大豆田化学除草剂药害产生原因及缓解途径

针对我国北方大豆田化学除草剂在施用过程中造成药害的原因进行了分析,提出了以农艺和化控手段为主的缓解除草剂药害的技术途径。     

夏大豆除草剂的选择应用及药害防治要点

黄淮海夏大豆区与东北春大豆区化学除草时期相比有所不同,黄淮海夏大豆种植区不宜使用土壤封闭防控,早期夏大豆封垄前化学除草以茎叶处理为主,中后期人工除草为辅,文中报道了黄淮海地区夏大豆化学除草的时期、药剂和技术,为该区大豆生产提供指导。     

不同除草剂对间作玉米大豆的药害及除草效果

采用盆栽方法模拟玉米大豆间作模式栽培,选用10种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶处理除草剂,研究不同除草剂对玉米、大豆生长发育的影响及杂草的防效。结果表明:通过试验筛选出药害轻或药害后能恢复的5种土壤处理剂和5种茎叶处理剂,5种土壤处理剂分别为二甲戊灵、精异丙甲草胺、扑·乙·滴丁酯、乙·嗪·滴丁酯、嗪酮·乙草胺,5种茎叶处理剂分别为灭草松、噻吩磺隆、双氟·唑嘧胺、氟醚·灭草松、咪唑乙烟酸。二甲戊灵和嗪酮·乙草胺的土壤处理中玉米、大豆的株高、茎粗和干物重与清水对照差异不显著,对玉米、大豆安全,株防效分别为60.58%和60.58%,鲜重防效分别为67.12%和55.35%。精异丙甲草胺影响间作玉米的株高和茎粗,但不影响玉米干物质的积累,株防效和鲜重防效分别为71.96%和78.83%,高于其它除草剂。茎叶处理中灭草松安对玉米、大豆的株高、茎粗和干物重与清水对照差异不显著,株防效为52.7%,低于其它除草剂。噻吩磺隆处理后,玉米、大豆的株高受到抑制,茎增粗,但药害能恢复,且除草效果高于其它处理,株防效和鲜重防效分别为73.88%和96.1%。土壤处理剂二甲戊灵和茎叶处理剂灭草松对玉米、大豆更安全,土壤处理剂精异丙甲草胺和茎叶处理剂噻吩磺隆除草效果更好。     

大豆生产田杂草防除及存在的问题

在大豆集约化生产中，杂草防除是一个极为重要的问题。大豆生产田应在人工除草和机械除草的基础上，在兼顾生态环境的前提下，适当提倡化学除草，做到高效率、低残留，降低农民的劳动强度和生产成本，从而提高大豆的国际竞争力。     

杜邦豆威与禾耐斯混用防除大豆田杂草的研究

杂草是制约大豆高产稳产的主要因素之一。夏播大豆播种期值杂草出土生长高峰期 ,此时正是“三夏”大忙季节 ,劳动力紧张 ,人工除草天气炎热 ,劳动强度大 ,且杂草易复活和再生 ,极易形成草荒。因此 ,大豆田化学除草犹为重要。目前生产上应用的禾耐斯、乙草胺、都尔等对禾本科杂草防效较好 ,而对阔叶杂草的防效较差 ;杜邦豆威只对阔叶杂草有效 ,而对禾本科杂草无效。我地为以禾本科杂草为主以阔叶杂草为辅的杂草混发区 ,为了达到一次施药能够兼治禾木本科杂草和双子叶杂草的目的 ,特设计杜邦豆威与禾耐斯混用试验 ,现将试验结果报导如下。1　…     

大豆田除草剂发展及问题

大豆田除草剂发展及问题东北农业大学哈尔滨市，１５００３０苏少泉除草剂使用在大豆栽培中。特别是大面积机械化栽培中，杂草防治是一个重要问题；近年来，在美国除草剂已成为大豆窄行密植、不中耕的免耕栽培的必备条件。１９９０～１９９３年间世界平均，每年大豆是使用...     

碧护对几种常用大豆苗前除草剂药害的解除效果

研究了嗪草酮、噻吩磺隆、异恶草松、乙草胺、2,4-滴丁酯和咪唑乙烟酸等6种大豆常用苗前除草剂药害症状及药害解除技术。描述了各种除草剂对大豆苗期所产生的药害症状,比较分析了不同除草剂药害对株高、根长等农艺性状指标的影响,明确了喷施碧护生长调节剂对供试除草剂所产生药害的解除效果表现差异较大,其中,使用嗪草酮或噻吩磺隆防治大豆杂草时,一旦出现药害症状,及时喷施碧护生长调节剂,可有效促进大豆生长并恢复到正常生长状态。     

大豆田化学除草剂多元混配技术

介绍了东北北部地区大豆生产中多元除草剂混配施用防除杂草的技术。多元混配除草剂可分别在播前、播后苗前和出苗后施用。苗后除草剂配合助剂施用可增强除草效果，减少用药量，降低生产成本。     

"宝收混用"防除豆田杂草的试验研究

经过1997－1998年两年试验结果表明，宝收与其它药剂混用后大豆播后苗前进行土壤处理可有效地防除豆田杂草，并对大豆安全。每hm^2可纯增效益93．2－222．0元。     

除草剂混用及混配制剂问题分析

系统地评价和分析了北方水稻移栽田除草剂混用及混配制剂的安全性问题,研究了北方水稻移栽田除草剂混用及混配制剂的药效,指出除草剂施用要有针对性、专用性,结合良好的施用技术才能获得好的除草效果及效益。     

Effect of pre-emergence herbicides and timing of soil saturation on the control of six major rice weeds and their phytotoxic effects on rice seedlings

The study evaluated the effects of pre-emergence herbicides and their rates [oxadiazon (0.5 and 1 kg ai ha⁻¹), pendimethalin (1 and 2 kg ai ha⁻¹), and pretilachlor with safener (0.6 kg ai ha⁻¹)], and time of soil saturation establishment after herbicide application [1, 3, 5, and 7 days after spray (DAS)] in controlling the six major rice weeds, and their phytotoxic effects on rice seedling growth. All herbicides provided 100% control of Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus iria, and Amaranthus spinosus. Murdannia nudiflora was 100% controlled by oxadiazon and pretilachlor with safener, but poorly controlled (22–75%) by pendimethalin. Pendimethalin at 2 kg ai ha⁻¹ was more effective than at 1 kg ai ha⁻¹ in reducing the biomass of the stem, leaf, and root of M. nudiflora irrespective of timing of soil saturation. Rice plant height was reduced to a maximum (77–96%) by pendimethalin at 2.0 kg ai ha⁻¹ followed by oxadiazon at 1.0 kg ai ha⁻¹ (38–70%) compared to the non-treated control. In contrast, the tallest rice plants were observed in the non-treated control and those treated with pretilachlor with safener which had 80–100% rice plant survival. The lowest rice plant survival of 0, 6, 7, and 16% was found in the soil applied with pendimethalin at 2 kg ai ha⁻¹ and saturated at 1, 3, 5, and 7 DAS, respectively, which was followed by oxadiazon at 1 kg ai ha⁻¹. All herbicides except pretilachlor with safener reduced SPAD values with early soil saturation, which improved with delay in soil saturation timing. Pendimethalin at 2 kg ai ha⁻¹ reduced the SPAD values of rice plants by 100–164% relative to the non-treated control and produced the highest phytotoxicity symptoms. Pendimethalin also reduced rice shoot biomass more than oxadiazon, which was compounded by early soil saturation after herbicide application. Pretilachlor with safener was the only herbicide that exhibited low phytotoxic symptoms on rice plants and did not reduce leaf, stem, root, and shoot biomass of rice. Percent reduction in rice leaf, stem, root, and shoot biomass by the different herbicides was in the order of pendimethalin 2 > oxadiazon 1 > pendimethalin 1 > oxadiazon 0.5 > pretilachlor with safener 0.6 kg ai ha⁻¹. Each herbicide treatment reduced rice growth parameters as soil saturation was delayed in the order of 1 DAS > 3 DAS > 5 DAS > 7 DAS. The study suggests that soil water content and herbicide rates are important factors in influencing herbicide phytotoxicity in rice. The application of herbicides should be avoided when the soil is too wet, and irrigation should be delayed at least one week after herbicide application.     

大豆除草剂对水稻秧苗生长的影响

就施过豆磺隆、普施特、广灭灵的大豆茬,对后作水稻本田秧苗生长的影响进行研究。结果表明:各处理对水稻移栽后的幼苗生长发育都有程度不同的影响。     

大豆除草剂对水稻秧苗生长的影响

就施过豆磺隆、普施特、广灭灵的大豆茬,对后作水稻本田秧苗生长的影响进行研究。结果表明：各处理对水稻移栽后的幼苗生长发育都有程度不同的影响。     

北方地区豆田杂草防除技巧

北方春季干旱多大风,严重影响除草剂药效,因此掌握豆田杂草防除技巧对指导豆田杂草防除工作具有十分重大的现实意义.本文阐述了豆田苗前封闭除草和苗后茎叶处理的化学除草技巧,以期为农业科技人员提供防除豆田杂草的理论参考.     

不同大豆品种对触杀型除草剂耐受性研究

采用不同浓度除草剂处理大豆叶片,对4个大豆品种的草铵膦和百草枯耐受性进行研究。结果表明,不同品种对两种除草剂的耐受性存在明显差异,以中豆32对百草枯耐受的最高浓度为0.24mg/L;中黄10号次之,为0.18mg/L;东农50和小粒豆最低为0.12mg/L。中豆32对草铵膦耐受的最高浓度为6mg/L;吉林小粒豆1号次之,为4mg/L;中黄10号和东农50的耐受浓度均为3mg/L。     

影响大豆田除草剂防除效果因素及对策

概述了影响北部大豆田化学除草剂应用效果的自然气候,杂草演变,施用技术,人为因素等,就影响因素进一步提出了相应解决对策。     

大豆异黄酮提取新工艺的研究

目前工业是以乙醇为溶剂进行提取豆粕中的大豆异黄酮,由于豆粕中大豆异黄酮含量只有几千分之一,其含量较低。而在大豆胚中大豆异黄酮的含量较高,以大豆胚为原料,用乙醇和正己烷为溶剂混合萃取,其目的是为了提高异黄酮提取率,为大豆异黄酮的提取寻找新的工艺路线并对其工业生产的可行性进行进分析。     

不同株型大豆品种混合种植增产机理初探

试验通过对黑农38和东农42不同比例混种群体的田间通风透光状况及植株叶面积指数的测定发现,与单一品种清种相比,黑农38和东农42以2:1的比例混种可以通过改善群体的通风状况和不同冠层的光照分配,促进光合产物的合成,改善光合产物的分配,提高有效花荚数目,显著提高大豆的产量。但由于混种后,收获的籽粒存在一定的差异,因此可根据产品用途选择清种或混种。     

北方春大豆超高产技术研究

经对辽21051、辽豆10号等16个大豆品种（系）的生理形态指标测定和高肥水产量鉴定，制定出了大豆超高产的栽培技术和生理形态指标，筛选出辽21051等2个产量潜力超过4875kg/hm^2的大豆新品系。采用辽21051大豆新品系以上述超高产技术为指导，在0．31hm^2面积上获是了产量4908kg/hm^2的北方春大豆单产最高记录。     

Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D + metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl + dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12–50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl + dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum.