放牧绵羊夏秋季节采食量和消化率研究

为了研究夏秋季节放牧绵羊的营养状况,试验采用饱和链烷烃法,测定了新疆昭苏牧区夏秋季节放牧的新疆细毛羊牧草采食量和消化率。结果表明:夏季育成母羊和成年母羊牧草干物质采食量显著低于秋季(P0.05),牧草干物质消化率显著高于秋季(P0.05);夏季育成母羊粗蛋白消化率极显著高于秋季(P0.01),中性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于秋季(P0.05),酸性洗涤纤维和钙、磷消化率夏秋季间差异不显著(P0.05)。说明在新疆昭苏牧区,新疆细毛羊的秋季牧草干物质采食量高于夏季,夏秋两季的干物质采食量均能满足母羊对干物质的需要;由于夏秋两季牧草品质不同,羊只对秋季牧草的干物质消化率低于夏季。     

尼玛县放牧绒山羊采食习性、采食量和消化率研究

此试验采用饱和链烷烃技术研究了2018年西藏那曲市尼玛县放牧绒山羊四季的采食组成、牧草采食量和牧草消化率。结果表明:尼玛县绒山羊春季采食的主要牧草是西藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica Maxim)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea),夏季是二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca Linn)、弱小火绒草(Leontopodium pusillum),秋季是青藏狗娃花(Heteropappus bowerii(Hemsl.)Griers),冬季则是青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc.Ex Boott)。育成绒山羊春、夏、秋、冬牧草干物质采食量分别为450 g、850 g、950 g、420 g,成年绒山羊分别为685 g、1 280 g、1 350 g、650 g,四季之间差异显著(P0.05),冬季牧草采食量最低。育成绒山羊春、夏、秋、冬牧草干物质消化率分别为45.85%、56.50%、50.44%、39.05%,成年绒山羊分别为50.50%、60.94%、55.52%、45.76%,四季之间差异显著(P0.05),冬季牧草消化率最低。     

藏绵羊后备母羊四季放牧采食量研究

为了探讨藏绵羊后备母羊四季放牧干物质采食情况,试验采用饱和烷烃法对藏绵羊后备母羊四季放牧采食量进行了测定。结果表明:藏绵羊后备母羊春、夏、秋、冬四季放牧干物质日采食量分别为1.27 kg±0.29 kg、1.09 kg±0.18 kg、1.24 kg±0.24 kg和0.20 kg±0.03 kg,相对放牧干物质采食量分别为4.13%、3.77%、3.41%和0.89%。其中,春季干物质采食量最高,显著高于夏季(P0.05),极显著高于冬季(P0.01),与秋季的采食量接近(P0.05);冬季干物质采食量最低,与春、夏、秋三季采食量比较,差异极显著(P0.01)。提示冬季应该对羊群进行有效补饲。     

青海海南不同季节牧场放牧绵羊采食量与消化率的研究

将模拟采集牧草标样法、全收粪法和两级离体消化相结合,测定放牧绵羊的牧草采食量和消化率。研究结果显示:冬春季、夏季和秋季绵羊的放牧采食量分别为462.16g/d±88.21g/d、1544.76g/d±263.02g/d、954.59g/d±179.51g/d,三季间差异极显著(P<0.01);牧草干物质消化率分别为49.91%±9.25%、53.07%±1.33%、52.57%±2.85%,三季间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

季节对海西州四季牧场放牧绵羊采食量与消化率的影响

为了解牧草成分与绵羊消化率之间的关系,并为放牧绵羊的科学饲养管理提供依据,试验采用模拟采集牧草标样法、全收粪法和两级离体消化相结合的方法,测定放牧绵羊的牧草采食量和消化率。结果表明:冬春季、夏季和秋季绵羊的放牧采食量分别为(487.58±62.90)、(1713.28±254.87)、(782.09±98.41)g/d,三季间差异极显著(P0.01);牧草干物质消化率分别为(45.96±7.25)%、(55.84±0.74)%、(51.13±2.43)%,三季间差异显著(P0.05)。     

藏北高寒牧区放牧藏绵羊采食与消化率的研究

在藏北高寒牧区的不同季节对放牧藏绵羊采用人工观测法、模拟采集牧草标样法及全收粪法,观测藏绵羊的放牧行为、采食行为,并进行采食量、采食牧草营养成分和消化率测定分析。结果表明:放牧藏绵羊冬春季较夏秋季游走、采食和彷徨时间明显延长,休息时间缩短;夏季采食速度和每口采食量均高于其他两季,三季中每只日均采食量分别为(1887.2±196.4)g、(1108.3±157.6)g和(526.2±98.2)g,三季间差异极显著(P0.01);夏季牧草的粗蛋白含量极显著(P0.01)高于冬春季和秋季,粗脂肪含量冬春季牧草明显均低于夏秋季(P0.01);酸性洗涤纤维含量冬春季极显著(P0.01)高于夏秋季;三季有机物和粗蛋白质消化率均差异不显著(P0.05),中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消化率夏季与冬春季、秋季差异显著(P0.01)。     

甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究

为确立高寒地区天然草地欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量的季节动态变化,本试验采用TiO₂外源指示剂法和瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定欧拉型藏羊不同季节排粪量和牧草消化率从而计算放牧采食量。结果表明:玛曲高寒草地牧草干物质消化率(DMD)和粗蛋白(CP)含量夏季显著(P < 0.05)高于冬春季与秋季;欧拉型藏羊各年龄段排粪量3季差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;随着年龄增长,欧拉型藏羊三季牧草采食量均有增大的趋势,同年龄段不同季节的藏羊采食量和代谢采食量(除4岁母羊)差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;各年龄段藏羊累计牧草消耗量(AFC)差异显著(P < 0.05)分别为339.37,757.58,1185.93和1655.61 kg。由此可见,牧草干机物质消化率、排粪量和采食量夏秋季较高、冬春季较低,随着年龄增大排粪量和采食量有增高的趋势。因此,在高寒牧区应提倡草地季节性畜牧业,充分考虑牧草营养与动物营养需求之间的耦合性来提高经济和生态效益。     

放牧条件下鄂尔多斯细毛羊成年母羊四季牧草采食量测定

为了探讨鄂尔多斯细毛羊成年母羊四季放牧采食情况,实现鄂尔多斯细毛羊精准饲喂模式,采用饱和烷烃法对鄂尔多斯细毛羊成年母羊四季放牧采食量进行了测定。结果显示:鄂尔多斯细毛羊成年母羊春、夏、秋、冬四季放牧采食量分别为(2.24±0.15)kg、(3.32±0.23)kg、(1.60±0.21)kg、(0.93±0.14)kg;其中成年母羊以夏季采食量最高,显著高于(P0.05)春季和秋季,春、夏、秋3季均极显著高于冬季(P0.01)。提示:在放牧条件下,成年母羊应根据草场营养供给情况在冬季进行适当补饲。     

放牧条件下乌珠穆沁后备母羊四季牧草采食量研究

为了探讨乌珠穆沁后备母羊四季放牧采食情况,试验采用饱和链烷烃法对乌珠穆沁后备母羊四季放牧采食量进行测定。结果表明:乌珠穆沁后备母羊春、夏、秋、冬四季放牧干物质采食量分别为(1.68±0.11)kg、(3.22±0.19)kg、(0.95±0.27)kg和(0.52±0.07)kg,以夏季采食量最高,显著高于春季(P0.05),极显著高于秋季和冬季(P0.01);春季和夏季蛋白质摄入量均高于需求量,秋季和冬季均低于需求量。说明在放牧条件下,乌珠穆沁后备母羊在秋季和冬季应根据草场营养供给情况进行有效补饲。     

不同季节藏北高寒牧区放牧藏绵羊采食与消化率的研究

在藏北高寒牧区不同季节对放牧藏绵羊采用人工观测法、模拟采集牧草标样法及全收粪法,观测藏绵羊的放牧行为、采食行为以及进行采食量、采食牧草营养成分和消化率测定分析。结果表明：放牧藏绵羊冬春季较夏秋季游走、采食和彷徨时间延长,休息时间缩短;夏季采食速度和每口采食量均高于其它两季,三季中每只日均采食量分别为1887．2&#177;196．4g、1108．3&#177;157．6g和526．2&#177;98．2g,三季间差异极显著（P〈0．01）;夏季牧草的粗蛋白（CP）含量极显著（P〈0．01）高于冬春季和秋季,粗脂肪（EE）含量冬春季牧草明显低于夏秋季（P〈0．01）;酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量冬春季极显著（P〈0．01）高于夏秋季;三季表观消化率（OM）和CP消化率均差异不显著（P〉0．05）,表观消化量（NDF）和ADF消化率夏季与冬春季、秋季差异显著（P〈0.01）。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。