化制法无害化处理病死动物的成本分析研究

病死动物尸体的无害化处理是减少疫病传播,保障公共卫生的重要环节之一。传统的掩埋、焚毁病死畜禽尸体的方法在生物安全、环境友好和生态文明等方面存在弊端。化制法无害化处理动物尸体相对成本低、操作方便、处理时间短、处理安全彻底,是一种能够实现病死动物变废为宝的处理技术。本文对化制法无害化处理病死动物的技术进行介绍,并以河北省唐山市2个无害化处理厂为例对化制法无害化处理技术的成本进行全面分析,以期为从业者提供参考。     

新态势下病死动物无害化处理方式探讨

随着动物卫生监督工作的规范推进,病死动物尸体的无害化处理工作成为畜牧养殖业新常态。动物尸体处置方法很多,传统的无害化处理方式日益受到多方面因素的制约,在结合工作实际的基础上,对传统的无害化处理方式进行分析,提出并倡导优先推行化制法对病死动物尸体进行无害化处理。     

将“病死动物无害化处理罐”用于病死动物无害化处理

对病死动物进行无害化处理,是用物理、化学等方法处理病死动物尸体及相关动物产品,消灭病畜所携带的病原体,消除动物尸体危害的过程.国家农业部《病死动物无害化处理技术规范》中规定的方法有焚烧法、化制法、掩埋法和发酵法等.在上述方法的基础上,我们研究开发了“病死动物无害化处理罐”设备(国家实用新型专利,证书号:ZL 2013 2 0353681.0)和加快动物尸体腐败速度的微生物(“速腐液”),在自然温度条件下,利用生物发酵法对病死动物及相关动物产品进行无害化处理.本方法及相关设备已在辽宁省一些市、县推广使用.     

玉门市病死动物无害化处理工作现状及对策

动物尸体无害化处理是控制病死动物造成环境污染、预防重大动物疫情发生的有力举措,在保障畜牧业安全生产乃至消费者身体健康中起着很重要的作用。但目前玉门市对病死动物无害化处理的情况并不乐观,难度较大。作者认真分析了病死动物无害化处理的现状及存在问题,并就病死动物无害化处理工作进行深入思考,提出了对策。     

病死动物尸体无害化处理工作浅析

病死动物尸体无害化处理工作是环境保护是兽医工作的重要组成部份.近来上海黄浦江松江水段大量漂浮死猪的报道,引起社会各界高度关注.从行业角度来看,无论从环境保护、社会公共卫生安全,还是动物疫病控制,进一步做好病死动物尸体无害化处理工作迫在眉睫. 1无害化处理难以到位的主要原因 一是病死动物尸体无害化处理工作涉及面广;牵涉养殖户、屠业人员、动物及动物产品经营人员等千家万户监管难度大;二是动物尸体无害化处理场地要要求高,场地难以选择,特别是人口稠密地区;三是无害化处理设施不完善,特别是散养户,许多地方根本就没有集中的无害化处理场所;四是无害化处理成本较高,动物尸体无害化处理补助又没有到位,个别养殖户消极对待;五是部分养殖户环保、防疫意识淡薄;六是追根溯源难,难以打击到位.     

我国病死动物无害化处理技术规范出台

从农业部获悉,近日,农业部制定印发了《病死动物无害化处理技术规范》,以进一步规范病死动物尸体及相关动物产品无害化处理操作技术,预防重大动物疫病,维护动物产品质量安全。《病死动物无害化处理技术规范》依据《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》及有关法律法规制定,共包括适用范围、引用规范和标准、术语和定义、无害化处理方法、收集运输要求、其他要求六大部分。规定了病死动物尸体及相关动物产品无害化处理方法的技术工艺和操作注意事项,以及在处理过程中包装、暂存、运输、人员防护和无害化处理记录要求。     

湖南:加大对动物尸体无害化处理的规范力度

<正>如何防止病死动物尸体和染疫动物尸体流入餐桌?3月31日,记者从省人大常委会获悉,在《湖南省实施〈中华人民共和国动物防疫法〉办法》的修订草案二次审议稿中,建议加大对动物尸体无害化处理的规范力度。二次审议稿鼓励采用科学方式对动物尸体进行无害化处理和资源性利用。无害化处理中心应将动物尸体的来源、数量、无害化处理方式和无害化处理后产品的销售情况详细     

我国病死动物无害化处理技术规范出台

近日,农业部制定印发了《病死动物无害化处理技术规范》,以进一步规范病死动物尸体及相关动物产品无害化处理操作技术,预防重大动物疫病,维护动物产品质量安全。     

病死动物尸体无害化处理的实施要点

随着改革开放的深入,我国的畜禽养殖得到了长足的发展,为国民经济注入新的动力。但随着畜禽饲养量的增多,病死的动物数量也急剧上升,这样就让病死动物尸体无害化处理工作变得更艰巨。笔者将针对这一现状,根据基层工作经验对病死动物尸体无害化处理的实施要点进行探讨。     

我国病死动物无害化处理技术规范出台

近日,农业部制定印发了《病死动物无害化处理技术规范》,以进一步规范病死动物尸体及相关动物产品无害化处理操作技术,预防重大动物疫病,维护动物产品质量安全。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.