信息系统（数据库）和模型系统（模型库）。专家系统是核心部分,它包含南通地区３个不同棉区棉花不同生育阶段的害虫管理子系统１３个,近２０００条规则;信息系统分文献咨询、常用用药剂咨询、棉花害虫相似种鉴别和棉虫生物学特性查询４个子系统;模型库有主要害虫种群动态预测模型及动态防治指标模型。系统采用模块化结构,多级菜单驱动,使用方     

储粮害虫综合治理的探讨

储粮害虫防治过分依赖杀虫剂 ,带来了一些不良的副作用。对储粮害虫采用综合治理防治策略非常必要。既应提倡把系统论应用到综合治理中去 ,又要强调在现阶段使用好化学防治     

Recent progress in maize lethal necrosis disease: From pathogens to integrated pest management

Maize (Zea mays),as a staple food and an important industrial raw material,has been widely cultivated for centuries especially by smallholder farmers.Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND) is a serious disease infecting maize,which caused devastating damage in the African region recently.MLND is induced by co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus and one of several cereal-infecting viruses in the Potyviridae family,with the symptoms ranging from chlorotic mottle to plant death at different inf...     

Social research in international agricultural R&D: Lessons from the small ruminant CRSP

The uses of the most social of the social sciences—sociology and anthropology—in international agricultural research and development (R&D) have often been poorly understood. Drawing upon a decade of work by the Sociology Project of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program, this article exemplifies how and where social scientists can and have contributed to major development initiatives, and it illustrates some of the larger lessons to be learned for human values concerns in international agriculture.The authors are all members of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program's (SR-CRSP) Sociology Project, housed in the Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri-Columbia (UMC), Columbia MO 65211. They represent a core group of social scientists who have worked with the project since its inception. McCorkle is Research Assistant Professor and Project Coordinator. Nolan is Associate Dean of International Agriculture in the UMC College of Agriculture, Professor of Rural Sociology, and Principal Investigator on the project. Associate Professor Gilles is Co-principal Investigator on the project. Jamtgaard served as the project's Resident Scientist in Peru from 1982–1984 and is currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Montana State University.     

Integrated pest management programme for cereal blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast diseases, is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops, rice, wheat, pearl millet and finger millet. Magnaporthe oryzae has numerous pathotypes because of its high host-specificity in the field. The Oryza pathotype (MoO) of M. oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice, causing 10–30% yield loss in the world. On the other hand, the Triticum pathotype (MoT) causes blast disease in wheat, which is now a serious threat to wheat production in some South American countries, Bangladesh and Zambia. Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties, control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult. Therefore, an integrated management programme should be adopted to control these two diseases in the field. Here, we introduced and summarized the classification, geographical distribution, host range, disease symptoms, biology and ecology, economic impact, and integrated pest management (IPM) programme of both rice and wheat blast diseases.     

Greenhouse climate control: an approach for integrated pest management

Modern control strategies for greenhouse climate control can be used in order to reduce disease infection and to influence plant development. Within the concept of integrated plant protection, it is necessary to minimise chemical applications. In addition to existing dehumidification strategies, in particular, the use of climate control for integrated pest control requires registration and simulation of climate conditions in the plant canopy. To avoid intensive and expensive technical measurements, it is necessary to describe the energy and mass transport processes within the canopy, the exchange processes between air and plant elements and other surfaces. The basics of a computer-supported anti-botrytis climate control management have been developed based on a plant canopy model.     

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans: From molecular interactions to integrated management strategies

Over 170 years after the infamous Irish Potato Famine,potato late blight (PLB) caused by Phytophthora infestans remains the single most devastating disease of global potato production,causing up to 10 billion USD in yield loss and management costs.Through decades of research,growers and agronomists in the?eld as well as laboratory scientists have made signi?cant progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis process of this critical pathosystem and effective management strategies to contro...     

烟草靶斑病病原学与综合防控手段最新研究进展

烟草靶斑病于2006年在辽宁丹东烟区被发现之后,在我国许多地方都被报导,影响烟叶生产,造成经济损失。本文在国外有关烟草靶斑病的流行条件和防治措施的研究基础上,针对我国烟区靶斑病病原学和综合防治技术方面取得的最新进展,从烟草靶斑病的识别鉴定、病原生物学、发生流行规律与综合防控措施四个方面进行综述,旨在为烟草靶斑病的快速准确识别与高效绿色防控提供指导。     

A comparison of two IPM training strategies in China: The importance of concepts of the rice ecosystem for sustainable insect pest management

Our study in China of two Integrated Pest Management (IPM) training programs for farmers shows that one is more effective than the other in reducing pesticide applications as well as in imparting to farmers an understanding of the rice ecosystem. The two training programs are based upon two different paradigms of IPM. This article uses a triangulated method of measuring concept attainment among farmer trainees in China as one measure of the effectiveness of training. Concepts of insect ecology brought about by training, as well as persistence of concepts one year after training, are measured. This information is compared to farmer data on pesticide applications and yields in order to determine the comparative effectiveness of two models of IPM farmer training in Sichuan Province. Results indicate that the Farmer Field School (FFS) model of training, based upon a new Ecology-Based IPM paradigm, is more effective than the 3 Pests 3 Diseases (3P3D) model based upon an older Economic Threshold IPM paradigm. Crop yield results and pesticide applications by farmers after training are also used to indicate which of these paradigms of insect pest control is more effective, hence scientifically accurate.     

新疆棉田硫丹防虫替代技术的筛选与评价

【目的】筛选集成新疆棉区可替代硫丹的害虫防治技术方法,推动农药减量及硫丹淘汰进程。【方法】在新疆棉区,选择14种硫丹替代方法,针对二代和三代棉铃虫及兼治蚜虫进行小区试验,评价替代方法的防效、社会及生态效益,选择最优方法用于集成适合新疆的棉田害虫综合治理模型。【结果】信息素诱捕田最高日均诱蛾量(15 ± 2.6)头,对照自防田为(22.2 ± 8.6)头,未见显著差异;针对兼治蚜虫减退率比较,中剂量甲维盐(-70.00 ± 27.10)%及甲维·虱螨脲(-67.32± 44.51)% 均显著低于硫丹对照(20.07 ± 17.81)%;田间益虫调查显示草蛉为主要优势种,最高占比81%,实验处理对瓢虫影响最大,最高占比由48%下降至18%;测产发现氟苯虫酰胺(低剂量)及阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺(高剂量)每667 m²收入较硫丹可分别提高161.07和157.53元;PCA及聚类分析显示硫丹加权分15,其他处理中加权超20最佳替代方法4个,加权超15优秀替代方法3个。【结论】与硫丹相比,性信息素诱捕、氯虫苯甲酰胺、棉铃虫核型多角体病毒和苏云金杆菌4种替代方法表现最佳;短稳杆菌、氟苯虫酰胺和甲维·虱螨脲3种替代方法表现与硫丹相当。以上7种替代方法可以作为制定棉区害虫综合治理的方案。     

Lessons for farmer-oriented research: Experiences from a West African soil fertility management project

Donors, scientists and farmers all benefit when research and development projects have high impact. However, potential benefits are sometimes not realized. Our objective in this study is to determine why resource-poor farmers in Togo (declined to) adopt recommended practices that were promoted through a multi-organizational project on soil fertility management. We examine the processes and outcomes related to the adoption process. The project was undertaken in three villages in the Central Region of Togo in West Africa. The development and research processes that took place during the implementation of the project were critically analyzed using a conceptual framework that may be useful for improving the impact of future participatory projects. At the macro level, opportunities for innovation were not deliberately explored with participating farmers and other village members; consequently “pre-analytical choices” made during the planning phase resulted in practices that resource-poor farmers were, for a variety of reasons, unable or unwilling to adopt. From the outset, donors and scientists focused on soil fertility management, but failed to take into account the wider economic context within which soil fertility management took place. This was a major obstacle to the subsequent adoption of recommended management strategies. Scientists and donor partners measured the success of the Project in terms of crop productivity, but farmers’ choices were influenced by a complex mix of socio-economic, political and technical factors. We also illustrate the importance of selecting appropriate categories of farmers for a particular experiment. We conclude that for participatory research and development projects to be successful, it is not enough to develop technologies that “work” in a technical sense. In order to be scaled up and widely implemented, such technologies must also meet a variety of needs of resource-poor farmers and be acceptable from a socio-cultural point of view. Suzanne Nederlof holds a PhD in Communication and Innovation Studies from Wageningen University in the Netherlands. After finishing her MSc. degree in Development Sociology at the same university she worked at a research project in Burkina Faso and at the International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development (IFDC) in Togo. Subsequently, she was based at the FAO regional office for Africa in Ghana, assigned to the Convergence of Sciences Program. She conducted the fieldwork for this article during that period. She completed her PhD research on agricultural research with a scholarship from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. She is currently employed as an advisor in rural innovation at the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Constant Dangbégnon worked for several years (1990–1998) on Inter-University Cooperation (Benin, the Netherlands and Israel) in the area of indigenous knowledge and the soft side of natural resource management. This work constituted the basis of his PhD from Wageningen University in The Netherlands. He joined IFDC – Africa Division in Lomé (Togo) in June 1999 as a socio-economic extension specialist in the Input Accessibility Program (IAP).     

广州地区甜玉米病害防控技术规程

甜玉米已成为广州等南方地区最具经济效益优势的作物品种之一.但甜玉米病害发生越来越严重,对其生产造成重大影响.在系统调查广州地区甜玉米病害发生的基础上,结合这些病害防治实践和经验,提出广州地区甜玉米病害综合防控技术规程,为甜玉米病害的综合防控提供技术支持.     

甘肃啤酒花害虫种类及综合防治

首次报道了甘肃省河西地区啤酒花(Humulus lupulus L.)害虫种类及为害情况。初步查明害虫有10多种,其中主要的为葎草疣蚜phorodon japonensis Takahashi、棉叶螨Tetranychus urticae(Koch)、棉铃虫Heliothis armigera Hubner和大麻跳甲Psylliodes attenuata(Koch)。根据害虫种类和防治实践,阐述了该地区啤酒花害虫综合防治意见。     

水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术的优化集成及应用

报道了国家“十五”科技攻关计划专题“华南稻区水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术研究”取得的有关田间试验和示范的部分进展。通过田间抗性品种评价试验,评价出可供可持续控制技术组装应用的新品种,如齐粒丝苗、丰丝占、粤秀占等;开展高效低毒药剂筛选和防治技术研究,研制的58％稻虫杀净列入台山珍香绿色稻米（农业部认证）专用杀虫剂,可替代高毒药剂甲胺磷;开展了褐稻虱对吡虫啉和扑虱灵抗药性的初步检测;研究了不同抛秧栽培密度和不同施肥模式与病虫害发生的关系,以形成适应当前优质＋低氮肥＋湿润灌溉＋放宽防治指标生产性配套技术措施控制病虫害的相关技术,为华南水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术研究提供依据;在水稻重大病虫害可持续控制关键技术研究的基础上,提出以抗病虫优质丰产品种、控害丰产栽培和合理用药为关键措施的可持续控制技术。     

以释放捕食螨防治害螨为主的柑橘害虫综合防治的经济性评价

释放捕食螨防治柑橘害螨是有效的生物防治技术措施之一。通过连续6年对该项技术进行试验示范,获得了详细的投入成本数据,对以释放捕食螨防治害螨为主的柑橘害虫综合防治技术的经济性进行了评价,结果表明该技术防治效果良好,明显降低了害虫防治成本,经济效益明显提高。