设施化农业生产技术在我国的应用(续1)

2 农业设施的覆盖层材料覆盖层材料多为透光保温性好的薄膜和玻璃。2.1 塑料薄膜覆盖层在我国使用最多的是聚乙烯(PE)或聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料薄膜,膜厚度0.1mm。为了延长膜的使用期限,膜中均添加抗老化剂,使用得当,可用3年以上。对多风地区使用的塑料薄膜要考虑选用耐拉的改性膜。2.2 玻璃覆盖层在温室生产上,还有一部分使用玻璃作覆盖层,玻璃的透光性、保温性及使用寿命均优于薄膜.不足地方是重量大,对温室支撑骨架的强度要求很严,因而造价昂贵。2.3 改性薄膜覆盖层由于温室的覆盖层处是热冷空气交接处,温室内的湿热空气上升到覆盖层被阻隔,     

氩氢体积比对磁控溅射制备AlxOy/PET阻隔膜的影响

采用直流电源,以纯铝为靶,氧气为反应气体,高纯氩气为溅射气体磁控溅射在PET基底上制备高阻隔性AlxOy/PET包装薄膜,并研究不同氩氢体积比对AlxOy薄膜形貌、成分、结构的影响,讨论了镀AlxOy膜后DET力学性能与阻隔性能的变化。FTIR与XPS研究分析表明,反应氧气量直接影响AlxOy薄膜的化学结构,薄膜的红外光谱的峰值、强度和带宽等变化规律均与氧气量有关,并且AlxOy中氧原子的含量越高,Al—O伸缩振动峰的波数越高。测量薄膜的阻隔性与力学性能显示,AlxOy膜化学成分越接近于Al2O3时阻隔性能越好,且薄膜横向、纵向弹性模量及屈服强度越大。此外,镀AlxOy薄膜单向拉伸力学特征有明显变化,其应力-应变曲线有2个明显的拐点。     

新型薄膜覆盖材料的光学性能研究及其分析

测试了温室覆盖材料的全光辐射透过率并进行了分析比较,研究发现在太阳辐射范围,日产的明净华涂层膜表现出优异的透射性能,与温室覆盖材料理想透射曲线基本吻合.另外,新型薄膜在冬季夜间温室内热辐射集中的5～25μm波段,辐射的透过率远小于国产薄膜,为新型薄膜覆盖材料的研究提供了参考依据.热辐射透过率在一定程度上反映出材料的保温性能.     

国内外现代温室的发展

实际意义的现代温室，其主体骨架由采用经热镀锌防锈处理的型钢构件组成，工厂化生产，具有相应的抗风雪等荷载的能力；采用玻璃、塑料薄膜、硬质塑料、聚碳酸酯板(PC板)等透光材料覆盖及其相应的卡槽、卡簧、铝合金型材或塑料型材等紧固、镶嵌构件，具有透光和保温的性能要求；配备有遮     

热区温室大棚塑料薄膜耐候性分析初探

强紫外线照射、高温高湿及台风等外界条件对热带地区温室塑料薄膜的老化有显著影响,使其机械性能下降,破损严重。为延长薄膜的使用年限,对自然老化状态下薄膜的拉伸性能进行测试,以拉伸力、形变量、断点伸长率、拉伸强度为评价指标,比较不同使用时长、不同安装位置、不同安装形式的薄膜在自然状态下的老化程度。结果表明:0.15mm厚的薄膜使用8个月后拉伸性能有所下降,使用近3年后性能下降更明显;对比不同取样位置处的老化程度,得出卡簧卡槽的夹持会加速老化,0.15mm厚的薄膜使用8个月后夹持处断点伸长率衰减了60.8%,非夹持处断点伸长率仅衰减了12.4%;使用3年后夹持处的断点伸长率衰减了93.2%,非夹持处断点伸长率衰减了33.9%。测试与防护垫层一并安装的0.10mm的薄膜的拉伸性能可知:在垫层的防护下,0.10 mm厚的薄膜使用8个月后夹持处的断点伸长率衰减了2 7.3%,非夹持处的断点伸长率衰减了1 2.8%,夹持处与非夹持处的薄膜拉伸性能差异远低于0.15mm厚的薄膜。综上可知:卡簧卡槽的夹持会加速薄膜老化,垫层的存在可减缓薄膜因夹持带来的加速老化。     

不同跨度组装式日光温室光热环境性能研究

为研究跨度对组装式日光温室温光环境的影响,选取8m、9m和10m跨度的组装式日光温室,以当地普通日光温室为对照,进行温室环境温度、光照性能观测和墙体热工性能分析。结果表明:各组装式日光温室墙体热稳定性远低于普通温室,平均最低温度较普通日光温室低1.27℃~5.30℃;组装式温室保温和采光性能随跨度增加而减小,1月份,8m跨度组装温室平均最低温度较9m和10m跨度温室高1.33℃和4.04℃,透光率高1.93%和7.67%,室内外最低温度差可达30.09℃;组装温室随跨度增大,室内温度变化越剧烈。综合分析认为,冬季组装式温室中8m跨度温室综合保温性能最好,组装式温室的保温性能随温室跨度的增加而下降,组装温室在没有辅助热源加温的情况下,不宜过度增加跨度。     

基于可见/近红外光谱的牛肉品质无损检测系统改进

含水率、颜色和pH值是牛肉的重要品质指标,近年来可见/近红外光谱因其成本低、快速无损等特点被广泛应用于肉品检测中。针对现有探头采集样品面积过小、代表性差等问题,利用高效的环形光源对双通道可见/近红外光谱系统进行改进,建立了一种高效、稳定的双通道可见近红外光谱系统。首先,基于多次采集生鲜牛肉样品获得400~2450nm波段的有效光谱数据,对改进前反射探头和环形探头的性能进行了对比分析,发现环形探头的稳定性更有优势,在整个波段的变异系数均小于10%。然后利用改进后探头组成的系统采集了61块生鲜牛肉样品的可见/近红外光谱数据。采用了无处理、SG平滑、哈尔变换、一阶导数、二阶导数、标准正态变换、多元散射校正、去趋势化以及各方法组合等方法对光谱数据进行预处理。利用第1波段数据建立颜色参数L*、 a* 、b*的偏最小二乘模型,分别利用第1波段数据、第2波段数据和双波段数据（双波段简单拼接）建立含水率和pH值的PLSR模型并进行了对比。结果发现：第1波段的数据无需经过预处理,即可对颜色参数L*、 a* 、b*取得较好的预测结果,其PLSR模型验证集相关系数和标准误差分别为0.9603、0.9616、0.9367和1.3332、1.1844、0.6553;对于含水率和pH值,无论光谱数据是否经过预处理,第1波段数据的建模效果要好于第2波段数据,但是经过预处理的双波段数据（400~2450nm波段）能够取得更好的预测结果,其PLSR模型验证集相关系数和标准误差分别为0.9541、0.8716和0.5475、0.1272。结果证明,基于高效环形探头的双通道可见近红外光谱系统建立的牛肉多品质参数预测模型,可实现准确、无损、快速检测,获得比较稳定的检测结果。     

北方寒冷地区双连栋日光温室的研究

日光温室是适合我国北方寒冷地区采用的具有中国特色的农业设施。为此,在充分研究具有中国特色的节能型日光温室的基础上,设计了一种新型温室,并在内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区实际建设了高效节能型连栋温室;阐述了双连栋日光温室的特点与结构设计要素,并通过具体试验测试进行分析。结果表明:该种温室具有良好的透光保温性能,节能效果显著,适合在北方寒冷地区推广应用。     

单层和双层膜组装式日光温室环境性能比较分析

组装式日光温室普遍存在保温蓄热性能不佳的问题,采用前屋面双层薄膜覆盖提高组装温室保温性能,经对单层膜、双层膜温室和传统土墙温室温光环境观测分析。结果显示:单层和双层膜组装温室的保温性能均不如普通土墙温室,但双层膜较单层膜组装温室的保温性能明显提高,冬季较单层膜组装温室最低温度提高4.20℃,降温速度较单层膜温室低0.39℃/h。双层膜组装温室也存在透光率下降(较单层膜温室下降6.67%~15.60%)、相对湿度增大和通风能力不足等问题。在温室建造和管理中还需注意改进,提高温室的调控能力。     

基于ATR的玉米种子活力太赫兹特征波段筛选方法

应用太赫兹时域光谱技术结合移动窗口相关系数法筛选与种子老化密切相关的太赫兹特征波段。选取3个不同品种的玉米种子,并制备人工老化0、1、2、3、4d的实验样本,采用衰减全反射(Attenuated total reflection, ATR)附件采集从样本分离得到的种胚和胚乳粉末的太赫兹吸光度谱（0.2~80cm-1）,应用移动窗口相关系数法（窗口宽度为10,阈值为0.3）筛选样本种胚和胚乳特征谱区。结果表明,不同品种样本筛选得到的老化特征谱区差异显著,说明种子老化进程受品种影响较大;在相同的老化阶段,不同品种样本的特征谱区也存在部分共同区间,且主要集中在60~80cm-1,说明老化进程中有些成分的变化相近;种胚和胚乳在相同老化阶段筛选的特征谱区不同,说明两者在老化进程中生理变化存在差异。本研究表明太赫兹时域光谱结合化学计量学方法可用于快速表征并探测玉米种子老化的动态变化过程。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。