收获期豌豆籽粒离散元仿真参数标定

针对收获期豌豆籽粒在脱粒与清选仿真模拟中缺乏准确离散元仿真参数的难题,采用物理试验和仿真试验相结合的方法对豌豆籽粒仿真参数进行标定。以籽粒堆积角为评价指标,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选显著性参数,借助最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验得到显著性参数最优组合,通过仿真试验标定非显著性参数。结果表明：籽粒间碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.364、0.519和0.444;豌豆籽粒-钢碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.505、0.462和0.090;物理和仿真试验堆积角分别为19.841°和19.714°,其相对误差为0.64%。研究可为豌豆机械化收获过程离散元仿真分析提供参考。     

党参种子的离散元仿真参数标定与试验验证

为设计及优化党参机械化播种设备,提供基础仿真参数,本文对甘肃省种植的两种党参种子(渭党1号和甘党2号)通过试验法确定其基本物理参数(形状尺寸、质量密度、体积密度、千粒重、含水率)和接触力学参数(恢复系数、静摩擦系数);通过斜面滚动试验结合EDEM仿真,预测党参种子与ABS塑料板间的滚动摩擦系数;通过调整党参种子模型间的...     

基于颗粒缩放理论的沙棘茶毫离散元参数标定

为解决沙棘叶茶茶毫离散元仿真中缺乏准确接触参数的问题,利用物理和仿真休止角堆积试验标定茶毫接触参数;将茶毫颗粒简化为软质球形颗粒,通过量纲分析和颗粒缩放理论将茶毫空气动力学当量粒径从231.37μm放大至1.8 mm。利用EDEM软件,选定“Hertz–Mindlin with JKR”接触模型,以休止角为响应值,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对休止角影响最显著的3个参数：茶毫-茶毫恢复系数、茶毫-茶毫滚动摩擦系数、茶毫-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数;利用最陡爬坡试验,确定各参数最佳取值范围;根据Box-Behnken试验建立并优化3个显著性参数与休止角的二阶回归方程,对回归方程进行寻优求解。得到3个显著性参数的最优组合：茶毫-茶毫恢复系数为0.159,茶毫-茶毫滚动摩擦系数为0.290,茶毫-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数为0.239。通过对比休止角仿真试验值与物理试验值,二者相对误差为1.97%,表明仿真试验预测效果良好。     

牧草种子基础物理和接触力学参数的确定

通过试验和仿真相结合的方法确定6种常见牧草种子（白三叶、大田百脉根、红三叶、扁蓿豆、苜蓿和红豆草）的基本物理（种皮厚度、种子密度、千粒重）和接触力学参数（静摩擦系数和动摩擦系数）,为牧草种子破眠机的研制提供基础理论数据。试验测定6种牧草种子密度分别为1.082、1.212、1.210、1.246、1.302、0.658 g·mL^-1,千粒重分别为0.581、1.254、1.252、1.508、2.074、28.556 g。通过斜面法测定牧草与钢之间的静摩擦系数分别为0.406、0.425、0.513、0.547、0.494、0.472,与玻璃之间的静摩擦系数分别为0.386、0.397、0.489、0.514、0.473、0.703。基于EDEM仿真,标定出牧草种子之间的滚动摩擦系数分别为0.451、0.302、0.502、0.360、0.250和0.410。     

河西灌区玉米密植高产机械粒收品种筛选

为筛选适合河西灌区的机械粒收玉米品种,于2014、2015和2017年在凉州区和肃州区开展了6组适合机械粒收品种的筛选试验,共获得了72个品种122个品次的调查数据,分析结果表明：不同品种适宜机械粒收的特性存在较大差异：以籽粒含水率与单产2个因素按双向平均作图法进行分析,获得籽粒含水率低于平均值、单产高于平均值的品种（次）33个,占比27.0%;其中在2个点次以上表现出稳定性较好的品种有7个,包括迪卡517、登海618、先玉335、迪卡519、农华101、农华106和联创808;进一步以籽粒含水率与破碎率2个因素按双向平均作图法分析,筛选出破碎率低于平均值且籽粒含水率低于平均值的品种（次）有 11个,包括破碎率低于5%的德单1002、中种8号、迪卡519和迪卡517（肃州区）;破碎率在5%~8%之间的迪卡517（凉州区）、登海618、真金318、真金308、丹8201、M753和正德305。综合评价,推荐籽粒含水率低、耐破碎性能好和单产水平高的迪卡517、迪卡519和登海618为河西灌区适宜机械粒收品种。     

轴流弓齿式食葵脱粒装置设计与试验

针对现今食葵脱粒过程中普遍存在的脱粒不完全和籽粒易受损等问题,设计一种针对食葵收获机脱粒的轴流弓齿式食葵脱粒装置,并对葵盘在脱粒装置中的受力情况进行分析。借助离散元仿真软件EDEM对食葵盘在滚筒内部的轴向速度、轴向位移以及运动路径进行分析。通过单因素试验获得了含水率、滚筒转速以及喂入量等因素对籽粒破损率及未脱净率的影响规律。根据单因素试验结果,以含水率、滚筒转速以及喂入量作为试验因素,以食葵未脱净率和破损率作为评价指标进行正交试验,利用Design expert对试验结果进行了方差分析,建立了影响因素与评价指标的回归模型,明确了各因素对滚筒实际工作效果的影响程度。基于响应曲面法,以低破损率和未脱净率为目标,对含水率、滚筒转速以及喂入量进行多目标寻优求解,得到最佳作业参数组合,即含水率22%、喂入量1.45 kg·s^-1、滚筒转速318 r·min^-1。为了确保参数组合的可靠性,对最佳参数组合进行验证试验,结果显示,籽粒未脱净率0.51%、破损率0.67%,满足我国机械行业标准。     

基于PFC的冰碛土泥石流起动过程模拟研究

冰碛土作为无定向排列的碎石类土,颗粒变化范围很广,具有特殊的结构特征和物理力学特征,在冰川融雪和暴雨激发下易形成泥石流。本次模拟试验通过PFC2D进行直剪试验模拟标定细观参数,再通过PFC3D,对变化含水率下冰碛土物源泥石流起动进行数值模拟。结果表明:离散元法能够很好地模拟冰碛土泥石流的起动、运动过程,能清晰的观察出不同含水率下各时刻的坡面状态;通过监测坡体不同位置的应力变化,得到冰碛土的坡面稳定和坡面破坏的临界含水率(10%),当含水量超过临界含水率,土体强度骤减,土坡逐渐失稳破坏;冰碛土在起动形成泥石流时,在坡顶、坡中和坡脚三个截面的土体结构控制分别为:提供咬合力的粗颗粒主控、粗细颗粒共同控制、提供黏聚力的细颗粒主控。离散元法具有良好的观测手段,对研究泥石流起动机理提供有力的依据。     

半夏和苦楝汁液对菜青虫杀虫活性的研究初报

用三龄菜青虫对半夏块茎和苦楝叶、果的汁液进行了室内杀虫活性的测定。结果表明,半夏对菜青虫的胃毒作用较强,72h的校正死亡率达75.8%,而触杀作用为38.6%;室内防治效果也较高,校正死亡率可达82.3%。表明半夏具有开发应用的潜力。     

基于年龄-阶段两性生命表的不同寄主对马铃薯块茎蛾生长发育和繁殖力的影响

为生态调控马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella,在室内测定取食马铃薯和烟草后马铃薯块茎蛾的各生长发育指标,并利用年龄-阶段两性生命表计算取食这2种植物后马铃薯块茎蛾的存活率、繁殖力、寿命期望、繁殖值和种群参数,并分析不同寄主之间各参数的差异。结果表明,取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾卵发育历期、幼虫发育历期、蛹发育历期、雌成虫寿命和雄成虫寿命分别为5.0、18.6、5.7、41.2和40.9 d,均显著大于取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为4.1、16.7、3.6、37.2和36.7 d),取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾的每日单雌产卵量、内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率分别为130.2粒、0.138 d-1、1.15 d-1和49.5,均显著高于取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为49.1粒、0.086 d-1、1.09 d-1和17.5);取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫、蛹、新孵化个体到雌成虫和新孵化个体到雄成虫的存活率分别为93.4%、63.0%、38.0%和45.0%,也高于取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为65.6%、59.0%、26.0%和28.0%);取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾其平...     

巴旦木分级破壳机设计与试验

为解决巴旦木破壳机械生产效率低、破壳率低和核仁损伤量大等问题，通过研究坚果破壳原理，选用适宜机械加工的大巴旦木（‘莎车3号’）为研究对象,设计了巴旦木分级破壳机，同时进行巴旦木尺寸、破壳力加载方向及加载速度、巴旦木含水率的物料特性分析。结果表明：破壳机破壳辊间隙和含水率对巴旦木破壳力和变形量影响显著。使用试验法优化了巴旦木分级破壳机构工作参数，当两轧辊间距离调整为Ⅰ级14 mm、Ⅱ级13 mm和Ⅲ级12 mm，含水率控制在9.8%～10.5%范围内，转速为1 000 r·min^-1时，测得平均破壳率为95.57%，平均破损率为3.37%，满足实际生产需求。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.