牛早期胚胎性别鉴定体系的建立和优化*

根据牛SRY基因5’调控区序列设计合成了2对巢式PCR引物作为公牛特异的性别鉴定引物，根据牛酪蛋白基因序列设计合成了l对引物作为内标基因引物，建立了牛早期胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系，同时对微量牛胚胎细胞DNA的提取方法、巢式PCR和常规PCR的灵敏度进行实验，以便建立适合在生产实践中应用的牛胚胎性别鉴定技术。结果表明，设计使用的性别鉴定引物公牛特异，所有引物牛特异。煮沸法和反复冻融法都可应用于微量牛胚胎细胞DNA的提取。实验所使用的巢式PCR只要10个以上细胞就可看到扩增结果，适合在胚胎性别鉴定中使用。在建立了胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系后，鉴定了10枚奶牛胚胎的性别，目前已产下两头犊牛，其实际性别和鉴定结果相一致。     

尼里——拉菲奶水牛的RAPD分析

以尼里—拉菲奶水牛基因池为模板,从22条10 bp的随机引物中筛选出17条具有清晰多态条带的引物,从中选取5条,对尼里—拉菲奶水牛基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增,结果得到53条带,其中12条表现多态,多态频率23.85%;根据N e i氏公式计算品种内的遗传相似指数F的平均值为0.9500,遗传距离指数D的平均值为0.0500。     

Semi-nested PCR检测饲料中牛羊源成分

加强对进口饲料中牛羊源成分的检测是防止疯牛病和痒病传播的一个重要措施。根据已发表的牛和羊特异性基因及引物序列，分别设计了1条牛和羊特异性semi-nested PCR引物，并采用semi-nested PCR技术对饲料中的牛和羊成分进行了扩增检测。结果表明，semi-nested PCR能够扩增得到247 bp的牛特异性基因条带和214 bp的羊特异性基因条带，其对饲料中牛或羊源性成分的检测灵敏度可达到0.00001%～0.0001%，比普通PCR检测灵敏度要高出103倍；对牛或羊成分DNA的检测灵敏度可以达到10-6～10-5 ng，比普通PCR检测灵敏度要高出105倍以上。该技术具有快速、灵敏和结果稳定的特点，是检测饲料中痕量牛羊源成分的一种有效方法。     

快速鉴定主要禽类性别的一对新的通用引物

家禽的性别一般可以通过翻肛法或其他常规方法进行。翻肛方法对个体的应激较大,而且鹅、鸽等家禽进行翻肛鉴定错误率较高。本研究针对禽类性染色体上的染色质解螺旋蛋白DNA结合蛋白1(chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1,CHD1)基因,设计了一对引物g CHD,对鸡(Gallus gallus)、鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、鹅(Anser anser)和鸽(Columba livia)的性染色体CHD1基因进行PCR扩增。扩增结果显示,雄性禽类只有一条带,雌性禽类有两条带,其中较长的带与雄性的条带位置相同。对扩增产物进行克隆测序,序列分析结果表明,较长的条带序列位于Z染色体,命名为CHD1-Z条带;较短的条带序列位于W染色体,命名为CHD1-W带。在鉴定的4个禽类物种中,CHD1-Z条带与CHD1-W条带大小相差均为150 bp左右,其缺失的序列位于内含子中。结果表明,设计的g CHD引物可以作为禽类的通用引物,通过扩增产物凝胶电泳后的条带数目可快速、准确地鉴定禽类的性别。该方法可以提前鉴定出禽类的性别,提高养殖效率;而且为特定性别的胚胎研究提供了可靠的性别鉴定手段。     

睾丸特异蛋白Y基因(TSPY)对奶牛早期胚胎性别的鉴定

为方便性别鉴定方法在现场应用,利用睾丸特异蛋白基因(TSPY)建立了奶牛早期胚胎的非电泳性别鉴定方法.设计并合成了TSPY雄性特异和雌、雄共有基因引物,并利用已知性别的奶牛血液DNA为模板,初步建立了性别鉴定的PCR反应体系和非电泳的性别鉴定方法.灵敏度试验结果显示,雄性特异引物和共有基因引物对在模板10～60 Pg时,其性别鉴定的准确率为100%,提示TSPY基因具备鉴定胚胎性别的可能;同时采用非电泳法和环介导的等温扩增(LAMP)法鉴定6枚胚胎的性别,两者结果完全一致;用非电泳法检测TSPY基因鉴定了43枚胚胎的性别,对其中鉴定为雌性的21枚胚胎分别移植给自然发情后6～8天的受体,结果9头出生的犊牛均为母牛.结果表明.TSPY基因是一个很好的雄性特异标记,非电泳检测TSPY基因对奶牛早期胚胎性别的鉴定结果准确可靠.     

小麦AB基因组中一个重复序列的分离、定位与应用

利用102对微卫星引物对5份黑麦（Secale）、4份普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）和1份分枝小黑麦（Triticale）进行SSR分析,引物Xgwm614能在分枝小黑麦中扩增出一个387bp的特异DNA片段（记为FZ387,GenBank登录号为EF179137）,而黑麦未能扩增出。序列比对结果显示该片段与一粒小麦（T. monococcum）（AY485644）和栽培二粒小麦（T. turgidum）（AY494981）A基因组中Gypsy Ty3-LTR反转座子fatima的一部分分别有94%和95%同源性。根据序列同源性比对结果,在FZ387内部设计1对特异引物FaF和FaR。引物Xgwm614F和FaR能在含有A基因组的物种中扩增出约350bp的条带（记为A350）,而其不含A基因组的物种都未扩增出该条带。利用小麦二体和端体代换系材料对其进行定位,结果显示该片段分布在所有A染色体的长臂和断臂上。此外,引物FaF和Xgwm614R能在含有A、B或AB基因组的物种中扩增出约350bp的条带（记为AB350）,而不含AB基因组的材料未扩增出目标条带。利用这两对特异引物对小麦属近缘物种进行PCR扩增,发现只有中国春能够扩增出A350和AB350。序列比对结果和FZ387两侧SSR引物结合区的规律性变化表明该反转座子在进化上可能存在属间多样性和属内相似性。A350和AB350也可以分别作为分子标记检测A染色体和AB染色体。     

一种快速鉴定半滑舌鳎遗传性别的方法

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semiliaevis)遗传性别快速准确鉴定的方法是性别控制与高雌苗种培育的基础,其性别决定机制为ZW型,遗传雌鱼为异型染色体ZW,遗传雄鱼为同型染色体ZZ.本研究在半滑舌鳎全基因组测序结果的基础上,通过分析Z染色体和W染色体差异序列,设计一对跨Z/W染色体同源差异DNA片段的引物CS-SEX-F和CS-SEX-R,取半滑舌鳎部分鳍条通过碱煮沸方法获得的DNA为模板,采用PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法鉴定半滑舌鳎遗传性别.通过该方法在遗传雄鱼(ZZ)个体中可以扩增出366 bp的DNA条带,遗传雌鱼(ZW)个体中可以扩增出366和253 bp两种DNA条带.本研究建立了一种新的成本低廉、操作快速、结果准确可靠的鉴定半滑舌鳎遗传性别的方法,该方法与已有方法相比,操作简便省时,为半滑舌鳎遗传学研究与性别控制育种相关研究提供了可靠分子标记,在半滑舌鳎遗传性别鉴定和养殖场所内伪雄鱼快速检测方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

蛋鸽早期性别DNA分子鉴定

蛋鸽早期性别的鉴定一直是制约蛋鸽业发展的瓶颈问题。在本研究中,我们采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测的方法,对20日龄期的100只蛋鸽的性别连锁基因染色体解旋酶DNA结合基因CHD（chromo-helicase DNA binding）进行跨内含子扩增检测。蛋鸽早期DNA分子电泳检测结果与成年后的真实性别核对结果表明：所有雌性蛋鸽扩增结果含有两条带,其大小分别为280bp和250bp,雄性蛋鸽仅有一条280bp的条带;泊松统计分析发现,蛋鸽早期DNA分子判定结果达到统计学上显著水平,可以作为蛋鸽早期性别鉴定的一种方法。本实验实现了以DNA分子为基础的早期蛋鸽性别鉴定,将对蛋鸽业早期的饲养成本降低和早期雄性蛋鸽的淘汰起到准确的指导作用。     

用过氧化物酶同工酶和SSR标记鉴定中油杂12种子纯度

杂交种的纯度鉴定是油菜种子生产的重要环节。对甘蓝型油菜（BrassicanapusL.）杂交品种中油杂12及其父母本的过氧化物酶同工酶分析结果显示,父本和杂种F1比母本多一条迁移率（Rf）为0.41的条带,该特征条带可用来进行粗放杂种纯度鉴定,但是难以鉴定出父本杂株。选用173对SSR引物对中油杂12的亲本进行扩增,筛选出了6对扩增效果好的引物,其扩增条带清晰且亲本间的差异能够重复,其中P052、P130、P131和P154这4对SSR引物在杂种F1中可分别扩增出父母本的特征条带。在同一反应体系中同时加入P131和P154两对引物,发现扩增产物带型是单独采用这两对引物分别扩增时产物带型的叠加。对于混杂程度较高的种子,采用P131＋P154引物组合可以在工作量不变的条件下提高检测外来花粉的灵敏度,从而更加准确地鉴定中油杂12的种子纯度。对100份大田制种的中油杂12单株DNA分别用引物P131、P154以及引物组合P131＋P154进行SSR分析,鉴定结果完全一致,并且与田间鉴定结果非常接近。     

应用PCR技术鉴定绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞系性别

根据牛、羊Y－染色体性别决定区域（SRY）的同源性设计了一对PCR引物，对8个绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞系SFF1－8进行了性别鉴定。阳性对照和细胞系SFF1、2、6、7扩增得到130bp片段，阴性对照、空白对照及细胞系SFF3、4、5、8没有扩增带。通过序列测定和同源性分析，证明PCR产物为SRY基因片段，说明有130bp扩增带的细胞系为雄性；无扩增带的为雄性。结果表明，该法具有简单、快速、准确的特点，可应用于转基因克隆动物研究中对体细胞系的早期性别鉴定。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.