植物激素在蚕豆上的研究与应用

植物激素在蚕豆上的研究与应用夏明忠（西昌农业专科学校）蚕豆的生长发育受某些生理活性物质──植物激素的调节和控制。随着国内外蚕豆育种和栽培技术研究的不断深入，植物激素在蚕豆上的研究与应用，已引起各国的重视。本文根据近年来国内外的研究报道，就有关用于蚕豆...     

蚕豆原种繁育评价方法框架理论初探

对蚕豆原种繁育常规方法的避限性和缺点进行了分析，提出了一种啼原种质量综合评价方法的理论框架，为以后的蚕豆原种繁育提供科学的理论依据。     

蚕豆主要经济性状对产量的效应分析

了解蚕豆主要经济性状对产量的效应是高产栽培、育种的首要条件。研究蚕豆经济性状与产量的关系,过去都是在几个或十几个品种中仅采用相关分析的方法来研究其相关性质。而在比较多的品种大群体中对效应的大小(即影响程度)的分析却很少见。本文对69个品种的八个主要经济性状在相关分析的基础上进一步采用通径分析方法,比较系统地分析了各性状对产量的真实效应。为蚕豆的高产栽培和高产育种提供客观的科学依据。     

蚕豆花粉诱导油菜孤雌生殖初报

蚕豆花粉诱导油菜孤雌生殖初报高广东（安徽省农业科学院园艺研究所合肥２３００３１）在小麦、水稻、玉米、棉花等作物中，人工诱导孤雌生殖有许多报道，但在油菜育种中诱导的例子却很少。本试验采用远缘花粉杂交的方法，探索诱导油菜孤雌生殖的途径。材料和方法选择遗传...     

芽用豆科作物的辐射敏感性研究进展

芽菜专用豆科作物优良品种的缺乏已成为制约我国现代芽菜产业快速发展的瓶颈.辐射诱变具有安全简便经济、突变频率高、变异性状稳定早等特点,可缩短育种年限,创造新的基因型,是现代作物育种的重要方法之一;作物辐射敏感性评价研究,是辐射育种的前提和基础,对芽用豆科作物辐射敏感性的研究有助于提高辐射育种的效率.文章从大豆、绿豆、蚕豆...     

大豆纯系育种中群体规模的估计

本文首先介绍了多元正态分布函数近似计算的方法,并应用该法以苏８９－２的高世代品系为材料,对纯系育种中多个性状综合选择时所需群体的规模作了探讨。     

西昌市蚕豆病害调查及防治对策

于1998年至2001年对西昌市蚕豆病害作了详细调查了，包括蚕豆常见病害；蚕豆赤斑病、蚕豆褐斑病、蚕豆锈病、蚕豆枯萎病，蚕豆根腐病，蚕豆立枯病，蚕豆茎基腐病，及其种类，病原、发病规律等，在此基础上提出相应的防治对策。     

模糊综合评判在苎麻育种亲本选择上的应用

通过对２０个苎麻品种进行模糊综合评判，使品种“综合性状好”这一抽象概念得以量化，从而有利于苎麻育种工作者进行上观比较。该法得出的结论与实际情况基本相符，能较客观地反映品种的优良度，对苎麻育种的亲本选择，具有一定的指导意义。     

模糊综合评判在苎麻育种亲本选择上的应用

通过对２０个苎麻品种进行模糊综合评判，使品种“综合性状好”这一抽象概念得以量化，从而有利于苎麻育种工作者进行直观比较。该法得出的结论与实际情况基本相符，能较客观地反映品种的优良度，对苎麻育种的亲本选择，具有一定的指导意义。     

麻类作物诱变育种的现状与进展

本文阐述了我国自60年代以来麻类作物诱变育种的主要成就及世界主产麻国在麻类诱变育种所作的工作，并分别介绍了各主要育成品种的诱变剂量、亲本来源与特征、特性，综合分析了我国麻类诱变育种在物理诱变与化学诱变所育成品种的剂量与选择方法，作者认为我国麻类诱变育种以^60Co-r射线为主，而秋水仙碱在诱变获得多倍体方面效果明显。通过诱变育种作为麻类种质创新的一种重要手段，在改变作物抗性与耐性；改良纤维品质；提高纤维产量上将十分有效。我国麻类作物诱变育种的研究方向应探索与基因工程等生物技术相结合，进一步提高诱变育种的方向性与准确性。     

Model legumes contribute to faba bean breeding

Faba bean is an excellent candidate crop to provide nitrogen input into temperate agricultural systems. However, its growth is hampered by several factors including environmental stresses and the presence of anti-nutritional factors. To solve these limitations, breeding programs have been initiated that were successful for monogenic traits but not so for multigenic traits. The large genome size of faba bean has slowed down breeding processes. Several other legumes have emerged as model legumes including Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max and Pisum sativum. The establishment of these models has already boosted our understanding of important processes such as the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interaction. The high level of synteny and collinearity existing between legumes makes possible the transfer of key knowledge from model legumes to faba bean. Here we review the most recent knowledge gained from model legumes on grain quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and how this knowledge can be employed for faba bean breeding.     

Integration of genomics approach with traditional breeding towards improving abiotic stress adaptation: drought and aluminum toxicity as case studies

Traditional breeding efforts are expected to be greatly enhanced through collaborative approaches incorporating functional, comparative and structural genomics. Potential benefits of combining genomic tools with traditional breeding have been a source of widespread interest and resulted in numerous efforts to achieve the desired synergy among disciplines. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) is applying functional genomics by focusing on characterizing genetic diversity for crop improvement in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), tropical grasses, and upland rice (Oriza sativa L.). This article reviews how CIAT combines genomic approaches, plant breeding, and physiology to understand and exploit underlying genetic mechanisms of abiotic stress adaptation for crop improvement. The overall CIAT strategy combines both bottom-up (gene to phenotype) and top-down (phenotype to gene) approaches by using gene pools as sources for breeding tools. The strategy offers broad benefits by combining not only in-house crop knowledge, but publicly available knowledge from well-studied model plants such as arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.]. Successfully applying functional genomics in trait gene discovery requires diverse genetic resources, crop phenotyping, genomics tools integrated with bioinformatics and proof of gene function in planta (proof of concept). In applying genomic approaches to crop improvement, two major gaps remain. The first gap lies in understanding the desired phenotypic trait of crops in the field and enhancing that knowledge through genomics. The second gap concerns mechanisms for applying genomic information to obtain improved crop phenotypes. A further challenge is to effectively combine different genomic approaches, integrating information to maximize crop improvement efforts. Research at CIAT on drought tolerance in common bean and aluminum resistance in tropical forage grasses (Brachiaria spp.) is used to illustrate the opportunities and constraints in breeding for adaptation to abiotic stresses.     

A Review on Current Status and Future Prospects of Winged Bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Psophocarpus tetragonolobus</Emphasis>) in Tropical Agriculture

Winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC., is analogous to soybean in yield and nutritional quality, proving a valuable alternative to soybean in tropical regions of the world. The presence of anti-nutritional factors and high costs associated with indeterminate plant habit have been major concerns in this crop. But occurrence of good genetic variability in germplasm collections offers precious resources for winged bean breeding. However, lack of germplasm characterization is hindering such efforts. From a genomic standpoint, winged bean has been little studied despite rapid advancement in legume genomics in the last decade. Exploiting modern genomics/breeding approaches for genetic resource characterization and the breeding of early maturing, high yielding, determinate varieties which are disease resistant and free of anti-nutritional factors along with developing consumer friendly value-added products of local significance are great challenges and opportunities in the future that would boost cultivation of winged bean in the tropics. We review past efforts and future prospects towards winged bean improvement.     

Local vs. formal breeding and inbred line vs. synthetic cultivar for organic farming: Case of Vicia faba L.

As organic farming refrains from the use of agrochemical inputs, it is characterized by large environmental heterogeneity. Genotype × location interaction is expected to be larger across organic cropping areas than across conventional ones. When breeding for organic farming, it is important to identify an adequate breeding approach and type of cultivar. The objective was to investigate in the case of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) the effectiveness of local breeding (exploiting local adaptation) vs. formal breeding (exploiting broad adaptation) for grain yield in organic farming and to compare the performance of two types of cultivars: inbred lines and synthetics. A set of 18 inbred lines, their polycross progenies and 13 checks was tested in five locations in Germany from 2004 to 2006. Due to the large genotype × location interaction, local breeding generated higher gains from selection than formal breeding. Based on estimates of genotypic performance and variance of inbred lines and polycross progenies, the best synthetic cultivar at generation Syn-1 and the best inbred line cultivar were predicted. Despite the large variance among inbred lines available in local breeding, the highest performing entry in both breeding strategies was a synthetic, due to its partial realization of heterosis.     

常见食用豆类提取液抗氧化特性研究

以大豆(黄豆)、绿大豆、黑大豆、黑小豆、蚕豆、绿豆、赤豆、刀豆、芸豆、饭豆、麻豇豆、花豇豆、豌豆、小扁豆、鹰嘴豆等为原料,采用清除[DPPH·]自由基和猪油体系的抗氧化试验来测定其抗氧化特性,为食用豆类功能特性的开发利用提供参考.结果表明:刀豆、黑小豆、花豇豆清除[DPPH·]自由基的能力明显强于其他豆类,鹰嘴豆、绿大豆、黄大豆清除自由基能力较弱.刀豆、芸豆、饭豆的提取液能显著延长猪油氧化的诱导时间,表现出很强的抗猪油氧化能力,赤豆、蚕豆、花豇豆的抗猪油氧化能力则相对较弱.     

Nutritional potential ofVigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi and Ohashi:

Quantitative variation in different fractions of seed proteins and their amino acid levels in populations ofVigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi and Ohashi and inV. umbellata cv. IC 1568 — the rice bean — were investigated. Globulin I fraction, together with globulin II, constitutes 38 to 54 per cent of the total seed protein. The alkali soluble (glutelin) fraction is the second largest fraction. Both these fractions show broad range of variation, suggesting a broad genetic base. The profiles are population specific; the coastal population, which contains higher seed protein also possesses maximum levels of globulin I and glutelin fraction suggesting its potentiality for breeding lines with high protein content, high nutritive value, and salt tolerance. Protein content is positively correlated with globulin I and glutelin fractions, which are in turn positively correlated with each other. The amino acid profiles are specific not only to the fractions but also to the populations. The range of variation in the levels of all amino acids in different fractions is broad suggesting substantial genetic diversity. The average levels of lysine and sulphur amino acids are high in globulin I and glutelin fractions.     

应用HSC法评价蚕豆高产稳产性

用高稳系数（HSC）法分析了1999年吞豆区域试验7个参试品种的高产稳产性，结果表明，95－08高产又稳产，95－20产量一般，但稳产性好，95－25丰产性最好，但稳产性很差，95－22稳产性最好，但丰产性最差，95－23既低产又不稳产，HSC是反映高产性的参数，又是反映稳产性的参数，使高产与穗产两因素得到了科学的有机结合，用HSC法分析评价蚕豆新品种高产稳产性是一种准确，简便，可靠的方法。     

Ecological services of faba bean

The key environmental benefits of faba bean are its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically under a broad spectrum of environmental conditions and making this renewable resource available to show positive precrop effects in diversified crop rotations. Non-nitrogen precrop effects entail potential benefits via increased availability of soil phosphorus to the subsequent crops. Faba bean acts as a break crop in intensive cereal-dominated crop rotations.     

豫绿3号选育、利用技术与方法

阐述了豫绿3号选育、利用技术与方法。概括起来有五：一是科学分析育种现状，合理制定育种目标；二是严格按照育种目标，定向选择；三是采用品种灰色相似栽培原理与方法，实现良种与良法的配套；四是采用品种灰色布局原理与方法，对品种进行科学布局；五是围绕农村经济工作新特点，做好示范推广工作。     

Favism-inducing toxins in broad beans (Vicia faba) biological activities of broad beans extracts in favism — Sensitive subjects

Ingestion of broad bean seeds will precipitate an acute haemolytic anaemia (favism) in certain sensitive subjects. Aqueous extracts from both fresh and dried mature broad bean seeds, obtained from a favism-endemic area in Iran, were incubated with blood from favism-sensitive and control subjects. Changes in the reduced glutathione content of red blood cells were determined as an index of toxicity. The results showed that:

1. The toxic principles in broad beans were at least partially water soluble.
2. The seed coats of dry mature seeds and the flesh from fresh seeds had low toxicity.
3. The immature whole seeds and the seed coats of fresh mature seeds were toxic.