基于模糊PID的冬小麦变量追肥优化控制系统设计与试验

为了实现冬小麦实时变量精确追肥,研究了基于模糊PID控制技术的变量追肥机追肥量实时调整算法,通过对排肥器转速和开度双变量调节,实现追肥量的优化控制。系统首先采用粒子群优化算法确定PID控制器参数的初始值,然后通过实时获取冬小麦冠层归一化植被指数和排肥器实时状态,结合模糊控制理论和PID控制技术,对PID参数进行在线整定,实时调整排肥器的转速和开度,从而实现追肥量的最优控制。试验结果表明:施肥过程中,施肥量存在波动性。但施肥量变异系数小,最大为3.22%,均值为2.09%,可以满足田间变量施肥的要求。模糊PID控制算法具有良好的动态稳定性和跟踪性能,无论是室内试验还是大田试验的控制精度均达到86%以上。     

稻田气力式变量施肥机肥料喷撒器设计与试验

目前水稻施追肥以离心圆盘式撒肥机为主,虽具有幅宽大、作业效率高的特点,但是变量控制精度差。为了满足水稻变量施肥的作业要求,设计了一种气力式变量施肥机,在满足幅宽要求的基础上,还能够实现在幅宽方向上的变量控制施肥。设计了用于该机的肥料喷撒器,对该喷撒器的肥料运动进行了理论分析,并对不同挡板结构的喷撒器进行气流流场模拟分析,对在不同转速下各排肥口的施肥量和不同挡板类型的施肥喷撒器在各自施肥范围内的施肥均匀性进行了试验。试验结果表明：转速对各排肥口的排肥量没有显著性影响,各排肥口的排肥量误差在均值的5%以内;转速和喷撒器的挡板结构类型对单一喷撒器施肥范围内的施肥均匀性具有显著性影响,以施肥均匀性变异系数为指标,排肥轮转速在30r/min左右时,整体排肥均匀性变异系数优于其他转速;而圆锥形挡板喷撒器在所有转速下其排肥均匀性变异系数均优于其他挡板结构的喷撒器,且当排肥轮转速大于30r/min时,该喷撒器的施肥均匀性变异系数小于8%。就挡板结构对喷撒器出口气流场的影响和施肥均匀性进行了比较研究,发现二者具有相似性,初步断定气流场对施肥均匀性具有一定影响。在实际作业过程中为了使单个排肥口的排肥均匀性更好,应当采用圆锥挡板喷撒器,并且在确定作业区域的施肥量下,尽可能调整车速,使排肥轮转速达到30r/min以上,以最大程度保证施肥区域的施肥均匀性。     

四要素变量施肥机肥箱施肥量控制算法设计与试验

针对黑龙江农垦地区垄作玉米施肥过程中遇到的肥料分层问题,设计了一种四要素变量施肥控制系统。系统采用电液比例控制技术,主要由液晶显示终端、变量施肥控制器、4路液压马达和编码器、4路排肥机构（排肥轴和外槽轮）和GNSS模块组成。为了实现氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和微肥的一次性及时、准确施用,提出了一种基于复合交叉原则的各路施肥量确定策略,基于PID技术设计了液压马达控制算法。根据用户在变量施肥控制软件中设置的目标施肥量,系统自动确定各肥箱精确施肥量,基于PID液压马达控制算法,实时计算4路液压马达的目标转速,同步向控制器发送4路转速指令,一次性完成氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和微肥4种肥料的同步变量施用。为了验证各路施肥量控制算法的效果,分别进行了PID算法响应时间和精度试验、变量施肥系统单质肥排肥性能验证试验和作业条件下各肥箱施肥量控制算法验证试验。试验结果表明,基于PID技术的排肥轴转速控制算法响应时间不大于0.5s;变量施肥系统单质肥排肥性能误差绝对值不大于3%;作业条件下各路施肥量控制算法显著减少了氮素的施用量,实现了氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的精确投入。四要素变量施肥机各路施肥量控制算法完全满足了垦区玉米施肥精确、均匀施用的要求。     

冬小麦精准追肥机专家决策系统

为了实现小麦生长过程中的实时变量追肥,研究了光谱数据处理策略及目标追肥量的计算模型,开发了基于近地光谱探测技术的实时变量追肥专家决策系统,结合小麦冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI)、追肥机实际行进速度和肥料反馈量,双通道独立控制施肥机构的转速和开度,从而实时调整追肥量,实现精准变量追肥。试验结果表明,专家决策系统的控制精度达到90%以上,可以满足精准追肥的要求;拔节期,变量追肥比定量均匀施肥增施氮肥28 kg/hm2左右;变量施肥有利于改善小麦群体结构,降低产量差异性。     

施肥播种机肥料流量分段式PID控制系统设计与试验

施肥稳定性是评价变量施肥系统性能的重要指标,针对常规外槽轮式排肥器排肥时脉动性明显导致排肥均匀性差的问题,提出了基于肥料流量反馈的分段式PID控制方法,并设计了施肥播种机高精度肥料流量控制系统,系统采用肥料流量检测模块获取实时肥料流量并作为反馈输入,结合目标肥料流量,根据分段式PID控制算法得到控制输出量,驱动施肥电机,实现肥料流量的准确控制。搭建了施肥试验台,进行了肥料流量变化阶跃响应与施肥精度的台架试验,结果表明,肥料流量控制系统的阶跃响应时间最大值为1.42 s,均值为0.98 s,超调量最大值为3.49%,均值为2.82%,稳态误差最大值为0.89%,均值为0.64%,施肥量控制精度最小值为97.83%,均值为98.14%。在不同试验条件下,肥料流量控制系统的肥料流量控制精度与施肥精度均优于恒定转速系统。田间试验表明,当车速为4、6、8 km/h时,肥料流量控制系统的施肥量控制精度分别为97.84%、97.78%和97.82%,施肥量控制精度平均值为97.81%,标准偏差为0.28%,能够满足高精度施肥需求。     

深松旋耕全层施肥联合整地机施肥量影响因素分析

针对深松旋耕全层施肥联合整地机在作业过程中存在施肥不均、精度较低等现象,对影响施肥量因素进行分析,确定排肥轴转速、排肥器开度以及肥箱料位高度为影响因素,设计三因素五水平正交试验,以施肥量变异系数为评价指标,进行极差分析和方差分析得出影响因素主次顺序:肥箱料位高度>排肥轴转速>排肥器开度,其中料位高度对施肥量变异系数的影响高度显著,为后续肥箱肥料监测系统提供理论基础。施肥量变异系数在0.19%~3.12%之间,满足试验要求。运用最小二乘法建立施肥量关于排肥轴转速、排肥器开度和肥箱料位高度之间的数学模型。经检验:数学模型值与实测值的相关系数达到0.889,可以作为施肥精量控制相关技术参数的选择依据。     

稻麦精准变量施肥机排肥性能分析与试验

为提高基于近地光谱技术的稻麦精准变量施肥机排肥性能稳定性,改善变量施肥控制精度,建立了外槽轮式变量施肥机离散元仿真模型,运用离散单元法和EDEM 2.2软件对施肥机排肥过程进行性能分析和数值模拟,研究不同排肥器结构和施肥控制策略对施肥机排肥稳定性的影响,并通过台架试验和田间试验验证仿真模型的准确性。结果表明:改进后的排肥器施肥量变异性系数明显减小,标准差减小14.59 g,变异系数降低9.9%;采用转速优先控制策略,当槽轮开度为19.34 mm时,排肥量稳定性系数最佳为1.09%;采用开度优先控制策略,当槽轮转速为55.75 r/min时,排肥量变异性系数最小为1.85%;与验证试验结果相比,误差最大为14.06%。结果验证了离散元仿真方法分析颗粒运动过程的准确性,表明所设计改进的排肥器能够提高施肥机排肥稳定性,满足稻麦精准变量施肥要求。     

离心匀肥罩式水稻地表变量撒肥机设计与试验

为实现水稻生长周期内区域性实时变量施肥,提高机械化施肥作业效率和肥料利用率,结合水稻施肥农艺特点和近地光谱技术,设计了一种基于传感器的双圆盘离心匀肥罩式水稻地表变量施肥机。对光谱检测装置、决策控制系统、变量执行机构等关键部件进行设计,搭建基于STM32F103核心控制器的反馈系统,结合专家施肥策略响应目标施肥量。以闸口排肥流量A、撒肥圆盘转速B、整机行进速度C为影响因素,颗粒分布变异系数Cv和施肥量相对误差γ为评价指标,设计三因素三水平撒肥性能正交试验。性能试验结果表明:在目标作业幅宽内(24 m),影响Cv主次因素为A、B、C,影响γ主次因素为B、A、C,综合选择较优的工作参数因素水平组合为:A2B2C2,即排肥流量300 g/s,圆盘转速600 r/min,整机行进速度1.2 m/s时,Cv=13.82%,γ=9.54%,整机撒肥性能最优。田间试验结果表明:与性能试验相比,Cv误差均值为9.19%,γ误差均值为9.25%。研究结果表明离心式变量施肥机满足撒肥均匀性和施肥量准确性要求,提高了离心式变量施肥机撒肥性能,为圆盘式撒肥机传统的经验式施肥提供了理论基础。     

变量施肥液压驱动系统设计及试验研究

针对变量施肥液压驱动系统转速控制精度不高、存在小范围转速波动及无法实现系统的无差控制等问题,设计开发了变量施肥驱动系统,并采用阀控马达的驱动方式。本文以国内外变量施肥驱动装置研究现状及发展趋势为指导,全球定位技术、地理信息技术和软件工程作为基础,设计了变量施肥驱动系统,利用液压马达排量大、转速低的特点,通过控制进油回路中的比例型流量控制插装阀的开度来实现液压马达的无级调速,进而达成变量施肥中对排肥轴速度控制的要求来实现变量施肥。室内试验结果表明:作业质量符合农艺要求;变量施肥驱动系统设计合理,为变量施肥的试验提供了技术支持。     

玉米智能施肥中耕机设计与试验

针对机械驱动施肥中耕机存在施肥量一致性差的问题,设计了一种基于全球定位系统（GPS）、北斗定位系统（BDS）的智能精准变量施肥中耕机,该机利用GPS、BDS的精准定位信号,实时计算行驶速度,进而控制肥盒电机转速随动,实现定量施肥。性能试验表明,该机的施肥量稳定性变异系数达到5.54%。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。