Application of DNA vaccines in fish

Vaccination is a most cost-effective way of controlling infectious diseases in fish. However, some vaccination techniques when applied to hatchery conditions are not as effective as we expect them to be. Modern molecular biology techniques offer a number of opportunities for improving existing bacterial or viral vaccines or creating new ones. One of the most promising trends in vaccinology is development of DNA vaccination. DNA vaccines are based on the gene encoding specific antigen, which is expressed in vaccinated organism and induces the host immune system. DNA vaccines, compared to conventional vaccines, have many advantages including ability to trigger wider immune response, bigger stability and possibility of large-scale production. To date, there are several reports indicating effectiveness of DNA vaccines used against fish pathogens.     

Developments and hurdles in generating vaccines for controlling helminth parasites of grazing ruminants

As a direct consequence of rising drug resistance among common nematodes of grazing animals, efforts toward state-of-the-art vaccine development have clearly intensified in recent years, fuelled primarily by the advent of newer technologies in gene discovery, by advancements in antigen identification, characterisation and production. In this regard, it is appropriate to review progress that has been made in generating helminth vaccines and in particular, vaccines against common nematodes of production animals for consumption. In like manner, it is prudent to evaluate barriers that have hindered progress in the past and continue to present obstacles that must be solved when utilizing and depending on host immunity to attenuate parasitic infections.     

Development of vaccines for bacterial diseases using recombinant DNA technology

A vaccine was prepared using recombinant DNA techniques to prevent fatal enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in swine. The product, which is a subunit vaccine, was prepared by mechanical and chemical removal of pilus adhesins from the surface of genetically engineered strains of E. coli. The vaccine contains the pilus adhesins K88, K99, and 987P plus an adjuvant. The genes responsible for production of K88 and K99 were separately cloned into the multicopy vector pBR322. K88 was found to be encoded on a 7.6-kilobase HindIII-EcoRI fragment, and K99 was found to be encoded on a 7.15-kilobase BamHI fragment. Strains containing the recombinant plasmid for K99 produced up to ten times more K99 than strains containing the wild-type plasmid. Vaccination of pregnant pigs with the vaccine led to production of pilus-adhesin-specific antibodies that were transferred to the piglets in colostrum and milk. Pilus-adhesin-specific antibodies neutralized the adhesiveness of the pili on enterotoxigenic E. coli, thus preventing attachment, colonization, and disease. Mortality of pigs in litters from vaccinated pigs due to experimentally induced enterotoxigenic E. coli diarrhea was reduced 10-to-20-fold (depending upon the challenge strain), and the incidence, severity, and duration of diarrhea were also reduced.     

双顺反子表达质粒在DNA疫苗研究中的应用

简述了DNA疫苗的研究概况，介绍了真核双表达质粒的结构特点及其在基因佐剂和二价DNA疫苗中的应用情况，总结分析了双表达质粒的优点和存在的问题，并对其今后在DNA疫苗中的研究方向和前景进行了展望。     

鱼用疫苗研究进展

鱼用疫苗的种类繁多,除传统疫苗之外,新型疫苗包括合成肽疫苗、DNA疫苗、活载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗等.一些与鱼用疫苗相关的领域如免疫佐剂、接种方法的研究也逐渐深入.本文对以上研究进展进行了概述,为我国鱼用疫苗的进一步研究和发展提供一些依据.     

DNA vaccines for veterinary medicine

DNA vaccination represents one of the most recent novel approaches to vaccine development. Experimentally, DNA vaccines induce a broad range of long lasting immune responses including humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases in humans and animals. Furthermore, DNA vaccines are potentially useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or cancer. However, most information on the efficacy of DNA vaccines has been generated in mice and studies in larger animals are limited. In this review, the potential application of DNA vaccines in livestock and pet animals are discussed. The principle of this new technology, its potency and future perspectives for use in veterinary medicine will be outlined.     

禽用DNA疫苗免疫效果增强的策略

对于人和动物的传染病来说,DNA疫苗免疫是一种很有希望的免疫方式。经过25年的发展,已经上市的核酸疫苗仍屈指可数。禽用核酸疫苗一直是禽类疫苗的研究热点,文中描述提高核酸疫苗免疫效果的方式：接种途径,疫苗剂量及首免时间,增加宿主细胞对质粒的摄入,添加免疫增强分子,优化质粒骨架和密码子,疫苗抗原的选择,异源性的首免-加强免疫策略。     

DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究及应用

DNA疫苗是近年来出现的一种新型疫苗,能够诱导机体免疫系统产生体液免疫和细胞免疫,在预防和治疗人和动物的疾病中发挥重要的作用。随着DNA疫苗研究的深入和扩展,用于提高DNA疫苗免疫效果的免疫佐剂也逐渐开展起来。本文就新型细胞因子佐剂、趋化因子和协同刺激分子佐剂、补体分子佐剂和CpGDNA佐剂的研究作一综述。     

The effect of eukaryotic expression vectors and adjuvants on DNA vaccines in chickens using an avian influenza model

Vaccination of poultry with naked plasmid DNA has been successfully demonstrated with several different poultry pathogens, but the technology needs to be further developed before it can be practically implemented. Many different methods can conceivably enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines, and this report examines the use of different eukaryotic expression vectors with different promoters and different adjuvants to express the influenza hemagglutinin protein. Four different promoters in five different plasmids were used to express the hemagglutinin protein of an H5 avian influenza virus, including two different immediate early cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), Rous sarcoma virus, chicken actin, and simian virus 40 promoters. All five constructs expressed detectable hemagglutinin protein in cell culture, but the pCI-neo HA plasmid with the CMV promoter provided the best response in chickens when vaccinated intramuscularly at 1 day of age on the basis of antibody titer and survivability after challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus at 6 wk postinoculation. A beneficial response was observed in birds boostered at 3 wk of age, in birds given larger amounts of DNA, and with the use of multiple injection sites to administer the vaccine. With the use of the pCI-neo construct, the effects of different adjuvants designed to increase the uptake of plasmid DNA, including 25% sucrose, diethylaminoethyl dextran, calcium phosphate, polybrene, and two different cationic liposomes, were examined. Both liposomes tested enhanced antibody titers as compared with the positive controls, but the other chemical adjuvants decreased the antibody response as compared with the control chickens that received just the plasmid alone. The results observed are promising for continued studies, but continued improvements in vaccine response and reduced costs are necessary before the technology can be commercially developed.     

山羊关节炎-脑炎核酸疫苗研究进展

山羊关节炎脑炎病毒（Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus，CAEV）是反转录病毒科慢病毒属的成员之一，与其同属于一科的还有马传染性贫血、人免疫缺陷病、猴免疫缺陷病、牛免疫缺陷病、猫免疫缺陷病以及梅迪-维斯纳病毒，山羊关节炎脑炎病毒与梅迪-维斯纳病毒极为相似，二者在血清学上有多种交叉反应。山羊关节炎脑炎病毒主要侵染宿主的单核／巨噬细胞系的细胞，引起以成年山羊的关节炎以及羔羊的脑炎症状为主的慢性持续性感染。该病潜伏期长，可通过母羊哺乳及呼吸道和消化道广泛传播，又没有有效的药物和疫苗对其进行防制，使CAEV的感染呈世界性分布。     

真核表达质粒pTracer-CMV2FIL2在鸡体组织中表达及分布规律

将3周龄的三黄鸡肌肉接种200 μg真核表达质粒pTraeer-CMV2FIL2,巢式PCR法检测血清、心、脾脏、肺脏、法氏囊、脑、骨髓、胸腺和肌肉接种部位中pTracer-CMV2FIL2出现和存留的时间;荧光定量PCR法检测其在血液中的动态变化;RT-巢式PCR法检测其在上述部位的表达情况.结果显示,接种后2～3 h血清中可检测到pTracer-CMV2FIL2,6 h时在血液中的含量最高,7 d时已经检测不到;4 h后在上述器官中可陆续检测到pTracer-CMV2FIL2的出现,13 d后陆续消失;1 d后可陆续检测到质粒所转录的mRNA,13 d后陆续消失;接种后2 h可在接种部位肌肉的细胞中检测到pTracer-cMV2FIL2的出现,10 h可检测到mRNA,150 d时仍然可以在肌肉接种部位的细胞中检测到质粒和mRNA存在.     

携带IBV DNA疫苗重组减毒沙门氏菌的构建及免疫原性研究

为研究携带IBV DNA疫苗重组减毒沙门氏菌免疫原性,本研究将携带有禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S1、M、N基因的pVAX1-S1、pVAX1-M和pVAX1-N重组质粒转入减毒沙门氏菌X4550株,构建IBV S1、M、N基因DNA质粒重组减毒沙门氏菌X4550疫苗株(X4550/pVAX1-S1,X4550/pVAX1-M,X4550/pVAX1-N),用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测重组质粒体外表达,SPF鸡经口服免疫,测定体内组织分布及稳定性、特异性IgG、IgA、CD4+和CD8+T细胞含量并进行攻毒实验。结果表明,重组质粒可在体外细胞中表达目的蛋白;重组减毒沙门氏菌X4550疫苗株可在肠、脾、肝、心、肾、肺6个组织中分布并稳定存在;特异性IgG,IgA、CD4+和CD8+T细胞显著升高(p0.01),用104EID50IBV M41株攻毒,保护率达到73%(11/15)。本研究为研制IBV基因减毒沙门氏菌疫苗提供了依据。     

DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives

Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.     

鱼类的DNA疫苗

DNA疫苗是继减毒疫苗、灭活疫苗、亚单位疫苗和重组多肽疫苗之后的又一新型疫苗，比其他疫苗高效、安全且易于大量生产。本文主要对鱼用DNA疫苗的构建、作用机制、使用方法、使用效果及安全问题等方面研究近况作一综述，以促进我国对鱼用DNA疫苗进一步的研究和应用，从而加速我国水产养殖业的发展，并为深入研究和掌握鱼类的免疫防御机制提供一些依据。     

DNA疫苗免疫机理及其在动物医学中的应用

疫苗在人和家畜疾病防治方面起着巨大的作用，它主要是通过激发机体的免疫系统来达到疾病防治的目的。目前传统的疫苗主要有灭活疫苗、减毒疫苗及基因工程多肽苗。随着现代免疫学和分子生物学技术的发展，在上个世纪90年代初，一种新型的疫苗DNA疫苗诞生了。     

Recombinant DNA technology for the preparation of subunit vaccines

Recombinant DNA technology appears to be on the verge of producing safe and effective protein vaccines for animal and human diseases. The procedure is applicable to most viruses because their isolated surface proteins generally possess immunogenic activity. Strategies used for the preparation and cloning of the appropriate genes depend on the characteristics of the viral genomes: whether DNA or RNA; their size, strandedness, and segmentation; and whether messenger RNA are monocistronic or polycistronic. Cloned surface proteins of foot-and-mouth disease and hepatitis B viruses are being tested for possible use as practical vaccines. Two doses of the cloned foot-and-mouth disease viral protein have elicited large amounts of neutralizing antibody and have protected cattle and swine against challenge exposure with the virus. Surface proteins have also been cloned for the viruses of fowl plague, influenza, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, and herpes simplex. Cloning is in progress for surface proteins of viruses causing canine parvovirus gastroenteritis, human papillomas, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Rift Valley fever, and paramyxovirus diseases. In addition, advances in recombinant DNA and other facilitating technologies have rekindled interest in the chemical synthesis of polypeptide vaccines for viral diseases. The bioengineering of bacterial vaccines is also under way. Proteinaceous pili of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are being produced in E coli K-12 strains for use as vaccines against neonatal diarrheal diseases of livestock.     

灵活运用鱼类营养标准合理配置鱼类配合饲料

鱼类生长在水中,其生长与饲料、水质、日常管理有关,其中饲料的营养水平与鱼类的生长有密切关系,因而合理配置鱼类的颗粒饲料,是实现高产高效养殖的关键,而配置鱼类的颗粒料,应根据各种养殖鱼类的营养标准以及饲料原料的价格,合理搭配。鉴于目前饲料原料价格较高,特别是豆粕、鱼粉等蛋白质原料,同比上涨了30%左右,而水产品价格只有小幅度上涨。因此,如何灵活应用鱼类的营养标准,选用不同的饲料原料,生产出价格适中、饲养效果好的颗粒饲料,对促进渔业生产有重要作用。为此,笔者对生产鱼类颗粒料的厂家及养殖大户进行了调查。1调查对象牧发饲…     

Genetic variation and responses to vaccines

Disease is a major source of economic loss to the livestock industry. Understanding the role of genetic factors in immune responsiveness and disease resistance should provide new approaches to the control of disease through development of safe synthetic subunit vaccines and breeding for disease resistance. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been an important candidate locus for immune responsiveness studies. However, it is clear that other loci play an important role. Identifying these and quantifying the relative importance of MHC and non-MHC genes should result in new insights into host-pathogen interactions, and information that can be exploited by vaccine designers. The rapidly increasing information available about the bovine genome and the identification of polymorphisms in immune-related genes will offer potential candidates that control immune responses to vaccines. The bovine MHC, BoLA, encodes two distinct isotypes of class II molecules, DR and DQ, and in about half the common haplotypes the DQ genes are duplicated and expressed. DQ molecules are composed of two polymorphic chains whereas DR consists of one polymorphic and one non-polymorphic chain. Although, it is clear that MHC polymorphism is related to immune responsiveness, it is less clear how different allelic and locus products influence the outcome of an immune response in terms of generating protective immunity in outbred animals. A peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was used as a probe for BoLA class II function. Both DR and DQ are involved in antigen presentation. In an analysis of T-cell clones specific for the peptide, distinct biases to particular restriction elements were observed. In addition inter-haplotype pairings of DQA and DQB molecules produced functional molecules, which greatly increases the numbers of possible restriction elements, compared with the number of genes, particularly in cattle with duplicated DQ genes. In a vaccine trial with several peptides derived from FMDV, BoLA class II DRB3 polymorphisms were correlated with both protection and non-protection. Although variation in immune responsiveness to the FMDV peptide between different individuals is partly explainable by BoLA class II alleles, other genetic factors play an important role. In a quantitative trait locus project, employing a second-generation cross between Charolais and Holstein cattle, significant sire and breed effects were also observed in T-cell, cytokine and antibody responses to the FMDV peptide. These results suggest that both MHC and non-MHC genes play a role in regulating bovine immune traits of relevance to vaccine design. Identifying these genes and quantifying their relative contributions is the subject of further studies.     

兽用DNA疫苗的研究进展及应用

本文主要介绍了DNA疫苗的特点、组成、免疫途径、免疫反应的机制、DNA疫苗的捕捉、细胞活素／共同刺激分子和兽用DNA疫苗的研究进展以及应用。