低温冷藏对番红花花芽中碳水化合物和氨基酸含量的影响

以番红花鳞茎为试材,进行不同变温处理,采用蒽酮比色法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法和高速氨基酸自动分析仪,测定不同时间段花芽内可溶性糖、淀粉、淀粉酶和游离氨基酸含量,探讨低温冷藏与番红花发芽休眠解除之间的关系。结果表明:处理30 d后,可溶性糖含量急剧上升,淀粉含量急剧下降,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性均表现出与可溶性糖含量相似的变化趋势;5℃/10℃处理30 d后花芽中可溶性蛋白质含量显著上升,精氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著下降;3个处理的谷氨酸含量均呈现整体上升趋势;多项测定指标之间呈显著或极显著相关。由此可知,番红花花芽经30 d低温处理后开始解除休眠,且以5℃/10℃处理效果最佳。     

番茄温敏型核雄性不育系T-4生理生化指标间的相关及通径分析

以温敏型核雄性不育系T-4及对照First为试材,花期观察花粉发芽率,测定其可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸和蛋白质,结果期调查单果种子数,从而分析各项生理指标的相关性。结果表明:可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸及蛋白质含量两两之间的相关性均达到了极显著水平;可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸和蛋白质含量与果实种子数和花粉发芽率的相关均达到极显著水平;脯氨酸对花粉发芽率和果实种子数的直接通径系数都很高,分别为0.8341和0.9889。     

一串红对水分胁迫的生理响应

以5个一串红品种(系)为试材,在水分胁迫,即干旱胁迫和水涝胁迫2种处理下的生理反应,测定一串红叶片相对含水量、电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明:在干旱胁迫处理下,胁迫8 d后,一串红叶片伤害度、MDA含量和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量明显增加;可溶性蛋白含量呈平稳下降;叶片相对含水量在第11天后明显下降。在水涝胁迫处理下,一串红叶片相对含水量没有明显变化;水涝胁迫4 d后,叶片伤害度呈明显增加趋势;MDA含量和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量总体呈上升趋势;可溶性蛋白含量持续下降。一串红水分胁迫耐受临界点在干旱胁迫下8 d左右、水涝胁迫下4 d左右,在栽培过程中应注意掌握水分供给时间及防止持续水涝影响一串红正常生长。     

四季蜜杧反季节花芽分化期叶片有机营养变化规律及其与成花相关性的研究

在反季节栽培模式下,研究四季蜜杧花芽分化期间叶片中可溶性总糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸等有机营养和碳氮比的变化规律,并分析有机营养与成花的相关性.结果表明,在花芽分化前期叶片可溶性耱含量先下降后上升,淀粉含量逐渐上升,但两者在花芽分化中期都有下降的趋势;在花芽分化中后期,可溶性蛋白含量达到最高,而游离氨基酸则是整个分化期的最低点.碳氮比出现两个高峰,即在花芽分化中期和花芽分化结束时.叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量与成花关系较为密切.在花芽分化后期,叶片可溶性耱和淀粉与成花都呈显著负相关.游离氨基酸为四季蜜杧花芽分化提供了充足氮源.可溶性糖和淀粉在前期高,而碳氮比在后期高,都有利于花芽分化.     

土壤干旱和复水对结缕草生理特性的影响

通过对结缕草在土壤干旱及复水过程中叶片相对含水量(RWC)、游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖(TSC)含量等生理指标的测定,研究土壤干旱对结缕草生理特性的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫引起结缕草的叶片相对含水量明显下降,游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量及可溶性糖含量均随干旱天数的增加呈持续增加的趋势,而叶绿素含量和SOD酶活性先增后减.复水后各项生理指标除相对含水量、游离脯氨酸含量外均随着复水时间的增加逐渐恢复至对照水平.干旱胁迫下,结缕草水分平衡的保持、SOD酶活性及丙二醛含量的增加以及脯氨酸和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的积累,是结缕草抗旱的重要生理机制.     

枣树休眠生理研究

以3年生温室栽培和大田栽培临猗梨枣为试材,研究了枣树冬季休眠过程中水分、碳水化合物、游离氨基酸、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的动态变化。结果表明,在枣树自然休眠(10月10日至12月10日)过程中枝条中可溶性蛋白质含量、淀粉含量、总水分含量、自由水含量下降,可溶性糖含量、游离氨基酸、游离脯氨酸含量、束缚水含量上升。在试验期间,大田和温室梨枣枝条的生理指标含量和变化趋势存在差异。总水分含量、自由水含量在试验期间温室的较高,束缚水含量大田的较高。温室内枣树枝条可溶性糖含量在自然休眠期高于大田的,淀粉的含量进入休眠前温室的高。自然休眠期温室的可溶性蛋白质含量、游离氨基酸含量较高,自然休眠结束后温室的又低于大田的。     

华北景天叶片有机渗透调节物质对水分胁迫的响应

试验以华北景天为试材,采用人工控水方法,研究了不同水分胁迫强度对华北景天叶片有机渗透调节物质的影响.结果表明:在水分胁迫下,华北景天叶片中游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量变化不明显,可溶性蛋白含量变化显著.华北景天可通过可溶性蛋白的渗透调节作用,降低细胞的渗透势,维持细胞膨压,从而保证干旱条件下细胞的正常生长与代谢.所以,可溶性蛋白是水分胁迫条件下华北景天叶片细胞内重要的渗透调节剂.     

持续干旱胁迫及复水对3种苹果砧木渗透调节能力的影响

以山定子、扎矮山定子、毛山定子为试材,通过盆栽试验,测定了干旱胁迫以及复水条件下3种苹果砧木叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和淀粉含量的动态变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫过程中,3种苹果砧木叶片的脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势,其中山定子的增幅最大;可溶性糖和淀粉含量均呈波动式变化,但二者变化趋势相反;山定子和扎矮山定子的可溶性蛋白含量呈现出"升高—降低—升高—降低"的变化趋势,毛山定子则呈单峰曲线变化趋势;复水后,除毛山定子的可溶性糖含量外,其余各指标含量均能恢复至对照水平;通过隶属函数法对各生理指标进行综合评价,扎矮山定子抗旱性最强,山定子次之,毛山定子抗旱性最差。     

不同施肥水平对富士苹果叶绿体色素、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量的影响

为探讨昭通苹果在不同施肥处理下叶片和果实的生理响应特征,以18年生红富士苹果树为试材,分析测定了各处理下叶片中叶绿体色素、果实和叶片中的可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸总量。结果表明,化学肥料和沼肥配合施用的处理,叶绿体色素、可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸总量均显著高于单施化学肥料或沼肥的处理。果实中可溶性总糖在各处理下均显著高于叶片中的含量。叶片中游离氨基酸总量在各处理下均显著高于果实中的含量。相关分析表明,各指标间均存在着较强的正相关性,其中叶绿素总量与叶片可溶性总糖含量的相关性系数为0.994,果实游离氨基酸总量和叶片游离氨基酸总量的相关系数为0.984。     

不同氮钙水平对设施桃果实品质的影响

以设施桃为试材,利用营养液浇灌的方法,探讨了不同氮钙水平配施对设施桃果实品质形成的影响。结果表明,不同氮水平条件下,随营养液中钙离子浓度的增加,设施桃果实单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及游离氨基酸含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势,可滴定酸含量呈先降低后增加的变化趋势。低氮水平下,4 mmol/L的钙离子浓度处理的设施桃单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量显著高于对照;高氮水平下,8 mmol/L的钙离子浓度处理的设施桃单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量显著高于对照。     

Growth, stomata aperture, biochemical changes and branch anatomy in mango (Mangifera indica) cv. Chokanan in response to root restriction and water stress

Mango production is often subject to space and tree size management pressures among growers. This study found that root restriction contributed to reduced leaf expansion, thus inhibiting the growth of mango trees. There was even less leaf expansion under water stress conditions. Under well-watered conditions, restricted roots considerably reduced stomatal conductance and leaf water potential compared to control root growth. More rapid reductions in stomatal conductance and leaf water potential occurred under restricted root and water stress conditions compared to control trees. Leaf proline concentrations and abscisic acid (ABA) levels increased as a result of root restriction and water stress but decreased with re-watering. Re-watering also increased stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and peroxidase accumulation in plants with both restricted and non-restricted root growth. Anatomical studies of cross sections of secondary branches showed that root restriction and water stress brought about various changes: compacted cells, as estimated by epidermis thickness and area, as well as by cortex thickness, but with increases in schelerenchyma thickness, phloem and xylem thickness, schelerenchyma area, and pith area and diameter. These results suggest that reduction of soil volume and water stress could effectively control tree size through physiological and morphological changes; thereby bringing higher sustainable returns per hectare and greater effectiveness in orchard management.     

Effect of two irrigation rates on yield,incidence of blossom-end rot,mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip irrigation using saline water

Summary

An experiment investigated the effects of two rates of irrigation, one of which reflected a substantial degree of water stress, on the mineral content, free amino acid levels and incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Durinta'). The plants were grown in the open with drip irrigation using saline water from a well (mean EC_w 5.2 dS m²¹). The yield per plant was higher and fewer fruit were affected by BER in the treatment involving the higher level of irrigation. The fruit of the first and fifth truss, and the leaves immediately above, were analysed for their macronutrient, micronutrient and free amino acid content. The macronutrient leaf and fruit content hardly showed any difference, only the N concentration in fruit being significantly affected in the water stressed plants, in which the levels were higher. The Ca concentration in the stylar portion of mature fruit, which is related with the incidence of BER, was not significantly affected by the level of irrigation. As regards micronutrients, only the Fe (in leaf and fruit of the first truss), Cu (in leaf of the first truss), Zn (in leaf and fruit of the first truss, and leaf of the fifth truss) and Mn (in leaf of the first truss) concentrations differed significantly. The total free amino acid leaf content was similar in both irrigation treatments. However, the total free amino acid content of fruit, significantly those of the first truss, was higher in the less irrigated treatment. The amino acids: aspartic acid (only from the first.truss), glutamic acid, proline and alanine had high concentrations in the fruit of the less irrigated plants, while the g-aminobutyric acid and phenylalanine (only from the fifth truss) concentrations were higher in fruit of the more irrigated plants.     

Growth,allocation of N and carbohydrates,and stomatal conductance of greenhouse grown apple treated with prohexadione-Ca and gibberellins

Summary

Potted M.26 apple (Mahis domestica) liners were treated with the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor prohexadione-Ca (Apogee®) at 0 to 500 mg l”¹ as a foliar spray. Apogee inhibited stem elongation, leaf formation, total leaf area and shoot dry weight, while significantly increasing specific leaf weight, root dry weight and root: shoot ratio, regardless of rate. Foliar application of gibberellin A4₊₇ (GA4₊₇) at 200 mg l”¹ to Apogee-treated plants one day later reversed these effects, especially stem elongation, root dry-matter production and root: shoot ratio. Apogee increased N concentration in stems but not in leaves and roots. There was no effect on the pattern of N allocation amongst organs. GA4+7 increased leaf N concentration but decreased stem and root N concentrations compared with untreated controls, with N allocation shifting from roots to stem. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), expressed either on a concentration or content basis, increased in all parts of the Apogee-treated plants, due to increased levels of starch rather than soluble sugars, without altering allocation pattern. Conversely, GA4₊₇ reduced TNC levels (mainly starch levels) in all parts, with the pattern of allocation slightly shifted from roots to stem. The afternoon decline in stomatal conductance occurred earlier in the Apogee treated plants, measured 10 d after stem elongation had ceased. Starch buildup in the Apogee-treated plants appeared to be associated with this effect, suggesting an involvement of a feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in the Apogee-induced stomatal control.     

苹果幼苗部分根系水分胁迫对光合作用主要参数的影响

以1年生苹果组培苗为试材,用改良的Hoagland营养液加20%PEG-6000进行半根渗透胁迫(HS)处理,与仅加营养液的正常水分条件的对照(CK)和加20%PEG-6000进行全根胁迫处理(TS)进行比较,研究了根系不均匀供水条件下植株的叶片水势和光合作用主要参数的反应特点。结果表明,HS与CK之间叶片的日出前水势不存在显著差异,且显著高于TS,但日水势变化动态在大部分情况下HS显著低于CK;和CK相比较,HS处理的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合效率显著降低,但在处理的早期显著高于TS。HS还导致叶片温度较对照显著增高。另外,试验体系中HS处理部分根系处于水分胁迫状态,而另外的根系处于良好的水分供应条件下,可用于模拟定位灌溉和分根区交替灌溉根系不均匀供水条件,对于开展相关果树生理反应及生长发育调控机制的研究提供了良好的试验体系。     

Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Reduced Glutathione on the Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Olive Plants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low molecular mass antioxidants and NaCl salinity on growth, ionic balance, proline, and water contents of ‘Zard’ olive trees under controlled greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out by spraying 2 mM of ascorbic acid (Asc) and 3 mM of reduced glutathione (GSH) on the plants that were treated with two salinity levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl) on their root medium. Plant growth parameters (leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf number, total fresh weight, and total dry weight) were significantly improved by Asc compared with growth parameters in GSH and control plants. Higher concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^– were observed in salt-stressed plants, while Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations were decreased in the olive leaves that were sprayed with Asc. Salinity in the root zone caused a considerable decline in both K⁺ concentration and K/Na ratio. K⁺ concentration and K/Na ratio were significantly increased by application of Asc on plant leaves. Salinity caused an increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) compared with the control plants. Lowest EL and tissue water content (TWC) was obtained in Asc-sprayed plants, whereas TWC was increased in salt-stressed plants. Plants were subjected to salt stress and showed a higher relative water content (RWC) than the control plants. Salt stress induced proline accumulation in olive leaves. In conclusion, exogenous application of Asc is recommended to improve tolerance of olive plants under saline conditions.     

盐胁迫对甜菜叶、根主要生理指标的影响

研究了营养液中不同盐度（0.2%～0.8%）对甜菜代号＂K＂叶片和根主要生理指标的影响。结果表明：随着NaCl浓度的增加,甜菜幼苗叶片的单株叶面积、相对含水量、肉质化呈先升高后降低的趋势;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在叶片中呈逐步升高趋势;在根内则呈下降趋势。研究证实了NaCl浓度低于0.4%,对甜菜的生长发育有明显促进作用;超过0.6%的高浓度NaCl对甜菜的生长有胁迫作用,浓度越高胁迫作用越强。     

Regulation of some biochemical attributes in drought-stressed cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) by seed pre-treatment with ascorbic acid

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) is widely used as a vegetable in many countries; however, productivity is adversely affected in areas affected by drought. To investigate the role of exogenously applied ascorbic acid (AsA) in mitigating the negative effects of drought on cauliflower, a pot experiment was performed using two cultivars of cauliflower ‘Local’ and ‘S-78’. Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l^–1, or in 150 mg l^–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h. Water-deficit stress suppressed plant growth, reduced leaf chlorophyll concentrations, relative water contents (RWC), shoot and root P and K⁺ ion concentrations, and total soluble protein concentrations, significantly. However, significant drought-induced increases were observed in relative membrane permeability (RMP), the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB), endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l^–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H₂O₂, while increasing shoot and root fresh weights and dry weights, RWC, total phenolic compound, free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrations, and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT). No changes were observed in leaf chlorophyll concentrations or in peroxidase (POD) activities, RMP, shoot and root P and K⁺ ion accumulation, or in total soluble protein concentrations under water stress or non-stress conditions following seed treatment with AsA. ‘Local’ had higher proline concentrations and SOD activities; however, ‘S-78’ had higher RWC values, GB, and AsA concentrations. Overall, a pre-sowing treatment of cauliflower seed with 75 or 150 mg l^–1 AsA improved seedling tolerance to drought stress in both cultivars, which could be attributed to AsA-induced decreases in RMP and H₂O₂ concentrations, increases in the activities of CAT and SOD, increased RWC, and higher total phenolic compound, proline, GB, and AsA concentrations. The exogenous application of AsA therefore offers an effective strategy to minimise the adverse effects of drought stress on vegetable crops, including cauliflower.     

春季干旱对金冠苹果不同部位叶片衰老和脱落的影响

春季不同部位叶片发育差异大.而且呈明显规律性.轻度干旱促进各类叶片成熟;严重干旱使长枝基部叶和短枝叶急剧衰老、游离氨基酸积累、内源乙烯大量释放、叶片脱落,但对长枝中部叶的发育影响不大;能促进长枝上部叶的成熟.可见,春季干旱落叶是衰老的结果.春季干旱,对不同部位叶片衰老和脱落的影响与其自身发育的差异有关,因此形成了春季干旱落叶的局部性.     

PP333对柚越冬期耐寒性调控的研究

用不同浓度的PP333溶液喷布溪蜜柚植株,测定越冬期叶片膜透性、淀粉和可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸等渗透调节物质含量以及SOD活性、线粒体膜Na+－K+ATP酶活性、束缚水／自由水比值等与耐寒性有关的指标。结果表明,PP333喷布浓度为750～1000mg·1－1时明显提高溪蜜抽的耐寒性。