动态气调利于甜樱桃贮藏

<正>据《中国果树》2016年第6期《动态气调贮藏对甜樱桃果实品质的影响》(作者佟伟等)报道,为了分析比较不同气调方式对果实品质的影响,从而确立更理想的贮藏条件。以甜樱桃品种"萨米脱"为试材,分析比较动态气调(5%O_2+20%CO_2贮藏10 d后转入5%O_2+10%CO_2的环境)和静态气调(始终处于5%O_2+10%CO_2的环境)     

真空包装冷鲜牛肉品质变化规律研究

为研究真空包装冷鲜牛肉在0~4℃贮藏期间的品质变化规律,对贮藏期间冷鲜牛肉汁液流失、p H值、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、色差值(a*)、蒸煮损失等指标进行定期测定。结果表明:在贮藏期间,冷鲜牛肉失重率增加,p H值呈先上升后下降再上升趋势,菌落总数和TVB-N均呈增加趋势,红度值a*先上升后下降,蒸煮损失增大。结合菌落总数和TVB-N,真空包装冷鲜牛肉的货架期为21d。     

包装方式对调理牦牛肉品质的影响

为了解包装条件调理牦牛肉品质的变化,采用托盘包装和真空包装研究了调理牦牛肉冰温贮藏期间PH值、蒸煮损失、亮度值L~*、红度值a~*、硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性、剪切力等品质的变化。试验结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,调理牦牛肉的pH值显著增加(P0.05),贮藏期内托盘包装的调理牦牛肉pH值上升了11.32%,a~*值、硬度、剪切力分别下降了28.63%、36.75%、22.86%;真空包装的调理牦牛肉pH值上升了8.53%,a~*值、硬度、剪切力分别下降了16.78%、19.04%、19.03%。低温贮藏调理牦牛肉条件下,真空包装比托盘包装能更好的保持调理牦牛肉的品质。     

莲房原花青素对冷鲜牛肉脂肪氧化及色泽的影响

为了研究莲房原花青素(LSPC)对冷鲜牛肉脂肪氧化及色泽的影响,试验选择市售的新鲜冷鲜牛肉,储藏前在冷鲜牛肉表面喷洒浓度为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%的LSPC水溶液为处理组,喷洒等量的无菌水、0.10%维生素C水溶液分别作为空白对照组和阳性对照组,定期测定冷鲜牛肉的亮度值(L~*值)和红度值(a~*值)、肌红蛋白含量、酸价、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARs值)等指标,并分析各指标的相关性。结果表明:LSPC能显著提高冷鲜牛肉的L~*值和a~*值,抑制氧合肌红蛋白(OMb)含量降低和高铁肌红蛋白(MMb)含量增加;LSPC处理组的TBARs值和酸价明显低于空白对照组。说明LSPC对冷鲜牛肉有改善色泽和抑制脂肪氧化的作用,LSPC浓度为0.05%时效果最佳,护色与抗脂肪氧化作用与LSPC浓度不呈线性相关。     

冷鲜条件下白鸡与黄鸡肉质变化规律及对比

为探讨冷鲜鸡肉品质变化规律,选择42日龄快大型AA肉鸡(文中简称"白鸡")与126日龄优质型梅岭土鸡(文中简称"黄鸡")各72只,宰后于0~4℃冷鲜保藏,并于贮藏第0~5d分别采样测定鸡胸肉的pH值、剪切力、挥发性盐基氮、TPA质构值、肌苷酸等理化指标。结果发现,随着贮藏时间的延长,冷鲜鸡的pH值、挥发性盐基氮呈上升趋势,剪切力降低。0~4℃冷鲜保藏5d,鸡肉品质逐渐下降,但新鲜度指标仍在国家标准允许范围之内;真空包装的保鲜效果更理想。优质黄鸡相对于白鸡而言,某些指标表现出耐贮藏的特性,但其剪切力、肌苷酸含量等特色值下降较快,为此应及早销售以体现其肉质风味优势。     

不同气调包装牛肉贮藏过程中肉质变化规律研究

研究不同气调包装方法对保存期间的牛肉品质的影响,探索适宜新疆地区生鲜冷却牛肉保鲜的包装方法.将宰后的牛肉采用5种不同的气调包装放在4℃条件保存,对牛肉保鲜效果进行研究,测定分析理化、菌落总数、色泽等主要指标.结果表明,在不同气调包装条件下,贮藏过程中牛肉样品的理化指标变化和微生物繁殖情况不同,气调包装C组的牛肉在保持较...     

宰前气体致晕对肉鹅胴体品质和肌肉脂质氧化程度的影响

本试验旨在研究不同体积分数的CO_2混合气体致晕方法对扬州鹅胴体品质,胸肌、腿肌的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)氧自由基清除力的影响。试验选取112羽85日龄的扬州鹅公鹅,随机分成以下7个组:G40(40%CO_2+21%O_2+39%N_2)、G50 (50%CO_2+21%O_2+29%N_2)、G60 (60%CO_2+21%O_2+19%N_2)、G70 (70%CO_2+21%O_2+9%N_2)、G79(79%CO_2+21%O_2),以上5组致晕时间均为7 min;G40/79 (40%CO_2+30%O_2+30%N_2致晕2 min,然后79%CO_2+21%O_2致晕5 min);对照组(不致晕)。每组一半数量的鹅浸烫打毛后测量胴体品质,另一半直接去皮采样测定MDA、SOD和DPPH指标。结果显示:致晕方法对肉鹅背、翅和腿的出血点面积没有显著影响(P0.05);对照组残翅/断腿比例显著低于G40、G50、G60、G70(P0.05);对照组胸出血点面积为各组最高,且极显著高于任何气体致晕组(P0.01)。气体致晕各组之间胴体品质各个指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。宰后0天,G40/G79中胸肌的MDA含量极显著低于G70和G79(P0.01)。对照组和G40胸肌的SOD活性极显著高于其他组(P0.01)。宰后1天,对照组腿肌的MDA和SOD含量均极显著高于G40、G60、G70和G79(P0.01),但极显著低于G50(P0.01);气体致晕组腿肌中,G50 MDA和SOD含量极显著高于G40/G79(P0.01),而后者又极显著高于其他气体致晕组(P0.01)。宰后1天,胸肌中各组的MDA和SOD的含量无显著差异(P0.05)。宰后0天,胸肌和腿肌中DPPH氧自由基清除力和腿肌中的MDA及SOD含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,本实验条件下,气体致晕方法可以减少肉鹅出血点的面积,但增加残翅/断腿的比例;屠宰当天,60%～79%CO_2单阶段的气体致晕方法有利于延缓肉鹅肌肉中脂质氧化。     

自发气调贮藏更适宜水蜜桃保鲜

正据《中国果树》2017年第3期《不同气调贮藏方式对水蜜桃保鲜效果的影响》(作者赵杰等)报道,以"赤月"水蜜桃为试材,研究机械气调(3%O_2+5%CO_2)、自发气调(PVC袋+吸氧剂)对果实呼吸强度、果实品质及腐烂率的影响。结果表明,2个气调贮藏处理能有效地控制果实维生素C含量、果实硬度、可滴定酸含量的     

屠宰前不同二氧化碳浓度的混合气体致晕对肉鹅肝脏颜色、脂质氧化及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究屠宰前不同二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度的混合气体致晕(控制气体击晕)对肉鹅肝脏颜色、脂质氧化及抗氧化能力的影响。试验选取56只85日龄的扬州鹅公鹅,随机分成7个组(1个对照组,6个试验组),每组8个重复,每个重复1只。对照组不致晕直接屠宰,试验组屠宰前由不同CO_2浓度的混合气体致晕。6个试验组致晕混合气体组成如下:G40组,40%CO_2+21%氧气(O_2)+39%氮气(N_2); G50组,50%CO_2+21%O_2+29%N_2; G60组,60%CO_2+21%O_2+19%N_2; G70组,70%CO_2+21%O_2+9%N_2; G79组,79%CO_2+21%O_2。上述5组致晕时间均为7 min。G40+G79组,40%CO_2+30%O_2+30%N_2致晕2 min,然后79%CO_2+21%O_2致晕5 min。结果显示:G79组肉鹅的放血率最低,与对照、G40、G50、G70和G40+G79组均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。G40组肝脏在屠宰后1和4 d的亮度值及在屠宰后1 d的黄度值均显著高于G79和G40+G79组(P<0.05)。屠宰后1 d,G40组肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于G70和G79组(P<0.05);屠宰后4和7 d,G79组肝脏中MDA含量显著低于G40组(P<0.05)。屠宰后0 d,G79组肝脏1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力最低,G40组最高,但组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。屠宰后1、4和7 d,G40组肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著低于G79组(P<0.05)。屠宰后4 d,G40组肝脏中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著高于G79组(P<0.05)。综上所述,肉鹅屠宰前采用40%CO_2混合气体(40%CO_2+21%O_2+39%N_2)致晕可以改善肝脏颜色,且在短期(0～1 d)内肝脏DPPH自由基清除能力最高,脂质氧化程度较低,而高浓度(79%) CO_2混合气体(79%CO_2+21%O_2)致晕可以缓解中长期(4～7 d)储存时肝脏的脂质氧化。     

不同货架期对冷鲜鸡肉品质的变化及相关性分析

本试验旨在研究配套系冷鲜鸡保存7 d货架期内肉品质指标变化规律及其相关性分析。选取6块新鲜胸肌分装于聚乙烯(PE)食品保鲜袋中,做好标记,4℃冷藏,测定不同保存时间点(冷鲜保存0、1、2、3、6、7 d)鸡肉的pH、失水率、嫩度、肉色值、肌苷酸含量。结果表明:冷鲜鸡肉的pH随货架期的延长先上升后趋于平稳;失水率随货架期的延长先上升后趋于平稳;剪切力随货架期的延长呈先下降后上升的趋势;不同货架期冷鲜鸡肉的亮度值(L~*)差异均不显著(P0.05),没有明显的变化规律;红度值(a~*)随货架期的延长呈现下降趋势;黄度值(b~*)随货架期的延长呈上升趋势;肌苷酸随货架期的延长呈降低趋势;冷鲜鸡不同货架期的pH与失水率呈显著正相关(P0.05),与剪切力呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。由此可知,7 d货架期对冷鲜鸡的肉色和肌苷酸有影响,冷鲜鸡肉冷鲜保存最长不超过6 d,pH与失水率、剪切力有一定相关性。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …