水田激光平地机实用技术

田地平整对发展现代农业具有重要意义。针对水田精细平整问题,华南农业大学研制了1PJ系列水田激光平地机,不但设有高程控制系统而且设有独立的水平控制系统。运用该平地机平整水田,田面平整度小于3厘米,满足精细农业的要求。该文介绍了水田激光平地机的结构和原理,分析了优势和存在的不足,列举了技术改进内容。生产试验结果表明,该平地机实用技术取得了较好的经济、社会效益,推广应用前景广阔。     

1PJ-4.0型水田激光平地机设计与试验

设计了三点悬挂1PJ-4.0型水田激光平地机。水田激光平地机液压系统,包括高程液压油路、水平液压油路和折叠液压油路,平地铲高程运动采用平行四连杆结构。对水田激光平地机的高程运动和水平运动性能进行了测试试验,分析结果表明:平地铲上升过程响应时间为下降过程响应时间的2倍,全程400 mm上升所需时间为3.31~4.23 s,下降所需时间稳定在1.7 s左右;上升速度随油门开度增大而加快,平地铲下降速度较稳定。平地铲水平调节时,顺时针转动全程20°所需时间与逆时针转动所需时间一致。田间平整作业试验表明,与拖拉机配套的三点悬挂1PJ-4.0型水田激光平地机可以稳定工作,能显著改善田面平整情况,田面最大高程差从平地前的32 cm降低到4.9 cm,相对高度的标准偏差值从平地前的12.28 cm下降到平地后的2.64 cm,平地后绝对差值小于等于3 cm采样测量点累计百分数达69.4%。     

基于双天线GNSS的精准平地控制系统试验研究

为了提高土地的平整度,达到提高肥料利用效率和降低土壤水土流失的目的,以黑龙江垦区平地机械为基础,研发了一套基于双天线GNSS的精准平地系统。该系统的主要目的是为了提高平地机在不同地形作业的精度、效率及农作物产量,减少水土流失对土壤和环境的损害,降低劳动强度。此系统的研发设计为平地机在大地块进行精准作业提供了技术储备,该系统可以完成精准平地软件的调试和平地机精准作业的监测工作。基于双天线GNSS的精准平地系统试验台由司南双天线定位系统、车载式触控一体机、四路控制器、液压系统及两个液压油缸组成。试验结果表明:精准平地软件无误,两个液压油缸单独上升、下降,调平精准无误,机具设计结构合理。     

小型室内水田土槽的研制

在室内土槽中进行试验可以避免田间试验的恶劣工作环境,能有效改善试验环境,提高工作效率。本文针对水田平整机具的设计研制了一种小型室内水田土槽,它主要由槽体、台车及其牵引系统组成,用于初步探讨水田推土板与水田相互作用参数的优化值,为优化平地铲和整机设计提供一定的依据。台车在土槽进行了同工况下的牵引速度试验,结果表明本文设计的土槽,可以模仿水田激光平地机二维推土板在田间的推土作业过程,能够依托它进行水田平整机具的相关试验,满足设计要求。     

水田激光平地机工作原理的研究与应用

水田田面平整是保证水稻高产、稳产的重要措施,研制水田激光平地机有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。本文主要分析了水田激光平地机的工作原理,研究了水田激光平地机系统要求,建立了平地铲作业动力学方程,以用于计算平地铲工作能耗,并提出了平地作业效果综合指标,以更加合理地评价水田激光平地机平地作业效果;在此基础上研制了几款适用于水田带水平整作业的水田激光平地机。本文为水田激光平地机的设计和改进提供了一定的参考依据。     

水田旋耕施肥复式作业机设计与试验

为改变我国水田旋耕技术水平落后的现状,设计了一种带水旋耕施肥复式作业机。该机采用旋耕埋茬方式,一次作业完成旋耕、埋茬、起浆、深施肥及平整多项作业。根据水田平整和施肥的特殊要求,创新设计了一种水田平整机构和水田施肥机构。试验表明,该机作业效果良好,能够满足水田旋耕、施肥、平整联合作业的要求,降低节省了耕作成本,缩短了水田耕种周期。     

水田高茬秸秆还田耕整机设计与试验

设计了一种双轴水田秸秆还田耕整机。阐述了该机工作原理及其总体结构设计,并进行田间试验检测其性能。田间试验结果表明,该机可一次性实现水田高茬秸秆的埋覆还田、旋耕碎土、平整地表等多项功能,耕深158.7 mm,耕深稳定性为84.86%,秸秆埋覆率94.19%,耕后地表平整度25 mm,生产率0.87 hm2/h,能够满足水稻播栽对耕整地的农艺要求。     

中型水田耕耙平地机辅助机构设计

中型水田耕耙平地机是以29.4 kW拖拉机为动力进行水田耕耙和平地一体的农业机械,是现代农业水田生产不可缺少的农机用具。为此依据其工作性能及特点设计了一套高效且多性能的辅助机构。该辅助机构不仅为耕耙平地机的刀轴系统和传动系统提供安装平台,且为耕耙平地机与拖拉机的连接提供挂接装置。同时围绕整机旋耕、碎土、平地和压茬4项功能进行合理设计,因此该辅助机构性能多样、结构简单。      

农田精准平整过程中三维地形实时测量方法研究

为提高农田平整作业过程中平后区域田面地形实时测量精度，本文提出一种农田精准平整过程中三维地形实时测量方法(Real-time 3D terrain measurement, Rt3DTM)。以安装有GNSS双天线和姿态传感器的支撑轮式旱地平地机为地形测量平台，利用卡尔曼滤波器融合GNSS与加速度提高定位精度，通过建立平地铲运动学模型获得支撑轮底点的车体坐标，结合平地铲位姿信息对支撑轮底点进行世界坐标解算，并利用最邻近插值法生成地形图。静态试验表明，Rt3DTM方法能准确解算支撑轮底点坐标，平面测量均方根误差小于10 mm,高程测量均方根误差不大于20 mm。水泥路面试验结果表明，在3组不同车速下测量同一段水泥路面三维地形，与真值的高差均方根误差均小于30 mm。田间试验结果表明，Rt3DTM测量的高程均方根误差为16.5 mm,平整度为16 mm,小于30 mm的高差分布列为95.8%,相比机载GNSS测量方法的均方根误差准确性提高29.5%,平整度准确性提高11.1%,高差分布列准确性提高9.5%。提出的Rt3DTM方法能实时准确地获取平整作业过程中平后区域的地形信息，为无人化农田平...     

水田激光平地机使用的几点体验

水田平整是各种灌溉技术应用前提,是保证水稻高产、稳产的重要措施。由于稻种直播在泥面上,对田块的平整度要求较高。本文主要从激光平地系统的组成及工作原理、激光发射器和接收器的安放、作业田块水位和起点位置及作业路线的选择、刮土铲的调整与控制及常见故障、铲土负荷的调整、作业田块的平整情况对机具作业的影响等方面通过自已亲身使用总结出的方法,并提出了平地作业效果分析和一些简单故障的排除。本文为水田激光平地机的使用和操作提供了一定的参考依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。