农业机械自动导航技术研究综述

农机自动导航技术作为智能农机与精准农业的一项核心技术,越来越多地应用于多种田间作业场景,有效提高了农机装备的生产效率与作业精度。从定位信息收集方法、路径规划、导航决策控制方法、自主避障、通信技术与远程监控6个方面对农业机械自动导航技术国内外研究现状进行了详细综述,从而全面系统梳理自动导航技术的研究现状。     

基于Android的农机导航管理系统研究与设计

农机自动导航技术是精准农业研究中的关键技术之一。为解决国内现有农机导航系统的人机交互体验差、信息化和智能化程度不高的问题,结合农机自动导航作业功能需求和Android移动平台的优点,设计并实现了一套基于Android的导航管理系统。系统包含农机作业参数管理、农田地理信息管理、作业路径规划、导航实时监控和历史作业数据管理等功能模块。将该系统应用于农田自动导航试验中,结果显示:系统运行稳定可靠,人机交互体验性好,能够有效实现农机自动导航中的管理和监控功能。     

基于信息化时代的农业收割机定位系统设计与试验

为了提高收割机的定位导航效率和精度,实现自主定位,基于信息化时代将云技术和无线通信技术引入到了导航系统的设计上,通过导航视觉系统图像的高速处理、无线传感节点通信、路径规划和追踪,实现了收割机的自主定位和导航。对不同作业块的导航定位精度和路径追踪的精度进行了测试,结果表明:采用自主定位系统可以成功地对作业区域的路径进行规划,并实现高精度的路径追踪,对于提高农机的智能化水平的研究具有重要的意义。     

基于WinCE的农机导航监控终端软件系统设计与实验

随着农业机械自动导航技术的发展,农机导航监控终端技术已经成为农业机械自动导航技术的重要组成部分。为了满足农业信息化发展的需求,更好地管理控制农机自动导航系统,实现对农机自动导航系统的实时监控与农机作业的控制,开发了农机自动导航监控终端软件系统,可进行农机车辆的导航状态监控、农机具的操纵控制及系统的故障诊断等。通过对农田工作的特点与导航需求分析,采用VS2005开发环境,C++语言,开发基于Win CE嵌入式操作系统的农机车辆自动导航监控终端软件。软件程序的总体功能模块包括:人机交互界面显示、基于RS232的串口通讯模块、路径规划模块、文件读写模块及系统参数调节模块等,并制定导航监控终端与导航控制器之间的数据通讯协议。将该导航监控终端软件系统装在拖拉机上测试运行,结果表明:导航监控终端软件系统可长时间连续稳定的工作,有效实现了对农机车辆导航系统的操作与监控。     

果园智能化作业装备自主导航技术研究进展

果园生产管理主要包括喷药、施肥、割草、修剪、授粉、疏花和采收分级等作业环节,需要大量的人力投入,随着我国人口老龄化程度加剧,亟需果园生产管理由机械化向智能化转型升级。自主导航技术是果园机械化装备实现智能化的关键技术。本文围绕果园智能化作业装备导航控制需求,结合国内外研究现状,分别阐述了包含导航定位信息和障碍物信息的果园作业场景感知技术,导航地图构建、导航路径提取和路径规划技术,行走底盘运动学模型构建、运动控制技术,多机协同控制、远程交互控制技术等。随着智慧农业发展,智慧果园已成为果园未来发展方向,果园智能化作业装备是智慧果园建设必不可少的关键环节,在此基础上,归纳了我国果园智能化作业装备自主导航技术发展面临的问题为：环境感知能力不足、路径提取不稳定、局部路径规划不灵活、导航系统环境适应性欠缺、多机协同和远程控制不成熟等,提出了多传感器融合的环境感知与路径提取、完整路径规划、强通用性果园导航、大型果园多作业环节的多机协同与远程操作等未来发展方向。     

农业机械导航路径规划研究进展

导航路径规划是农业机械自动导航的关键技术,近年来被广泛应用于耕种管收自动导航生产作业过程中。本文分别从全局路径规划和局部路径规划两个角度阐述分析了农业机械导航路径规划研究现状和进展。全局路径规划着重阐述了全覆盖路径规划和全局点到点路径规划,并归纳总结了在精准作业、农业运输和农机跨地块调度等方面的研究成果和具体应用。局部路径规划重点阐述了避障路径规划和局部跟踪路径规划,由于农业作业环境的复杂性和时空变异性,局部路径规划研究的重点是算法的实时性、高效性、鲁棒性和安全性。最后指出导航路径规划技术未来的研究重点为:数据资源标准化及规划路径共享;提高环境信息感知和解析能力;增强实时动态规划性能;路径规划与农机特性相结合。     

农机自动导航系统作业精度评价方法试验探讨

在农业系统中,农机自动导航技术的重要性不言而喻,属于实现精准作业不可或缺的技术手段。该系统的应用,有助于农业作业效率和质量的提升,因此,在我国农业领域的应用十分广泛。以农机自动导航系统作业精度评价方法试验为题,结合试验案例对自动导航系统作业精度评价方法进行分析,并验证其有效性,希望为相关行业提供借鉴。     

基于计算机通信网络的农机实时协同导航系统研究

无线协同中继技术可以提高数据传输的速率及频谱效率,从而对抗信号衰落,提高系统的鲁棒性。近年来,无人机被使用到农业生产过程中,作业过程中自动导航技术对无人机作业的效率和质量具有重要的影响,但受到农机作业环境的影响,在无人机导航过程中采用无线通信网络定位技术时信号的衰落严重。为了提高通信的可靠性,引入了协同中继节点技术,并采用超带宽调频技术提高信号的传输速率,从而有效提高了导航的效率和导航精度,对于提升无人机的作业性能具有重要的意义。     

北斗接“地气”，助无人农机跑出新精度

正农业机械卫星定位自动导航作业技术是现代智能农业机械装备的关键技术之一,可大幅度提高劳动生产率、土地产出率和资源利用率。在2020年底举行的世界智能制造大会上,国家重点研发计划"智能农机装备"重点专项项目成果"基于北斗的农机自动导航与作业精准测控关键技术"通过中国农业机械学会推荐,     

农机自动导航控制决策方法与软件系统

为实现农机自动导航控制,兼顾系统成本和作业效率,对农机自动导航控制决策方法进行了研究,并设计开发了一种导航软件系统。首先,系统根据获取的农田边界、农田形状及作业需求进行路径规划。其次,采用简化二轮车运动学模型,采用模糊控制进行导航决策控制,模糊控制器的输入参数为农机横向偏差和航向偏差,输出参数为前轮转角信息。最后,导航系统根据转角信息,由PLC控制器控制方向盘转动,从而实现导航控制。导航软件采用模块化设计思想,由串口数据通讯、数据分析与处理、数据与图形显示和数据存储4个模块构成,基于C++/MFC语言编写实现。系统还可在导航结束后,对导航偏差数据进行保存,便于试验后进行误差分析。试验结果表明：农机自动导航控制决策方法可以实现较好的控制精度,软件系统界面友好、通讯稳定、功能较为齐全,满足农机田间自动导航作业的需求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。