MAPK信号通路在镉致大鼠肝细胞凋亡中的作用

探讨MAPK通路在镉诱导大鼠肝细胞凋亡中的作用.采用两步灌流法获得大鼠肝细胞,经过24 h培养,用醋酸镉、醋酸镉与MAPK抑制剂(p38抑制剂SB202190、JNK抑制剂SP600125、ERK抑制剂U0126)共同处理肝细胞.用MTT法检测细胞存活率,倒置显微镜和荧光显微镜观察细胞形态和凋亡,免疫组织化学法检测p38蛋白表达.结果表明,镉可极显著提高肝细胞磷酸化p38的表达量(P＜0).01),而SB202190能极显著降低其表达(P＜0.01).SB202190可以显著或极显著提高镉处理组细胞的存活率(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),减少变形细胞和凋亡细胞数量,但SP600125和U0126作用相反.说明镉暴露导致肝细胞p38 MAPK途径激活而引起细胞凋亡.     

α-亚麻酸对水牛卵巢颗粒细胞体外培养的影响

【目的】研究α-亚麻酸(ALA)对水牛卵巢颗粒细胞体外培养过程中细胞活力、细胞凋亡、细胞周期相关基因表达及激素分泌功能的影响。【方法】为了筛选体外培养水牛卵巢颗粒细胞ALA最适浓度,在96孔板中加入起始细胞数量为1×10⁴/mL的水牛卵巢颗粒细胞,细胞贴壁12 h后更换含0(对照组)、10、50、100、200μmol/L ALA的培养液,在相同条件下处理24 h,用CCK-8进行细胞活力检测,筛选出最适处理浓度,并用于后续试验。后续试验分为对照组(0μmol/L)和处理组(50μmol/L)两组,用实时荧光定量PCR检测颗粒细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制蛋白1(p21)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)基因的相对表达量,用免疫荧光对颗粒细胞中细胞凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3和细胞周期相关蛋白p21进行荧光检测和定量分析,用ELISA法检测培养液中水牛颗粒细胞分泌的雌二醇(E₂)和孕酮(P₄)含量。【结果】与对照组相比,水牛卵巢颗粒细胞经ALA处理2...     

白黎芦醇诱导的去乙酰化酶SIRT1高表达对猪卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡的影响

本研究旨在分析体外白藜芦醇对去乙酰化酶SIRT1表达量的影响,探讨去乙酰化酶SIRT1表达量与颗粒细胞凋亡间的相关性。采用qRT-PCR方法进行SIRT1 mRNA分析,Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒和流式细胞仪检测猪卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡率。结果表明:培养液中白黎芦醇浓度达到50μmol/L时,处理组颗粒细胞中SIRT1 mRNA表达量极显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01);与颗粒细胞中SIRT1表达量规律相同,随着白黎芦醇浓度的升高,颗粒细胞活力逐渐降低,凋亡率逐渐升高。综合分析,白藜芦醇可诱导猪卵巢颗粒细胞中去乙酰化酶SIRT1的表达,加速猪卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡,SIRT1表达与猪卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡存在一定相关性。     

丁酸钠通过G蛋白偶联受体41介导蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路刺激牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖

本试验旨在研究丁酸钠（SB）刺激牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）增殖的分子机制。采用单因素设计,以含不同浓度（0、15、30、45、60和75μmol/L） SB的DMEM/F12培养基（含10%新生胎牛血清）培养BMECs,通过细胞计数试剂盒（CCK-8）检测细胞活性,确定适宜SB浓度。然后以对照（0μmol/L）和适宜SB浓度培养BMECs,并采用蛋白激酶B (Akt)阻断剂（AKT-IN-1）、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）阻断剂雷帕霉素（Rap）或小干扰RNA(siRNA)沉默G蛋白偶联受体41(GPR41)对信号通路及受体进行处理,检测BMECs细胞增殖、凋亡以及GPR41和Akt/mTOR信号通路相关基因和蛋白表达的变化。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,60μmol/L的SB显著提高了BMECs细胞活力（P <0.05）,75μmol/L的SB显著抑制了BMECs细胞活力（P<0.05）;60μmol/L的SB极显著增加了增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、细胞周期蛋白A2(CCNA2)和细胞周期蛋白D1(CCND1)的mRNA相对表达量（P<0.01）,显著增加了P...     

不同信号通路抑制剂对酿酒酵母菌诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞SBD-1表达的影响

为了探索核因子-kB(nuclear factor-k-gene binding,NF-kB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)通路是否介导益生性酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,SC)诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞β-防御素-1(sheep beta-defensin-1,SBD-1)基因表达的调控机制。首先建立绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞培养体系作为体外试验模型,将传代细胞分为4个试验组(SC+PDTC、SC+PD98059、SC+SB202190、SC+SP600125)、4个阴性对照组(PDTC、PD98059、SB202190、SP600125)、1个阳性对照组(SC)和1个空白对照组。向试验组和阴性对照组内分别加入NFkB通路特异性抑制剂PDTC(50μmol/L)、MAPKs通路ERK 1/2特异性抑制剂PD98059(20μmol/L)、p38特异性抑制剂SB202190(20μmol/L)和JNK特异性抑制剂SP600125(20μmol/L)4种抑制剂,作用1h后,用PBS将各组细胞清洗3次,然后向试验组和阳性对照组中分别添加浓度为5.2×107 CFU/mL的酿酒酵母菌液100μL,并向阴性对照组和空白对照组中分别添加等量的DMEM/F12培养液。将以上10组细胞置于37℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养12h后提取各组细胞总RNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测各组SBD-1 mRNA表达水平的变化。结果显示:与阳性对照组相比,4种抑制剂对酿酒酵母菌促进瘤胃上皮细胞SBD-1的诱导表达都具有抑制作用,且存在极显著性差异(P0.01),而各阴性对照组与空白对照组相比差异均不显著(P0.05);4种抑制剂的抑制效果依次表现为SB202190PDTCSP600125PD98059,且SB202190抑制效果极显著高于PDTC(P0.01),而PDTC抑制效果与SP600125、PD98059相比差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,NF-kB和MAPKs通路可能均介导酿酒酵母菌诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞SBD-1的表达,但可能以MAPKs途径为主要信号通路。     

Wortmannin抑制Wnt/β-Catenin通路对猪卵巢颗粒细胞发育的影响

为探究PI3K通路与Wnt/β-Catenin通路在猪卵巢颗粒细胞发育中的互作关系以及调控功能,以不同浓度(DMSO,0.1,1,1.5,3,5μM)PI3K通路抑制剂Wortmannin处理体外培养猪卵巢颗粒细胞48 h,CCK-8法检测猪卵巢颗粒细胞细胞活力,Western Blot法检测β-Catenin蛋白水平;5μM Wortmannin处理体外培养猪卵巢颗粒细胞48 h,实时定量PCR检测猪卵巢颗粒细胞内类固醇生成、激素受体和细胞凋亡相关基因的表达。结果表明,Wortmannin处理猪卵巢颗粒细胞可抑制颗粒细胞细胞增殖活力,其中3μM和5μM Wortmannin,相对其他处理组,显著地(P0.05)降低细胞增殖活力;对应的,不同浓度的Wortmannin也阻遏Wnt/β-Catenin通路,对比其他组,3μM和5μM Wortmannin处理组抑制效果最显著(P0.05);实时定量PCR检测结果表明,5μM Wortmannin处理显著下调猪卵巢颗粒细胞CYP19A1(P0.001)和CYP11A1(P0.01)mRNA水平,抑制激素受体基因FSHR和LHCGR基因表达(P0.05),促进Caspase3(P0.05)和PTSG2(P0.01)表达。综上所述,Wortmannin抑制猪卵巢颗粒细胞Wnt/β-Catenin通路,诱导细胞活力下降,促进细胞凋亡,并且阻碍激素受体表达和类固醇激素合成。     

p38介导β-羟丁酸对原代培养犊牛肝细胞凋亡的影响

本试验旨在探讨β-羟丁酸（BHBA）对体外原代培养犊牛肝细胞凋亡的影响以及p38MAPK在其中的调控作用。选择培养72h的肝细胞,添加不同浓度的BHBA（0、0．6、1．2、2．4mmol／L）,培养9h,每个浓度3个重复。另外选取细胞,p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580（10pmol／L）预处理1h后,添加BHBA,使其终浓度为2．4retool／L;PI／An—nexinV—FITC双染,运用荧光显微镜观察肝细胞凋亡情况;ELISA法检测p38的活性;实时荧光定量PCR方法检测p38、Caspase-3、Caspase9、bcl2基因的mRNA表达水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,1．2和2．4mmol／I—BHBA组的肝细胞凋亡明显增加;p38酶活性明显升高;p38、caspase-3和caspase-9基因mRNA表达水平均显著增加（P〈0．01）。bcl2基因mRNA表达水平显著降低（P〈0．05）;添加p38抑制剂后,caspase-3和caspase-9基因mRNA表达水平显著降低（P〈0．01）,bcl-2基因mRNA表达水平显著增加（P〈O．05）。高浓度的BHBA可以诱导体外原代培养犊牛肝细胞凋亡,p38在BHBA诱导的细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。     

姜黄素对水牛卵巢颗粒细胞体外培养的影响

本试验研究了添加姜黄素对水牛卵巢颗粒细胞体外培养过程中增殖、凋亡自噬及间隙连接等生物学过程的影响。设置不同浓度(1,5,10,25,50,100μg/m L)的姜黄素,对颗粒细胞的凋亡、增殖、自噬和间隙连接等基因与蛋白的表达进行定性与定量检测,发现高浓度姜黄素会导致细胞凋亡标记Caspase-3及自噬基因Beclin-1的基因表达量上升,间隙连接蛋白Cx43基因表达量下降,细胞增殖标记PCNA表达量无显著变化。研究结果为姜黄素在调节卵巢颗粒细胞功能提供了一定的理论依据。     

淫羊藿苷在猪卵泡体外培养过程中对颗粒细胞凋亡的抑制作用

本试验旨在研究淫羊藿苷(ICA)对猪卵泡体外培养过程中颗粒细胞凋亡的影响。设置不同浓度ICA(0、01、1、10μg/mL)添加组,体外培养猪3~5 mm健康有腔卵泡12 h和24 h后,分别收集各组卵泡颗粒细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,RT-PCR检测凋亡相关基因Caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax mRNA相对表达水平。结果表明,猪卵泡体外培养12 h和24 h,添加1μg/mL ICA组颗粒细胞凋亡率较对照组显著降低(P005),1μg/mL组的Caspase-3、Bax mRNA表达量最低,Bcl-2 mRNA表达量最高,且显著高于对照组(P005)。研究结果提示,ICA在卵泡闭锁过程中可明显抑制颗粒细胞凋亡,这一作用可能主要是通过抑制线粒体凋亡途径而实现的。     

水牛BMP1基因对颗粒细胞增殖与凋亡的功能研究

本研究旨在探讨BMP1基因对体外培养水牛颗粒细胞增殖与凋亡的影响,采用qRT-PCR检测体外培养0、24、48、72和96h水牛颗粒细胞中BMP1基因的表达规律,通过在水牛颗粒细胞培养液中添加BMP1基因重组蛋白和抗BMP1抗体,观察其对体外培养水牛颗粒细胞增殖变化的影响,并应用qRT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测与细胞增殖和细胞凋亡相关因子表达的变化规律。结果显示,随着颗粒细胞体外培养时间的延长,BMP1基因的相对表达量显著上调(P0.05),96h培养组BMP1表达最高。添加BMP1重组蛋白可显著促进水牛颗粒细胞的体外增殖(P0.05),并能够显著上调细胞周期关键蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin D2和PCNA mRNA表达水平(P0.05),同时显著抑制了细胞凋亡信号通路中促凋亡相关因子(Fas、FasL、TNFR1、TNF-α、Cytochrome C、Apaf1、Chop、Caspase-3、Caspase-8和Caspase-9)mRNA表达(P0.05)。Western blotting检测结果表明,BMP1重组蛋白能够抑制Fas、Bax和Caspase-9蛋白表达,蛋白与mRNA表达一致。而添加抗BMP1抗体的试验则得出相反的结果。综上表明,BMP1基因能通过调控相关基因的表达促进体外培养水牛颗粒细胞的增殖并抑制其凋亡,在水牛卵泡发生过程中具有重要的调控功能,为阐明BMP1基因参与家畜卵泡发生的分子机制奠定基础。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.