饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕取代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响

本试验在满足肉牛营养需要的基础上,采用棉籽粕替代饲粮中的豆粕,形成不同蛋白质水平和成本的饲粮,旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响,同时为降低肉牛育肥成本和提高育肥效果提供依据.试验选用年龄(平均年龄为28月龄)、体重[初始均重为(678±122)kg]相近的健康杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)40头,随机分成4个试验组,每组10头牛.预试期为15 d,正试期240 d.结果表明:蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮组试验牛的日增重比蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮组提高18.57％(P ＞0.05).与饲喂蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮相比,饲喂蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮可以显著或极显著提高肉牛的屠宰率、净肉率、肋部脂肪厚、背膘厚(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而对肉牛的胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、高档肉块占活重比例、肉骨比影响不显著(P＞0.05).同等蛋白质水平下,用棉籽粕全部或部分替代豆粕对肉牛日增重及各项屠宰性能指标的影响均不显著(P＞0.05),但棉籽粕组饲粮单价、肉牛每千克增重成本都低于豆粕组.由此得出,在肉牛育肥后期可以用棉籽粕替代豆粕,以降低成本.目前我国《肉牛饲养标准》(2004)推荐的肉牛育肥所需的蛋白质水平低于本试验用杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)的需要.     

胍基乙酸对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、脂肪沉积及肌肉营养成分的影响

本试验旨在探讨胍基乙酸(GAA)对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、脂肪沉积和肌肉营养成分的影响。试验选取平均体重为(20.32±0.55) kg的健康去势滩羊羔羊120只,按完全随机区组设计分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只羔羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别加入0.04%、0.08%和0.12%GAA。预试期7 d,正试期85 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.08%和0.12%GAA显著提高平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低料重比(P0.05);饲粮中添加GAA对胴体重影响不显著(P 0.05),但添加0.08%和0.12%GAA显著提高屠宰率,添加0.08%GAA显著提高净肉率(P0.05);饲粮中添加0.08%和0.12%GAA显著降低尾脂/胴体重和胴体脂肪含量值(P0.05);饲粮中添加0.08%和0.12%GAA显著升高肌肉中糖原、肌内脂肪和蛋白质含量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.08%GAA能够提高舍饲滩羊的生长性能和屠宰性能,可显著改善滩羊脂肪沉积和肌肉营养成分。     

不同能量水平日粮对肉牛产肉性能和肌内脂肪含量的影响

选用24头体重相近的青海西门塔尔肉牛分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,采用不同能量水平(低、中、高)日粮对肉牛经4个月的育肥后,结合育肥和屠宰试验,研究不同日粮能量水平对育肥牛生产性能和对肌内脂肪含量的影响。结果表明:各试验组牛的宰前活重、胴体重、日增重、屠宰率均高于对照组;从脂肪沉积来看,胴体脂肪重Ⅲ组比Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组胴体分别提高21.60%(P0.01)和68.41%(P0.01),说明高能量水平日粮对提高青海西门塔尔肉牛生产性能和脂肪沉积有显著促进作用。     

牛至精油对绵羊生长性能及肌肉脂肪酸的影响

为研究饲喂牛至精油对绵羊体尺、屠宰性能、内脏及肌肉脂肪酸组成及含量的影响,采用单因子试验设计,选取18只3月龄体重相近(20.30 kg±1.27 kg)、体况良好的断奶萨福克羊×小尾寒羊F1公羔,随机分为3组,每组6只,单圈饲喂。日粮中分别添加不同水平的牛至精油,即对照组(CON)不添加牛至精油、EO4组(添加4 g/d牛至精油)及EO7组(添加7 g/d牛至精油),预试期10 d,正试期72 d。结果表明:①体重体尺变化方面,正试期24 d时添加牛至精油显著提高了绵羊的额宽和尻宽(P0.05);与对照组相比,正试期48 d时EO4组显著提高了绵羊的额宽(P0.05),EO7组显著提高了绵羊的体重、体高和额宽(P0.05);正试期72 d时,EO7组较对照组显著提高了绵羊的体重和尻宽(P0.05)。②屠宰性能变化方面,EO7组的宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);EO4组的脾脏及其占宰前活重的比例显著高于CON组(P0.05);EO7组的脾脏重显著高于CON组(P0.05)。③肉品质变化方面,添加牛至精油可以显著降低绵羊肌肉SFA含量,提高UFA以及n-3和n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸、油酸、亚油酸、二十二碳六烯酸等有益脂肪酸的含量(P0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加牛至精油可以提高绵羊的生长性能,改变绵羊肌肉脂肪酸组成及含量,提高羊肉的营养品质。     

饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响，为迷迭香提取物作为新型绿色饲料添加剂在肉兔生产上使用提供借鉴。试验选用28日龄断奶的商品伊拉肉兔320只，随机分为4组，每组10个重复，每个重复8只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加5、10、15 g/kg迷迭香提取物。预试期7 d，正试期30 d。结果表明：1）饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、腹泻率和成活率均无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔宰前活体重、半净膛胴体重、全净膛胴体重、心脏重、肝脏重、肾脏重、半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、肝脏指数和肾脏指数均无显著影响（P>0.05）。15 g/kg组的心脏指数显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。3）饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肌肉剪切力、滴水损失率、失水率、熟肉率、红度（a*）值和黄度（b*）值均无显著影响（P> 0.05）。15 g/kg组的肌肉pH显著低于对照组和5 g/kg组（P<0.05）,15 g/kg组的肌肉亮度（L*）值...     

饲粮添加不同水平酵母培养物对育肥湖羊生长性能、屠宰性能、内脏器官发育及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平酵母培养物对育肥湖羊生长性能、屠宰性能、内脏器官发育及肉品质的影响。选取3～4月龄平均体重38 kg的育肥湖羊公羊120只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复6只羊。试验分为育肥前期(1～60 d)和育肥后期(61～90 d)2个阶段,育肥前期和育肥后期基础饲粮精粗比分别为60∶40和75∶25。育肥全期(1～90 d)对照组均饲喂基础饲粮;育肥前期,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加5(A组)、10(B组)、20 g/d(C组)的YC;育肥后期,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加10(A组)、20(B组)、40 g/d(C组)的YC。预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)在育肥前期,各组之间平均日增重无显著影响(P0.05);但在育肥后期和育肥全期,A组平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)各组之间宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积和GR值差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)A组肾脏重量显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组之间心脏、肝脏、肺脏、脾脏重量及其占宰前活重比例差异均不显著(P0.05)。4)各组之间瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃重量及其占宰前活重比例差异均不显著(P0.05)。5)各组之间肌肉pH、滴水损失率、肉色差异均不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,饲粮中添加YC对育肥湖羊屠宰性能及肉品质无改善作用,饲粮中添加10 g/d的YC提高了湖羊育肥后期的生长性能。     

生物柴油副产物对肉牛生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平的生物柴油副产物对肉牛生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响。试验将平均初始体重为（408.70±4.55）kg的24头肉牛随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头牛。3组分别饲喂含有生物柴油副产物水平为0、80和160 g/kg的全混合日粮。结果：日粮添加0、80和160 g/kg生物柴油副产物对肉牛末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和饲料效率的影响均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。生物柴油副产物对肉牛屠体重、屠宰率、冷胴体重、内脏脂肪重量的影响均无显著差异（P＞0.05）,同时各组肉牛的眼肌面积、肌肉剪切力、背膘厚度、大理石纹评分和肌肉颜色也无显著差异（P＞0.05）。日粮生物柴油副产物添加水平对肌肉的pH（屠宰后45 min和24 h）、系水力、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、解冻损失、肉色的影响均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论：生物柴油副产物是一种很好的饲料替代原料,可有效提高肉牛的饲养经济效益,且全混合日粮中生物柴油副产物的含量高达16%时,对肉牛生长性能、胴体特性和肉质性状均无负面影响。 [关键词]生物柴油副产物|肉牛|生长性能|胴体性状|肉品质|经济效益     

牛至精油对绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加牛至精油对绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。本试验采用单因子试验设计,选取3月龄、体重[(20.30±1.27)kg]相近、体况良好的断奶萨福克×小尾寒羊F1代公羔18只,随机分为3组,每组6只,单圈饲喂。对照组(CON组)不添加牛至精油,试验组分别添加4(EO4组)和7g/d(EO7组)牛至精油。预试期10d,正试期72d。结果表明:EO4组和EO7组的平均日采食量均显著高于CON组(P<0.05);EO7组的平均日增重显著高于CON组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于CON组(P<0.05);EO7组的宰前活重、胴体重和屠宰率均显著高于CON组和EO4组(P<0.05);EO4组和EO7组每只羊的毛利润高于CON组,分别提高了2.0%、0.2%;EO7组半腱肌和股二头肌pH显著低于CON组(P<0.05),而且,EO7组背最长肌、半腱肌的剪切力显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加牛至精油可提高绵羊生长性能和屠宰性能,改善肉品质。饲粮中添加7g/d牛至精油对绵羊促生长性能较好,添加4g/d牛至精油经济效益更好,综合考虑,在生产实践中绵羊饲粮中添加4g/d牛至精油为最佳。     

谷草与玉米秸秆黄贮不同配比饲粮对西门塔尔牛屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

为了研究谷草与玉米秸秆黄贮不同配比饲粮对肉牛屠宰性能、肉品质与经济效益的影响,试验选取体重相近[(440.89±38.49)kg]、体况良好的西门塔尔杂交牛45头,随机分为3组(试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组),每组15头,分别饲喂谷草与玉米秸秆黄贮不同配比(1∶9,2∶8,3∶7)的日粮(精料补充料及精粗比相同),饲养100 d(预试期10 d,正试期90 d),试验结束后每组随机选择接近平均体重的5头试验牛屠宰,测定屠宰指标、肉品质指标、肉常规营养指标、脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明:各组试验牛胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率差异不显著(P0.05),但试验Ⅱ组牛各项屠宰指标与Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组相比均有所提高。随着谷草比例的增加,肉色中红度值逐渐降低,Ⅲ组比Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组分别降低13.10%和9.77%(P0.05);各试验组间牛肉的pH值、剪切力值、失水率均无显著差异(P0.05)。各试验组牛背最长肌中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)之间无显著差异(P0.05)。随着谷草比例的升高,SFA、PUFA有下降的趋势,MUFA有上升的趋势。从养殖效益来分析,以Ⅱ组牛最高,为3 471.83元/头,比Ⅰ组高879.55元/头,比Ⅲ组高999.11元/头。说明可以用20%的谷草来替代玉米秸秆黄贮,且肉牛屠宰性能与肉品质有所改善,经济效益最好。     

苜蓿草粉对苏山猪屠宰性能、胴体品质和肉质性状的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对苏山猪屠宰性能、胴体品质、肌肉脂肪酸和氨基酸含量的影响,从而确定苜蓿草粉作为饲粮粗纤维改善苏山猪胴体品质的可行性。试验选择健康、体重为(60.0±2.0) kg的苏山猪60头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头,分别在基础饲粮中添加0(对照组)、10%(试验Ⅰ组)、15%(试验Ⅱ组)、20%(试验Ⅲ组)苜蓿草粉,预试期7 d,正试期80 d。结果表明:1)随着饲粮中苜蓿草粉添加量的增加,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组屠宰率、板油重、背膘厚均高于对照组,瘦肉率低于对照组,其中板油重和背膘厚与对照组相比差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。2)饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对苏山猪肌肉颜色和失水率有显著影响(P0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组背最长肌亮度值显著高于对照组(P0.05),红度值和黄度值极显著低于对照组(P0.01);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组背最长肌失水率均低于对照组,其中试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉影响苏山猪肌肉脂肪酸和氨基酸组成,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组总单不饱和脂肪酸、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅰ组必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量与对照组相比差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。综上所述,饲粮中添加10%苜蓿草粉可以显著改善苏山猪肌肉颜色,提高苏山猪肌肉嫩度、鲜味,进而改善猪肉品质。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.