Insecticidal effect of two novel pyrrole derivatives against two major stored product insect species

Several pyrrole compounds exhibit insecticidal properties against a wide range of insect pest species. In the present work, the insecticidal effect of the two new pyrrole derivatives, ethyl 3-(benzylthio)-4,6-dioxo-5-phenyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-carboxylate (3i) and isopropyl 3-(benzylthio)-4,6-dioxo-5-phenyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-carboxylate (3k) were studied as stored-grain protectants (maize and barley) against two major stored-product insect species, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jaquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae and the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae at three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 ppm) and five exposure intervals (1, 2, 7, 14 and 21d). All T. confusum adults were dead at all doses on barley treated with 3i after 21d of exposure, while for 3k mortality was >92%. Progeny production was very low (≤1 individual per vial) at all doses for both pyrrole derivatives. Mortality of T. confusum larvae was not complete with any dose of both pyrrole derivatives but it exceeded 96% with 3k at 10 ppm after 21d of exposure on maize. For barley, all exposed larvae were found dead at all doses of both pyrrole derivates after 7d of exposure. Mortality of E. kuehniella larvae was complete at 1 and 10 ppm of 3i and all doses of 3k at 7d of exposure. After 14d of exposure, all E. kuehniella larvae were dead at 0.1 ppm of 3i. The results of the present study indicate that the tested compounds have elevated insecticidal effect against both species tested on certain combinations of dose, exposure interval and type of commodity.     

利用蜘蛛控制茶园害虫

依据多年调查和实践,阐述茶园保护利用蜘蛛控虫的有利条件及成效.     

Estimation of population density of stored grain pests via bioacoustic detection

The potential of bioacoustics in estimating the population density of insect pests inside the stored grain mass was evaluated in the laboratory. We used a piezoelectric sensor and a portable acoustic emission amplifier connected to a computer for recording acoustic emissions of insects. The software analyses the vibration recordings of the piezoelectric sensor, performs signal parameterization and eventually classification of the infestation severity inside the grain mass in four classes, namely: Class A (densities ≤1 adult/kgr), Class B (densities 1–2 adults/kgr), Class C (densities 2–10 adults/kgr) and Class D (densities >10 adults/kgr). Adults of the most important beetle pests of stored cereals and pulses, in various population densities (1, 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 & 500 beetle adults/kgr grain) were used during the present study. The linear model was very effective in describing the relationship between population density and number of sounds. Multiple classifiers were used to evaluate the accuracy of bioacoustics on predicting the pest density given per minute counts of vibration pulses. Based on our results, our system's performance was very satisfactory in most cases (∼68%) given that probabilities for successful prediction typically exceeding 70%. Our study suggests that automatic monitoring of infestations in bulk grain is feasible in small containers. This kind of service can assist with reliable decision making if it can be transferred to larger storage establishments (e.g. silos). Our results are discussed on the basis of enhancing the use of acoustic sensors as a decision support system in stored product IPM.     

浅谈茶园病虫害绿色防控技术

该文阐述了茶园病虫害的发生特点与防治现状,提出了采用农业综合防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治等绿色防控相关措施.     

Persistence and efficacy of spinosad on wheat,maize and barley grains against four major stored product pests

The insecticidal and residual effect of spinosad on wheat, maize and barley grain was evaluated in the laboratory against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), Tribolium confusum (DuVal) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) as well as against larvae of T. confusum. Spinosad was applied as a solution to 2 kg lots of each commodity at three concentrations, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ppm, and the treated grain quantities were kept at 25 °C and 65% RH. Samples were taken from each concentration-commodity combination at the day of storage and every 30 d for 6 consecutive months (6 bioassays). The test species were exposed for 14 d to the samples and mortality and reproduction were assessed over this exposure interval. With the exception of T. confusum, 1 ppm of spinosad was highly effective against the remainder of the tested species and provided protection for a period of storage at least 4 months. Although in general, spinosad performance was not very much affected by the grain type, efficacy on maize was less stable over the 6-month period of storage and declined sooner compared to the other commodities. Spinosad almost suppressed progeny production of R. dominica during the storage period, but did not suppress progeny of the other species, since progeny were recorded even 30 d post application especially with the lowest of the tested concentrations. The results of this study indicated that spinosad may provide suitable protection for 6 months against S. oryzae or R. dominica, but is not suitable for long-term protection against T. confusum or C. ferrugineus.     

Cowpea seed treatment with carbosulfan: potential for control of seedling pests

Results from three field trials and a screenhouse study conducted in 1985 and 1986 using carbosulfan (Marshal 25 ST) insecticide dust formulation at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg cowpea seed indicated that infestation and/or damage by aphids, foliage beetles and leafhoppers was satisfactorily reduced with treatment levels above 20 g carbosulfan/kg seed. The period of activity of the different treatments ranged from 15 to 23 days for various pests in the screenhouse, and slightly longer in field trials. Post-flowering pests were, however, not controlled at any of the rates tested. The ease of application and high dermal LD₅₀ (> 2000 mg/kg rabbit) make Marshal 25 ST a very attractive option for use by small-scale farmers as a component of an integrated pest management strategy in locations where these pests are important and adequate levels of genetic resistance are not available.     

茶树害虫防治的新途径--化学生态防治

本文介绍了应用化学生态学原理进行茶树害虫防治的目前进展和发展前景。重点介绍了应用昆虫性信息素和茶树挥发性互利素在害虫防治中的应用。在昆虫性信息素的应用上,主要利用人工模拟的雌性害虫的性信息素来引诱同种害虫的雄性害虫以达到预测和迷向防治的目的。在茶树挥发性互利素的应用上,当害虫危害茶树后,害虫的口腔分泌物中的酶类会由叶片的伤口进入茶树组织内而使茶树体内代谢途径发生变化,形成新的挥发性化合物。这种新的挥发性化合物对这些害虫的天敌有很强的引诱作用,而对害虫却没有或只有很弱的引诱活性,通过这类化合物可以使天敌很容易找到它扑食或寄生的害虫的位置,为天敌寻觅到害虫提供了线索,同时为被害的茶树提供了保护．应用化学生态学进行害虫的防治尽管还没有在生产上达到应用的程度,但前景辉煌。     

雷公藤叶部病虫害的发生现状、成因及对策

随着栽培面积、规模的扩大和病虫害管理水平的滞后,地道性中药材雷公藤目前正遭受病虫害的严重危害。2009、2010年对福建省泰宁县雷公藤病虫害进行调查表明,雷公藤叶部病虫害主要表现为危害种类不断增加,复合危害现象普遍,不同藤龄、不同生境的雷公藤上发生水平也各不相同。防治观念淡薄,生产措施不当,管理水平偏低,病虫害的危害潜能较大以及气候异常等是导致叶部病虫害成灾的主要因素。因此,应在边防治边研究的基础上,逐步建立健全预测预报体系,采取有效的无公害病虫害防治技术,确保雷公藤产业的健康发展。     

安溪县松树主要有害生物及其防治

总结了近10年安溪县松树6种主要有害生物（松突圆蚧、松墨天牛、马尾松毛虫、松大蚜、松针褐斑病、棕鼯鼠）的发生特点与分布情况,提出了各主要有害生物的综合防治措施。     

德化县油茶主要病虫害及其综合防治

根据近3年的实践,总结、分析了德化县油茶发生的5种主要病虫害,即炭疽病、软腐病、煤烟病、茶籽象甲和油茶毒蛾的发生、分布和主要特点;结合地方气候特征,构建了12-3月、4-7月和8-11月三个阶段,针对5种主要病虫害采用营林、生物和化学手段的9条年事综合管理措施,实现防治区主要病虫害发生率2%以下,直接经济效益提高37.5%。     

Chemical control of stored product insects with fumigants and residual treatments

Integrated pest management (IPM) programs that eliminate infestations and prevent economic damage in raw commodities, food storage facilities, and milling and processing plants typically involve chemicals. They are preferred because they are often the cheapest and most efficient strategies available. When evaluating pesticides, it is important to recognize the biological and environmental factors that can affect pesticide efficacy so the insecticide can be effectively used in control programs. We illustrate these concepts with data from research studies with cyfluthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide used as a residual surface treatment, and with data from developmental research with new fumigants. These chemical pesticides and others like them could have specific applications and strategies in an IPM program for post harvest pests well into the 21st Century.     

黑龙江省无公害大豆生产中的病虫害防治技术

针对黑龙江省无公害大豆生产中的病虫害,提出了包括土壤管理、种子管理、化学防治综合防治技术措施.以期为黑龙江省无公害大豆生产中的病虫害防治提供技术依据.     

黄淮海南部地区大豆主要病虫害种类及防控措施

大豆是我国的重要农作物,是国内外蛋白质和食用油的主要来源。文章针对黄淮海南部大豆区域高蛋白夏大豆生产中主要的病虫害进行了调查和分析,并对如何防控大豆主要病虫害的措施进行了综述,以期为黄淮海大豆生产中的病虫害综合防控提供参考。     

我国经济棕榈植物潜在危险性害虫名录

记述了对我国经济棕榈植物具有潜在危险性的40种害虫,分属2纲6目19科,其中昆虫纲有38种害虫,蛛形纲有2种害虫;分别介绍了40种害虫的中文名称、学名、寄主植物种类、分布区域及危害特征,为预防和控制我国棕榈植物害虫的发生与危害提供相关基础资料。     

Insecticidal efficacy of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations for the control of three stored-product beetle species: Effect of commodity

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the insecticidal effect of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a capsule suspension (CS) against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium confusum in wheat, maize and rice. Pirimiphos-methyl was applied at two dose rates, 2 and 4 ppm, and adult mortality was measured after 2, 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure in the treated commodity. Progeny production was assessed 65 d after the removal of the parental adults. S. oryzae adult survival was significantly higher in rice than in wheat and maize, whereas T. confusum mortality was significantly higher in maize than in the other grains. From the species tested, the most susceptible species was S. oryzae, for which mortality reached 100% after 7 days of exposure in treated wheat and maize, followed by T. confusum and R. dominica. Progeny production was significantly suppressed by pirimiphos-methyl in the case of S. oryzae, but not in the case of R. dominica. In general, only few differences in performance between the EC and the CS formulation were detected. We conclude that the type of grain commodity significantly affects mortality after the application of the two pirimiphos-methyl formulations tested, but this effect is species-dependent.     

新疆甜菜病虫草害种类及防治技术

调查结果表明,新疆甜菜病害有10余种,主要有甜菜丛根病、甜菜立枯病、根腐病、褐斑病、白粉病等;虫害有地老虎、象甲、蛴螬、甘蓝夜蛾、叶螨等20余种;杂草以芦苇、稗子草等单子叶杂草及灰黎、马齿苋等双子叶杂草为主要杂草。防治应以农业防治为基础,强化农业技术措施,结合运用化学防治、生物防治、物理防治诸项措施,达到经济、安全、有效地防治目的。     

用完善的生态系统防治稻田病虫害

本文简要论述了通过改善稻田生态系统,规范农事操作,保护和利用水稻害虫的天敌,合理使用农药化肥等措施,建立完善的稻田生态系统,并建立病、虫害监测机制。通过合理的耕作制度和栽培措施,保护和强化稻田生物的多样性,恢复和重组稻田生态系统的动态平衡,用完善的生态系统防治稻田病虫害。     

植物挥发性物质在茶树病害监测和防御中的作用研究现状

植物挥发性物质在植物之间和植物与病害互作中起着重要作用。病害胁迫下植物挥发物在种类和数量上都发生明显的变化,并且这些挥发性物质在一定条件下可被检测,有望用于病害监测。植物挥发物的许多组分具有抗菌作用,一些组分还能作为植物自身或植物间传递信息的抗病信号分子。本文就病害相关的植物挥发性物质的主要类群、挥发物在植物病害监测以及植物抗病防御反应方面的研究现状作一概述。     

Managing storage pests of maize: Farmers' knowledge,perceptions and practices in western Kenya

Insect pests are a key constraint to effective utilization of cereal crops in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with damage caused by these pests in the stores of particular concern. Although a number of approaches have been advanced for control of storage pests of maize, uptake remains a challenge, with effectiveness of some approaches being questionable. We conducted a survey in western Kenya among 330 respondents using face to face interviews and focus group discussions to evaluate farmers' practices, knowledge and perceptions of storage pests of maize, and their current practices in managing such pests as a basis for development of efficient integrated pest management (IPM) approaches for the pests. Majority of the respondents stored maize in traditional granaries, with less than 10% of them using modern improved facilities, mainly due to inability to afford these. Majority of the respondents also cited attack of their stored grains by a number of insect pests, causing about 40% grain losses. The larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), and maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were perceived as the most common and damaging pests. Farmers' perceptions of pests were positively and significantly influenced by level of education and farming experience, indicating that education and experience build farmers' understanding of storage pests. Storing maize in unshelled form seemed to result in less pest attack, although majority of the respondents stored their maize in shelled form. Moreover, local maize varieties were perceived to be resistant to pests. The farmers applied various control methods, with sun-drying being the most popular practice. Usage of pesticides was minimal, mainly due to high costs, lack of information, and unavailability of appropriate and effective products. There were also other cultural methods applied, such as use of smoke and insecticidal plants. The respondents decried lack of training and extension services on storage pests and their management, underscoring the need to develop extension services. The underlying mechanisms of the perceived pest resistance in local varieties of maize and cultural pest management methods need to be established for exploitation in development of effective IPM approaches. There is also need to address the challenges hindering uptake of modern storage and control approaches.     

Insecticidal efficacy of phosphine fumigation at low pressure against major stored-product insect species in a commercial dried fig processing facility

We investigated the application of phosphine at low pressure for various exposure durations against major stored-product insects in a commercial dried fig processing facility in Central Greece. Trials were carried out inside a chamber, in which phosphine, in the form of aluminium phosphide pellets, was introduced with the use of a phosphine generator. The generator unit was also equipped with a vacuum pump to achieve low pressure inside the chamber. The chamber was filled with pallets with boxes containing figs. The insects tested were Tribolium confusum (all life stages), Ephestia elutella (eggs and larvae), Sitophilus oryzae (adults), Sitophilus granarius (adults), Rhyzopertha dominica (adults), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (adults) and Prostephanus truncatus (adults). Moreover, wheat grains containing immature stages of S. oryzae were also used. All insect-life stage combinations were exposed to phosphine at low pressure for 18, 48 and 72 h. In most cases, significant differences in mortality of insects treated with phosphine at low pressure compared to the control treatments were recorded. However, complete control (100%) was recorded only in the case of O. surinamensis adults and T. confusum larvae after exposure for 48 and 72 h, respectively. We conclude that the combined application of phosphine and low pressure at short exposure durations (up to 72 h) cannot provide sufficient control at least against the stored-product insect species and life stages tested in the present study.