油菜角果外表面浸润性试验研究

油菜脱出物的浸润特性研究有助于解决其粘筛堵孔难题。本文以油菜脱出物中主要成分之一的油菜角果为研究对象,以两种典型液体为液相,采用CAM101型接触角测量仪对6个品种的油菜角果外表面接触角进行测试试验,并对试验结果进行了对比分析和方差分析。结果表明:油菜角果外表面普遍显示出亲水亲油特性,油菜品种对油菜角果外表面的浸润性无直接影响,但油菜品种会因对其成熟度的影响而间接地对其角果外表面浸润性产生影响。     

油菜混合物与仿生筛面基体间的粘附特性

运用图像处理中的超绿特征提取与分割技术,构建油菜粘附特性测试系统,以残留粘附面积r为测量指标,引入粘附率μ和减粘率τ为衡量指标,通过粘附试验,测取并分析了油菜混合物与仿生筛面基体之间的粘附特性。试验结果表明,仿生非光滑筛面的减粘率普遍超过30%,最高达到90%,减粘作用显著;仿生凸包的减粘作用优于仿生凹坑;普通筛面的粘附程度依赖于油菜混合物的成分,而仿生非光滑筛面的粘附程度基本不依赖于油菜混合物的成分及质量比例,能在不同的收获环境与条件下保持较为稳定的减粘作用。     

仿生非光滑筛面近筛层微观气流场研究

以入风口角度和筛面形态为试验因素,对仿生非光滑筛面近筛层微观气流场进行了数值模拟研究,并对仿生非光滑清选筛和普通光滑清选筛进行了田间对比验证。试验结果表明：入风口角度对清选筛面上近筛层内的微观气流场基本没有影响;仿生非光滑筛面形态将筛孔间近筛层内的单个小漩涡分解为2个小漩涡,致使漩涡流线不能完全地从筛面经过,使得细小油菜物料难以与仿生非光滑筛面充分接触,起到了减粘作用;仿生凸包的减粘作用较仿生凹坑明显。     

基于仿生微织构的电动修剪机刀具磨损性能研究

针对普通电动修剪机刀具易磨损、崩刃等情况,设计了一种蚯蚓仿生微织构刀具,以蚯蚓体表形貌为基础,利用激光成型技术加工刀具表面微织构,研究激光成型参数对成型沟槽几何尺寸的影响;通过摩擦磨损对比试验研究了仿生微织构刀具和普通刀具的摩擦因数和磨损情况,分析仿生刀具减磨机理;通过自制剪切试验平台对不同直径龙眼树枝进行刀具剪切试验,验证仿生刀具减磨特性。研究结果表明：优化后激光成型仿生刀具的工艺参数为：激光功率75W、激光扫描速度4.8mm/s;仿生刀具微织构实际尺寸为：沟宽138.3μm,沟深33.5μm;与普通刀具相比,载荷400g下沟槽间距1.6mm时微织构仿生刀具表现出最小摩擦因数02619和体积磨损量616.70mm3,具有明显减磨特性;随载荷增加磨损机制逐渐由黏着磨损、微切削磨损向磨粒磨损和氧化磨损的复杂磨损形式转变;磨损稳定时,沟槽间距1.6mm微织构仿生刀具所需剪切次数50~55次,比普通刀具剪切次数(45~50次)高5~10次,沟槽间距1.6mm微织构仿生刀具在剪切直径10、15、20mm的树枝磨损面积稳定次数分别为35~40次、45~50次、50~55次,树枝直径越大微织构刀具抗磨效果越明显。     

收获期油菜茎秆表面浸润特性研究

为获得油菜茎秆表面的浸润特性,采用CAM101型接触角测量仪对收获期油菜(甘蓝型)茎秆表面与二次蒸馏水和过滤菜油之间的接触角进行了测定,并以油菜品种、收获日期、测试部位和茎秆表面粉体为因素对测定结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:油菜茎秆表面与过滤菜油、二次蒸馏水之间的接触角随测定部位离茎秆根部距离的增大而近似线性增大;茎秆表面的粉体使油菜茎秆表面呈现超疏水特性;油菜品种和收获日期对茎秆表面接触角有一定影响但无明确规律。     

水稻收获机涂层改性清选筛面设计与试验

针对水稻收获机清选作业过程中湿黏水稻脱出物易粘附、堵塞清选筛的问题,利用聚四氟乙烯涂料对清选筛面进行喷涂改性处理,设计了具有抗粘减阻性能的清选筛面。涂层改性筛面往复摩擦特性试验结果表明,涂层改性筛面与水稻秸秆的平均摩擦因数降幅达32. 2%～32. 7%,与稻叶的平均摩擦因数降幅达39. 1%～40. 2%,涂层改性筛面表现出良好的减阻特性。涂层改性筛面润湿减粘特性试验结果表明,涂层改性筛面的接触角为110. 6°,接触角增幅为26. 8%,与水稻秸秆的界面粘附力降幅为62%～67%,与稻叶的界面粘附力降幅为63%～65%,减粘脱附特性显著增强。利用水稻收获机进行了涂层改性筛面田间清选作业减粘防堵性能试验,作业量为2. 0 hm~2时,与未改性筛面相比,涂层改性筛面粘附物质量降低67. 8%,聚四氟乙烯涂层能够有效地解决湿黏脱出物粘附、堵塞问题,具有良好的耐久性。     

仿箬叶聚合物表面模板法制备与润湿性能研究

从师法自然出发,以静态接触角高达140°的箬叶下表面为仿生对象,使用2种模板法制备具有箬叶下表面微纳复合结构的聚合物仿生表面。采用扫描电镜观测聚合物仿生表面的微观形貌,借助接触角测量仪分析仿生表面的润湿性能。以箬叶下表面为模板,采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)二次复形方法获得仿箬叶下表面,仅实现微乳突结构的部分复形,而大多数纳米片层结构缺失,其静态接触角与PDMS本征接触角相比只提高了7°左右。采用电铸与注射成型相结合的方法获得的仿箬叶聚丙烯(PP)表面,可基本实现微纳复合结构的复形,其静态接触角与PP本征接触角相比提高了50°以上,进一步采用低表面能的氟硅烷修饰注射成型仿箬叶PP表面,其静态接触角与PP本征接触角相比提高了70°左右,达到了133°±2°。但2种模板法成型的仿生聚合物表面均未能较好保留箬叶的动态润湿性能。实验结果表明,通过电铸-注射法构筑仿箬叶表面的微纳复合结构、在粗糙表面上修饰低表面能物质的双重途径可用于实现仿生疏水表面高效低成本的制备。     

基于DEM的谷物清选筛振动筛分虚拟试验研究

为了研究筛分过程中筛面结构和物料形状对筛分效率的影响,基于离散元法对5个不同筛面开孔率下的圆孔筛﹑方孔筛的筛分效率和复杂粒形物料在圆孔筛﹑方孔筛上的筛分效率进行了虚拟试验研究。结果表明:物料的的筛分效率随筛面开孔率的增加而逐渐增加,且在筛面开孔率相同时圆孔筛的筛分效率高于方孔筛的筛分效率;3种典型农业物料形状的颗粒在两种筛面上筛分时,小麦形颗粒筛分效率最高,大豆形颗粒筛分效率其次,玉米形颗粒筛分效率最低;圆孔筛更易于3种颗粒的透筛,筛孔形状对于玉米形颗粒的筛分效果影响最大,小麦形颗粒次之,大豆形颗粒最小。     

蚯蚓运动特征仿生筛筛上玉米脱出物运动特性研究

为探究基于蚯蚓运动特征的仿生筛上玉米脱出物的运动特性,利用API实现了仿生筛在EDEM中的非简谐运动(两移动一转动),并采用CFD-DEM耦合方法对玉米脱出物在气流和仿生筛共同作用下的筛上运动进行了数值模拟。通过分析玉米脱出物的筛分过程,明晰了仿生筛对筛上玉米脱出物的运移机理。探究了玉米脱出物在仿生筛上不同区域的水平运移和竖直分层。数值模拟结果表明：玉米籽粒、芯和茎秆在仿生筛上的平均水平速度分别为0.63、1.60、2.51 m/s,有利于籽粒和杂余沿筛面水平分离和分散;玉米脱出物在筛体前部的平均水平速度最大,为1.71 m/s,表明仿生筛能够将筛体前部的玉米脱出物快速向后运移以减少进料端堆积;随着玉米脱出物由筛体中部运动到筛体尾部,玉米籽粒平均竖直位移降低20.61 mm,而芯和茎秆平均竖直位移却分别增大9.84 mm和5.70 mm,籽粒和杂余在竖直方向上的分层明显;通过高速摄像分析了玉米脱出物在仿生筛上的运动状态,并提取了玉米脱出物在筛体前、中部区域的平均水平速度,其变化规律与数值模拟结果基本一致,验证了仿生筛对筛上玉米脱出物的运移机理。当仿生筛清选装置入口气流速度为12.8 m...     

油菜直播机旋切式微垄种床制备装置设计与试验

针对长江中下游油菜适播期持续干旱或降雨导致土壤含水率波动大影响油菜成苗的实际情况,探究油菜农机农艺融合模式,提出一种旋耕碎土、两侧开畦沟、厢面旋切微垄、微垄表面播种的油菜微垄直播工艺,设计一种油菜直播机旋切式微垄种床制备装置。根据油菜直播株行距配置、根系生长特点,结合垄作土壤水热特性,确定微垄几何尺寸;基于运动学解析腹板端点旋切土壤的运动规律和腹板滚动包络线,从结构角度定性分析被动旋转过程并确定回转半径、腹板数量、腹板顶角范围;利用DEM-MBD耦合仿真,进行单因素试验和正交旋转回归试验,从土壤角度定量研究了腹板数量、腹板顶角、旋切深度、前进速度对微垄成形的影响规律,并得到装置腹板数量分别为6和8的较优工作参数组合;田间试验使用Trimble TX8三维激光扫描仪重构装置作业后微垄厢面,与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果表明,腹板数量分别为6和8时较优工作参数组合为：腹板顶角、旋切深度、有效沟深分别为28.00°、100 mm、83.59 mm和26.50°、92 mm、64.26 mm,田间试验微垄沟深和微垄距平均值为103.08、85.16 mm和332.92、266.88 mm,与仿真...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。