Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Aluminum Tolerance in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Summary Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for Al tolerance was performed in rice using a mapping population of 98 BC₁F₁₀ lines (backcross inbred lines: BILs), derived from a cross of Al-tolerant cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) and Al-sensitive cultivar (cv. Kasalath). Three characters related to Al tolerance, including root elongation under non-stress conditions (CRE), root elongation under Al stress (SRE) and the relative root elongation (RRE) under Al stress versus non-stress conditions, were evaluated for the BILs and the parents at seedling stage. A total of seven QTLs for the three traits were identified. Among them, three putative QTLs for CRE (qCRE-6, qCRE-8 and qCRE-9) were mapped on chromosomes 6, 8 and 9, respectively. One QTL for SRE (qSRE-4) was identified on chromosome 4. Three QTLs (qRRE-5, qRRE-9 and qRRE-10) for RRE were detected on chromosomes 5, 9, 10 and accounted for 9.7–11.8% of total phenotypic variation. Interestingly, the QTL qRRE-5 appears to be syntenic with the genomic region carrying a major Al tolerance gene on chromosome 6 of maize. Another QTL, qRRE-9, appears to be similar among different rice populations, while qRRE-10 is unique in the BIL population. The common QTLs for CRE and RRE indicate that candidate genes conferring Al tolerance in the rice chromosome 9 may be associated with root growth rates. The existence of QTLs for Al tolerance was confirmed in substitution lines for corresponding chromosomal segments. These results also provide the possibilities of enhancing Al tolerance in rice through using marker-assisted selection (MAS) and pyramiding QTLs.     

大豆苗期耐淹性的遗传与QTL分析

涝害是世界上许多国家的重大自然灾害。耐涝性可分为耐湿(渍)性和耐淹性。以科丰1号(高度耐淹)×南农1138-2(不耐淹)衍生的RIL群体(NJRIKY)为材料, 以盆栽全淹条件下的存活率为耐淹性指标, 采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法进行遗传分析, 并利用WinQTL Cartographer Version 2.5程序的复合区间作图法(CIM)及多区间作图法(MIM)进行QTL定位。结果表明, 两次试验的耐淹性均存在超亲变异, 试验间、家系间以及试验与家系互作间的差异均极显著; NJRIKY大豆群体的耐淹性为3对等加性主基因遗传模型, 主基因遗传率为42.40%; 在QTL分析中, 用CIM和MIM共同检测到3个耐淹QTL, 分别位于A1、D1a和G连锁群上的Satt648~K418_2V、Satt531~A941V、Satt038~Satt275 (B53B~Satt038)区间, 表型贡献率为4.4%~7.6%。分离分析与QTL定位的结果相对一致, 可相互印证。     

Detection and validation of QTLs associated with seed longevity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Seed longevity in rice is a major determinant in seed production and germplasm preservation. In this paper, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 172 lines derived from the cross between Xiang743 and ‘Katy’ was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed longevity (SL) after seed storage for 18 and 30 months under ambient conditions. Two putative QTLs, qSL‐2 and qSL‐8, were detected and located on chromosomes 2 and 8, respectively. qSL‐2 is an allele from Xiang743 allele and increases seed longevity. qSL‐8 was a novel QTL from ‘Katy’ allele and increases seed longevity. qSL‐8 explained 15.29% and 17.35% of the phenotypic variance after seed storage for 18 and 30 months, respectively. Furthermore, qSL‐8 was validated in a secondary population developed by self‐pollination of a residual heterozygous line (RHL) selected from the RIL population, which explained 25.93% of the phenotypic contribution. These results provide an opportunity for map‐based cloning of qSL‐8. Furthermore, qSL‐8 may be a target for improving seed longevity by marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in rice.     

陆地棉重组自交系群体纤维品质及产量性状遗传变异分析

以陆地棉优质品系0-153和大面积推广的双价转基因抗虫棉品系sGK9708为亲本构建了含有196个F6:8家系的重组自交系群体。在4个环境中,纤维长度、纤维强度、麦克隆值、伸长率、整齐度指数、单株结铃数、铃重、衣分、子指、单株子棉产量及单株皮棉产量等性状均呈正态分布,且存在双向超亲分离。多环境下变异分析表明,各性状家系间及环境间存在极显著差异。除纤维伸长率外,其余各纤维品质及产量性状都具有较高的遗传力,在0.75以上。共有6个家系在纤维长度、细度和强度性状上均超过高亲,可作为优质纤维种质。相关分析显示,有些家系可能打破了纤维品质和产量性状间的负相关。通过聚类分析得出,该群体各系分在了不同的组,表明存在着一定的遗传差异。该群体是进行优异纤维品质相关基础研究的良好材料。     

水稻苗期耐Cd胁迫的QTL定位分析

[目的]进行水稻苗期耐Cd胁迫的QTL初步定位。[方法]（1）以Lemont（美国）和Dular（印度）杂交建立的重组自交系（RILs）群体,包括123个家系和亲本在内,用含有0.2mg/L镉的水培液进行处理,以不加镉培养的水培液作为对照,考察了叶绿素含量、根长、株高、叶长等4个性状,并转换成抗性指数,用于评价水稻对Cd污染的抗性指标。（2）在已构建的以109个引物为基础的遗传图谱上进行复合区间定位。[结果]（1）共检测到9个加性QTLs,涉及1,2,3,11等4条染色体,其中,以叶绿素抗性指数为指标,检测到3个与耐Cd有关的QTLs 分别位于第2,3,11染色体上,解释了14%,9%,9%的表型变异;（2）以根长抗性指数为评价指标,只定到1个位于第1染色体上控制耐Cd的QTLs,解释了9%的表型变异; （3）用株高抗性指数进行定位,共有3个与耐Cd相关的QTLs,位于1,1,11染色体上,分别解释了10%,27%,10%的表型变异;（4）而以叶长抗性指数进行水稻秧苗耐Cd性表现的QTL定位,结果发现也有2个QTLs与其耐Cd 反应有关,它们分别位于1,11染色体上,解释了21%,12%的表型变异。分析表明,在采用不同评价指标所检测到的9个与耐Cd相关的QTLs中,有7个集中于第1和第11染色体上,其中第1染色体上有4个,第11染色体上有3个。（结论）以株高和叶绿素抗性指数为评价指标,检测到的QTLs最多,根长抗性指数为评价指标的最少。研究还发现在第1和第11染色体上的相同区间内同时检测到以不同抗性指数为评价指标的多个与耐Cd相关的QTLs,推测它们可能是功能相同的几个紧密连锁的非等位基因,也可能就是同一等位基因的不同表现形式,从而也说明了该评价指标用于基因定位的准确性和可行性。     

利用重组自交系群体检测水稻耐铝毒数量性状基因座

利用Kinmaze / DV85 81个重组自交家系(RIL)作图群体,采用苗期单营养液水培鉴定方法,以相对根伸长量（RRE）作为耐铝毒性状的表型值,分析亲本和重组自交系群体对铝毒的耐性表现。利用Windows QTL Cartographer 1.13a软件共检测到5个耐铝毒QTLs,分别位于第1、5、8、9和11染色体上,各个QTL的贡献率在8.64%～18.60%之间,其     

Inheritance of groat-oil content and high-oil selection in oats (Avena sativa L.)

Summary The potential for breeding for high groat-oil content in oats was investigated by (a) conducting generation means analyses on data from three matings among adapted Avena sativa L. cultivars, (b) practicing one cycle of phenotypic recurrent selection in a segregating population derived from eight species backcrosses (Avena sativa x (A. sativa x A. sterilis)) among 24 parents, and (c) identifying transgressive segregates from interspecific (A. sativa x A. sterilis) matings.Additive gene action was the most important component in explaining the variation among generation means for groat-oil content. Dominance and epistatic interactions involving dominance were not significant in any mating. Significant residual genetic variation occurred in one mating, even after additive, dominance, and three digenic interactions were fitted. The importance of additive genes action implies that desired allelic combinations for high groat-oil content can be obtained in pure-line cultivars.One cycle of phenotypic recurrent selection using single plants as the selection units resulted in a genetic gain of 1.7 to 2.1% in groat-oil content. Individual plants selected for initiating the second cycle had from 9.5 to 12.6% groat oil.Over all 12 interspecific matings, the F₂ progeny means were similar to the midparent values. Only two were significantly deviant. Transgressive segregates for high and low groat-oil content from these matings provided evidence that A. sterilis possesses alleles for high and low groat-oil content that are different from those in the gene pool of cultivated oats.Journal Paper No. J-11340 of the Iowa Agric. and Home ECon. Exp. Stn., Ames, Iowa 50011. Project 2447. This study was supported in parts by grants from the Iowa Committee for Agricultural Development and the International Harvester Company.     

NaCl胁迫对燕麦与小麦幼苗生长及其营养吸收的影响

采用水培的方法,研究了NaCl胁迫对燕麦和小麦幼苗生长及其营养吸收的影响,旨在为全面比较两种作物的耐盐性以及高效利用内蒙古地区的盐碱地提供基础信息。结果表明:与对照相比,低浓度NaCl处理(40 mmol/L)促进了燕麦的株高、生物量的增加,当NaCl浓度分别达到60 mmol/L与80 mmol/L时,明显降低了小麦与燕麦的株高、生物量,其中小麦较燕麦下降幅度大;随着NaCl浓度的增加,燕麦幼苗茎叶、小麦幼苗根中全N含量有所下降,而燕麦与小麦植株中全P含量有所增加;燕麦与小麦植株中K+、Ca2+含量、K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值随NaCl浓度的增加迅速降低,且小麦的降低效应大于燕麦,在同一处理NaCl胁迫下燕麦的K+/Na+高于小麦。     

水稻生育期对籽粒产量及品质的影响

明确水稻生育期与产量、品质的关系,对水稻高产优质育种和合理栽培措施的制定,具有重要的意义。本文以晚粳宁111和春江302经遮光(短日照)处理后获得的不同生育期水稻植株为材料,分析其产量和米质指标。结果表明,生育期152 d以上时,对产量无显著影响,而生育期短于152 d时,产量与生育期间呈极显著正相关;成熟期群体干物质积累量随生育期变化的趋势与产量表现基本一致。不同稻米的长度、宽度、蛋白质含量以及淀粉消减值,均以中等偏短生育期(131~132 d)最小,大于或小于131~132 d,均会使上述指标值增加;两品种直链淀粉含量亦有相似的趋势,只是其最低值分别对应132和137 d的生育期;各处理稻米淀粉的崩解值变化与消减值趋势相反。对垩白粒率、垩白度及糊化温度,各处理均呈随生育期延长而降低的趋势;生育期变化对碾米品质影响总体上较小。     

不同有机酸对烤烟品质和产值的影响

采用大田试验研究了苹果酸、油酸和腐殖酸对烤烟品质指标及产值效果的影响。结果表明, 3种有机酸能明显提高烟叶中P素、K素、总糖、还原糖含量、钾氯比和糖碱比值, 以及糠醛、苯甲醛、茄酮、巨豆三烯酮和新植二烯等主要香气成分的含量, 改善烟草的香吃味。同时不同程度地降低烟叶中N素、淀粉、蛋白质、烟碱和氯离子的含量, 从而协调和平衡烟叶中的化学成分, 改善烟叶的品质。其中, 苹果酸的效果最佳, 腐殖酸和油酸次之。苹果酸可明显提高烤烟的均价和上中等烟的比例, 腐殖酸可明显提高烤烟的产量、产值及上中等烟的比例。     

Inheritance of genetic malesterility in Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke

Summary A spontaneously occurring male sterile condition was located in an inbred line Vg 272 of Pennisetum americanum. Male sterility was inherited as a monogenic recessive condition and showed independent assortment with hairy leaf surface phenotype. Transfer of male sterile allele to inbreds Vg 212 and IP 482 revealed no cytoplasmic effects on the expression of male sterility. Stigmas of the male sterile plants were found to possess the same amount of receptivity upto three days with normal seed set, upto six days with reduced seed set and almost with nil receptivity on the seventh day.     

铝胁迫下大豆根尖细胞铝的微区分布与耐铝性分析

以浙春3号为实验材料, 利用透射电镜(TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope)-X-射线能谱(EDS: Energy Dispersive X-ray), 调查铝胁迫下大豆根尖铝的微区分布及耐铝性。结果表明,Al³⁺胁迫导致根尖细胞细胞壁不规则加厚, 线粒体数量增多, 核膜膨胀, 液泡中存在较多的电子致密沉淀物。90 mg L^-1 Al³⁺处理的根尖细胞内含物完全降解消失, 仅剩细胞壁。10 mg L^-1 Al³⁺处理的线粒体、细胞壁和液泡电子致密沉淀物中均检测到Al;随着Al³⁺处理浓度的增大, 各细胞器中Al的质量和原子数百分比逐渐增大。线粒体在60 和90 mg L^-1Al³⁺处理下, 液泡电子致密沉淀物在90 mg L^-1Al³⁺处理下,均未被检测出Al。在60 mg L^-1Al³⁺处理下唯一一次在细胞核中检测到Al。Al³⁺抑制了根系生长, 根系细胞中细胞壁的Al³⁺含量受影响最明显。P/Al在细胞壁和线粒体中的相对原子数随Al³⁺浓度的增大而下降。研究结果表明X–射线能谱对铝在亚显微结构上的定位是一种快速、有效的方法。铝最先积累在细胞壁上, 随Al³⁺处理浓度增大逐渐积累于部分细胞器和细胞核中, 且含量在细胞中的分布亦由外向里呈递减趁势。     

高温干旱对水稻产量、品质及剑叶生理特性影响研究综述

高温往往伴随着干旱,在众多影响粮食产量的因素中,高温和干旱被认为是主要的环境胁迫因子。受全球气候变暖影响,大范围持续性干旱成为农业生产的最严重威胁。复合胁迫通常会出现协同效应或拮抗效应,而水稻对高温干旱复合胁迫响应的独特机理尚未明确。为此,分析了高温以及干旱单因子对水稻产量、品质及剑叶生理特性的影响,并归纳了高温干旱双因子对水稻的双重胁迫效应,以往研究表明水稻响应高温干旱双重胁迫的方式可能存在2种表现：一是当2种胁迫同时出现,水稻生理会受到严重影响,伤害甚至会比2个单一因子伤害相加严重;二是当2种胁迫先后出现时,水稻会经过一个适应逆境过程,从而减低后续胁迫的伤害。     

Inheritance of seed coat colour in broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

Summary The inheritance of the seed coat colours violet, spotted, brown, green, red, black and beige was investigated in a 10×10 diallel cross between broad bean (Vicia faba L. major) lines. Spotted seed colour was dominant over any uniform seed coat colouring. Brown was dominant over black, green and normal (beige colour). Black and red seed parents behaved as recessive in all F₁ progenies. A 3 (coloured): 1 (normal) segregation ratio was observed in the F₂ of crosses of violet, brown, black, red and spotted seed coat parents to nornal seed coloured parents. Green x beige gave a segregation ratio of 9:7 in F₂. When two parents with different seed coat colour were involved in a cross, the F₂ showed a typical digenic segregation ratio thus demonstrating two unlinked and sometimes epistatic loci.Segregation of a multiallelic series at two loci explains all segregation ratios observed for seed coat colour in broad bean.     

Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Grain Yield and Yield Component Traits in Some Genotypes of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Even though there are abundant rice genetic resources, only a fraction is used in breeding programs leading to a narrow genetic base for improved...     

玉米淀粉含量的杂种优势与基因效应分析

以10个玉米自交系及按10×10完全双列杂交设计的90个F2杂交组合在两个地点的试验资料,研究玉米淀粉含量的杂种优势和基因效应。结果表明,淀粉含量表现正向的平均杂种优势,但变异幅度较小,最大值在10%左右,并在组合间、地点间存在极显著差异;淀粉含量的遗传符合加性-显性模型,不存在上位性效应。基因显性效应的作用远大     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

Influence of Male Sterile Cytoplasms on the Physico-Chemical Grain Quality Traits in Hybrid Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Summary Possible unfavourable influence of sterility inducing cytoplasm on physico-chemical grain quality traits in rice hybrids is one of the important concerns hindering the large-scale adoption of hybrid rice technology. Produce from 23 pairs of CMS line × restorer (AF₁) and maintainer line × restorer (BF₁) cross combinations carrying different cyto-sterile sources (WA, ARC, Mutagenized IR 62829B and Kalinga I) was compared for various grain and cooking quality traits. The milling recovery in rice hybrids was not influenced by the sterile cytoplasm. For kernel dimensions before and after cooking there were both favourable and unfavourable cytoplasmic effects, which varied in magnitude depending upon the sterile cytoplasm and parental combinations. Similar results were obtained for kernel elongation and gelatinization temperature. The most widely used WA cytoplasm had minimum instances of unfavourable influence. In general, the cytoplasmic influence was found to be highly cross-specific and depended on the nuclear background of CMS line and fertility restorer. Availability of alloplasmic CMS lines carrying different cyto-sterile sources in the same nuclear background would help in ascertaining the cytoplasmic influence in a more comprehensive manner.     

Relationships between genetic distance measured by RAPD-PCR and heterosis in inbred lines of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

The RAPD-PCR technique has been used to generate DNA amplification profiles from a set of advanced generation inbred lines of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.). The genetic distances between lines have been estimated and have been compared with the extent of positive heterosis for dry matter yield in hybrid crosses. The analysis clearly separated the four major groups (H, J, R and S), with little within group variation. Heterosis, previously shown to be positively correlated with the extent of phenotypic variation between parental lines, was greatest between lines from groups showing the least genetic distance. The lack of correlation between heterosis and genetic divergence is discussed in the context of results from other systems. Additionally, the data allow a comparison of the extent of phenotypic variation for a trait under selective pressure with the degree of variation at the DNA level detected with the RAPD technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of seed size in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary The inheritance of seed weight in cowpea was examined in a field planting of the parents, reciprocal F₁s, F₂s and backcrosses to both parents of a cross between TVu 1977-OD (small seeded) and ACC 70002 (large).Seed weight was inherited quantitatively and small seed was partially domiminant to large seed size. Gene action was predominantly additive but dominance and additive × additive epistatic effects were also significant.Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 85.1±5.3% and 75.4±18.6% respectively. The minimum number of loci involved in the inheritance of seed size was eight, and each gene pair contributed up to 1.02 g increase to seed weight. The estimate of genetic advance from F₂ to F₃ generations with 5% selection intensity was 3.58 g.International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Semi-Arid Food Grain Research and Development Project/National Cowpea Improvement Program, B.P. 1783, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta.Department of Primary Industries, Hermitage Research Station, Warwick 4370, Queensland, Australia.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, P.O. 502 324, A.P., India.