基于五连杆移栽机构的自定深仿形装置设计与试验

针对现有钵苗移栽机在起伏垄面作业时栽深控制稳定性低的问题,采用栽植器仿形方法,以可编程机床控制器(program machine control)为核心,设计了自动精准定深仿形装置以实现对每行栽植器独立主动仿形。通过理论分析确定自定深仿形装置关键结构与扭矩、升降速度等参数,并设计了自定深移栽试验台。运用正交试验优化方法,研究该仿形机构作业速度、升降速度和移栽株距参数变化与栽深合格率关系。通过Box-Benhnken组合试验,得到影响栽植深度合格率的各因素由大到小为移栽株距、升降速度、作业速度。通过软件寻优得到栽深合格率最高条件下的最佳参数组合为作业转速180 mm·s~(-1)、升降速度142 mm·s~(-1)、移栽株距195 mm。台架试验表明,采用自定深仿形装置后的平均栽深合格率为91.9%,具有田间实际应用价值。     

垄畦覆膜种行覆土党参种苗移栽机的设计与试验

针对党参覆膜移栽无机可用的问题,结合西北黄土高原旱区党参垄畦覆膜、种行覆土抗逆栽培模式,设计了一种具有开沟、播苗、起垄、整形、覆膜、种行覆土功能的党参种苗移栽机。对样机关键部件进行了分析与设计,确定了尖角长翼型开沟器、整形镇压、膜上覆土等装置的结构及工作参数,解析了核心部件作业机理。田间试验表明,设计的垄畦覆膜、种行覆土党参种苗移栽机埋苗率为4.1%,露苗率为2.6%,栽植合格率为92.0%,栽植深度合格率为87.5%,膜边覆土厚度合格率为95.9%,膜边覆土宽度合格率为96.3%,生产率约为0.14 hm~2·h~(-1)。田间性能试验指标均达到国家和行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计要求。     

膜上移栽机关键部件的设计与试验研究

针对新疆番茄、线辣椒铺膜加滴灌种植模式的要求,研制了一种膜上移栽机,该机一次作业可完成辅助喂苗、栽植器破膜成穴移栽和膜面覆土等工序.设计了移栽机构、间歇喂苗装置和覆土装置等关键部件,并使用该机对番茄钵苗进行生产试验.试验结果表明,膜上移栽机可以较好地适应新疆地区作物移栽需要膜上成穴和膜面覆土的农艺要求,无伤苗和刮破地膜现象；间歇喂苗装置的移栽频率在低于67株/(min·行)的情况下,喂苗准确率较高；移栽株距大于设计株距,影响移栽株距的主要原因是土地表层松土壤的厚度及机具内部各部件之间的摩擦力；移栽频率在55～62株/(min·行)之间时,移栽合格率达到92％以上.     

单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机工作参数优化

为获得单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机的最佳工作参数,通过改变单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机播种作业性能指标的4个主要参数:机具前进速度、旋耕刀组刀头线速度、搅龙轴转速和覆土圆盘倾角,以播种合格率、膜上覆土厚度为评价指标进行马铃薯播种试验。结合正交试验,应用综合评分法得出了该机具作业时各参数的最优组合:机具前进速度为0.65 m·s~(-1)、旋耕刀组刀头线速度为0.90 m·s~(-1)、搅龙轴转速为950 r·min-1、覆土圆盘倾角为35°。根据该最优组合作业参数进行试验验证,试验结果表明,在此优化试验条件下,作业机播种合格率均值可达92.6%,膜上覆土厚度均值为40.1 mm,符合马铃薯种植机质量评价技术规范要求。     

旱地全膜双垄沟玉米精量播种机的设计与试验

为满足旱地全膜双垄沟农艺技术要求,设计了一种玉米精量播种机。为实现播种机平稳工作、保证膜下播种深度,采用双向平行四杆仿形机构,根据初始工作角和最大上下仿形量,确定了仿形机构的各项尺寸参数,上下仿形量可达到98.35 mm,左右仿形角达到15.2°,满足仿形播种要求;为减少漏播,降低空穴率,采用凸轮-平面连杆开启式穴播轮;借助ADAMS软件对穴播器成穴过程进行仿真分析,探讨了穴播轮滑移率对穴孔形状的影响,并以此对播种机的前进速度进行优化,降低了空穴错位率。田间试验结果表明：全膜双垄沟播玉米精量播种机作业后空穴率为0.9%,穴粒数合格率为93.6%,膜下播种深度合格率为91.8%,穴位错孔率为2.5%,作业质量符合行业技术标准要求。     

旱塘瓜开沟施肥覆膜覆土复式作业机设计与试验

设计了旱塘瓜开沟施肥覆膜覆土复式作业机,突破了化肥精量深施、开沟入土部件节能降耗、沟底无损覆膜等技术难题,可实现旱塘瓜田的化肥深施、开沟起垄、沟底覆膜、膜上覆土的机械化复式作业。该机由机架、三点悬挂机构、传动机构、开沟起垄机构,施肥机构、覆膜机构等组成,可完成侧条施肥深度10~15 cm,施肥量2.7~4.1 kg·hm^-2精量可调,满足了西北旱塘瓜的化肥深施农艺要求;沟底覆盖的农膜无损伤,且与沟底、沟壁贴合,不仅起到了增温保墒的作用,并有效抑制了杂草生长,使得旱塘瓜全生育期无需施用除草剂;整机功耗＜40 kW。该机具经过田间性能试验验证,当作业地块平整,机具行进速度为匀速0.5 m·s^-1左右时,采光面机械破损程度为41.6 mm·m^-2,膜边覆土厚度27.3 mm,膜边覆土宽度44.6 mm,膜边覆土厚度合格率96.1%,膜边覆土宽度合格率95.6%,地膜纵向拉伸率92.3%,排肥均匀性变异系数5.6%,开沟深度32.5 cm。试验结果表明相关性能指标均已达到国家标准以及农艺要求,能够实现旱塘瓜开沟施肥覆膜覆土机械化作业,适宜推广应用。     

全膜双垄沟播起垄施肥铺膜机的研制

针对全膜双垄沟播种植的农艺要求,研制了一种起垄施肥铺膜机,可完成起垄、施肥、喷药、铺膜和覆土压膜联合作业。用旋耕方式整地起垄,覆土装置实现地膜纵向两边均匀覆土和地膜横向间隔覆土。采用旋耕前喷药和铺膜前施肥的作业方式,保证药效和肥效最大限度地发挥作用。试验表明,垄面光滑,无明显缺陷且覆土后的地膜无机械破膜现象。膜横向覆土距离的平均值为102 cm,纵向覆土厚度和宽度的平均值为5.1 cm和11.4 cm,大垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值分别为69.3 cm和14.9 cm,小垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值为40.5 cm和15.2 cm,满足全膜双垄沟播种植农艺要求。覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为4.83%和7.52%,大垄宽度、高度的变异系数为1.22%和2.14%,小垄宽度、高度的变异系数为2.26%和1.58%,符合设计要求。     

大垄双行玉米免耕播种技术研究

主要针对我国东北冷凉风沙区在玉米播种时,难以实现原垄免耕播种的问题,提出了大垄双行玉米错茬免耕垄作播种的作业思路,大垄双行技术是指将传统的一垄一行改为一垄双行,垄台宽度约为传统垄台的3倍,目前设计为700 mm;建立了相应的试验田.试验表明:该项技术能够在田间大量玉米根茬直立覆盖情况下,在大垄上实现两行玉米错茬播种,保持垄形,作业质量满足农艺要求.与传统播种方式相比,具有提高地温、降低作业成本、提高产量等优点,可以提高地温约1℃,降低机械作业成本350元/hm2,提高产量14.42%,是保护性耕作技术在东北冷凉风沙区推广应用的一种较理想的模式.     

大垄双行荞麦播种机的研制

我国并无专门针对荞麦的播种机,荞麦生产机械化水平极低。为此,设计了2BF-3大垄双行荞麦播种机,采用45~50 cm大垄距种植,一垄双行,行距8~10 cm,种肥分施;整机质量150 kg,配套动力≥8.9 k W,不需要动力输出。田间试验证实:大垄双行荞麦播种机播量精确且可调,播深一致且可调,排种均匀性变异系数、各行排种量一致性变异系数、总排量稳定性变异系数、种子破损率分别为28.1%、1.4%、0.5%、0.1%,均较大幅度小于标准值,机具的通过性满足农艺要求。     

旱地小麦全膜覆土播种一体机的研制

旱地小麦全膜覆土播种一体机是针对全膜覆土穴播技术而研制的,该机可一次性完成旋耕、镇压、铺膜、覆土、播种等工序。该机采取旋耕抛土与铲土板相配合的取土方式,保证了充足的土壤来源,设计了输送带链传动的输土装置、外槽轮式覆土装置,实现了膜上均匀覆土和覆土厚度的控制。设计了仿形机构,实现了穴播装置的地面仿形,并对仿形机构进行动力学仿真,分析了仿形机构的仿形效果。通过样机田间试验测定,覆土厚度的平均值为1.074 cm,覆土宽度的平均值为121.283 cm符合农艺要求,覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为23.37%和0.96%,符合设计要求。通过实验测定,旋耕镇压后的土壤容重和土壤孔隙度符合农艺要求。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.