基于改进Faster R-CNN与迁移学习的农田杂草识别算法

杂草是导致农作物减产不保量的重要因素,针对田间自然环境下杂草识别精度低和识别范围局限的问题,提出一种基于改进Faster R-CNN与迁移学习的农田杂草识别算法。首先,采集多场景下不同时段不同角度的杂草图片,通过旋转、裁剪和调节色彩等方式扩充数据集;然后,在原始Faster R-CNN网络的基础上利用改进的双阈值非极大抑制算法（Non Maximum Suppression,NMS）查找置信度较高的边界框;最后,将AlexNet、GoogleNet、VGG16和ResNet50等作为模型的区域建议网络,并将其最优模型参数迁移至农田杂草识别任务中。通过在多样本数据集和少量物种样本数据集上进行测试验证,试验结果表明,算法可以实现96.58%的精确率、94.82%的召回率和95.06%的F1-score,相比当前主流算法在保持识别精度较高的基础上,具有更广的识别范围。     

基于改进卷积神经网络的在体青皮核桃检测方法

采摘机器人对核桃采摘时,需准确检测到在体核桃目标。为实现自然环境下青皮核桃的精准识别,研究了基于改进卷积神经网络的青皮核桃检测方法。以预训练的VGG16网络结构作为模型的特征提取器,在Faster R-CNN的卷积层加入批归一化处理、利用双线性插值法改进RPN结构和构建混合损失函数等方式改进模型的适应性,分别采用SGD和Adam优化算法训练模型,并与未改进的Faster R-CNN对比。以精度、召回率和F1值作为模型的准确性指标,单幅图像平均检测时间作为速度性能评价指标。结果表明,利用Adam优化器训练得到的模型更稳定,精度高达97.71%,召回率为94.58%,F1值为96.12%,单幅图像检测耗时为0.227s。与未改进的Faster R-CNN模型相比,精度提高了5.04个百分点,召回率提高了4.65个百分点,F1值提升了4.84个百分点,单幅图像检测耗时降低了0.148s。在园林环境下,所提方法的成功率可达91.25%,并且能保持一定的实时性。该方法在核桃识别检测中能够保持较高的精度、较快的速度和较强的鲁棒性,能够为机器人快速长时间在复杂环境下识别并采摘核桃提供技术支撑。     

基于改进YOLO v5s的马铃薯种薯芽眼检测方法

芽眼检测是马铃薯种薯智能切块首先要解决的问题,为实现种薯芽眼精准高效检测,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v5s的马铃薯种薯芽眼检测方法。首先通过加入CBAM注意力机制,加强对马铃薯种薯芽眼图像的特征学习和特征提取,同时弱化与芽眼相似的马铃薯种薯表面背景对检测结果的影响。其次引入加权双向特征金字塔BiFPN增加经骨干网络提取的种薯芽眼原始信息,为不同尺度特征图赋予不同权重,使得多尺度特征融合更加合理。最后替换为改进的高效解耦头Decoupled Head区分回归和分类,加快模型收敛速度,进一步提升马铃薯种薯芽眼检测性能。试验结果表明,改进YOLO v5s模型准确率、召回率和平均精度均值分别为93.3%、93.4%和95.2%;相比原始YOLO v5s模型,平均精度均值提高3.2个百分点,准确率、召回率分别提高0.9、1.7个百分点;不同模型对比分析表明,改进YOLO v5s模型与Faster R-CNN、YOLO v3、YOLO v6、YOLOX和YOLO v7等模型相比有着较大优势,平均精度均值分别提高8.4、3.1、9.0、12.9、4.4个百分点。在种薯自动切块芽眼检测试验中,改进Y...     

基于改进Faster R-CNN的马铃薯发芽与表面损伤检测方法

发芽与表面损伤检测是鲜食马铃薯商品化的重要环节。针对鲜食马铃薯高通量分级分选过程中,高像素图像目标识别准确率低的问题,提出一种基于改进Faster R-CNN的商品马铃薯发芽与表面损伤检测方法。以Faster R-CNN为基础网络,将Faster R-CNN中的特征提取网络替换为残差网络ResNet50,设计了一种融合ResNet50的特征图金字塔网络（FPN）,增加神经网络深度。采用模型对比试验、消融试验对本文模型与改进策略的有效性进行了试验验证分析,结果表明:改进模型的马铃薯检测平均精确率为98.89%,马铃薯发芽检测平均精确率为97.52%,马铃薯表面损伤检测平均精确率为92.94%,与Faster R-CNN模型相比,改进模型在检测识别时间和内存占用量不增加的前提下,马铃薯检测精确率下降0.04个百分点,马铃薯发芽检测平均精确率提升7.79个百分点,马铃薯表面损伤检测平均精确率提升34.54个百分点。改进后的模型可以实现对在高分辨率工业相机采集高像素图像条件下,商品马铃薯发芽与表面损伤的准确识别,为商品马铃薯快速分级分等工业化生产提供了方法支撑。     

基于卷积神经网络的马铃薯芽眼检测识别研究

为快速、准确识别马铃薯芽眼,提高种薯发芽率,提出一种基于卷积神经网络的马铃薯芽眼识别方法。针对多视角和不同程度重叠的马铃薯芽眼图像,通过数据增广及图像预处理建立数据库。在此基础上,利用YOLOv3网络的高性能特征提取特性,实现马铃薯芽眼的快速准确识别。结果表明：YOLOv3网络对含有单个无遮挡芽眼的样本、含有多个有遮挡芽眼的样本及含有机械损伤、虫眼及杂质的样本均能够实现良好稳定的识别,最终检测精确度P为97.97%,召回率R为96.61%,调和平均值F1为97%,识别平均精度mAP为98.44%,单张检测时间为0.018 s。对比分析YOLOv4-tiny及SSD等网络后可知,YOLOv3模型可同时满足马铃薯芽眼识别的精度与速度要求。因此,YOLOv3网络对马铃薯芽眼识别具有良好的鲁棒性,为马铃薯切种机实现自动化切种奠定基础。     

基于改进YOLO v4网络的马铃薯自动育苗叶芽检测方法

为提高马铃薯幼苗叶芽检测识别的准确率,提高自动育苗生产系统的工作效率,提出了基于YOLO v4网络的改进识别网络。将YOLO v4特征提取部分CSPDarknet53中的残差块(Residual Block)替换为Res2Net,并采用深度可分离卷积操作减小计算量。由此,在增大卷积神经网络感受野的同时,能够获得叶芽更加细小的特征信息,减少马铃薯叶芽的漏检率。设计了基于扩张卷积的空间特征金字塔(D-SPP模块),并嵌入和替换到特征提取部分的3个特征层输出中,用于提高马铃薯叶芽目标识别定位的准确性。采用消融实验对改进策略的有效性进行了验证分析。实验结果表明,改进的识别网络对马铃薯叶芽检测的精确率为95.72%,召回率为94.91%,综合评价指标F1值为95%,平均精确率为96.03%。与Faster R-CNN、YOLO v3、YOLO v4网络相比,改进的识别网络具有更好的识别性能,从而可有效提高马铃薯自动育苗生产系统的工作效率。     

基于改进Faster R-CNN和Deep Sort的棉铃跟踪计数

棉铃作为棉花重要的产量与品质器官,单株铃数、铃长、铃宽等相关表型性状一直是棉花育种的重要研究内容。为解决由于叶片遮挡导致传统静态图像检测方法无法获取全部棉铃数量的问题,提出了一种以改进Faster R-CNN、Deep Sort和撞线匹配机制为主要算法框架的棉铃跟踪计数方法,以实现在动态视频输入情况下对盆栽棉花棉铃的数量统计。采用基于特征金字塔的Faster R-CNN目标检测网络,融合导向锚框、Soft NMS等网络优化方法,实现对视频中棉铃目标更精确的定位;使用Deep Sort跟踪器通过卡尔曼滤波和深度特征匹配实现前后帧同一目标的相互关联,并为目标进行ID匹配;针对跟踪过程ID跳变问题设计了掩模撞线机制以实现动态旋转视频棉铃数量统计。试验结果表明：改进Faster R-CNN目标检测结果最优,平均测量精度mAP₇₅和F1值分别为0.97和0.96,较改进前分别提高0.02和0.01;改进Faster R-CNN和Deep Sort跟踪结果最优,多目标跟踪精度为0.91,较Tracktor和Sort算法分别提高0.02和0.15;单株铃数计数结果决定系数、均方...     

基于改进YOLO v4网络的马铃薯自动育苗叶芽检测方法

为提高马铃薯幼苗叶芽检测识别的准确率,提高自动育苗生产系统的工作效率,提出了基于YOLO v4网络的改进识别网络。将YOLO v4特征提取部分CSPDarknet53中的残差块（Residual Block）替换为Res2Net,并采用深度可分离卷积操作减小计算量。由此,在增大卷积神经网络感受野的同时,能够获得叶芽更加细小的特征信息,减少马铃薯叶芽的漏检率。设计了基于扩张卷积的空间特征金字塔(D-SPP模块),并嵌入和替换到特征提取部分的3个特征层输出中,用于提高马铃薯叶芽目标识别定位的准确性。采用消融实验对改进策略的有效性进行了验证分析。实验结果表明,改进的识别网络对马铃薯叶芽检测的精确率为95.72%,召回率为94.91%,综合评价指标F1值为95%,平均精确率为96.03%。与Faster R-CNN、YOLO v3、YOLO v4网络相比,改进的识别网络具有更好的识别性能,从而可有效提高马铃薯自动育苗生产系统的工作效率。     

基于改进Faster R-CNN的田间黄板害虫检测算法

针对黄板诱捕的害虫体积小、数量多和分布不均匀,难以进行害虫识别的问题,引入当前主流目标检测模型Faster R-CNN对黄板上的小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲和烟粉虱等主要害虫进行识别与计数,提出一种基于改进Faster R-CNN的田间黄板害虫检测算法(Mobile terminal pest Faster R-CNN,MPF ...     

基于Cycle-GAN+Faster R-CNN的除草机器人杂草识别算法研究

为解决人工除草耗时长、农药除草污染大的问题,需要更准、更快的杂草识别定位算法帮助除草机器人根除农田杂草。课题小组提出了一种基于Faster R-CNN的农田杂草反向识别改进算法,新算法利用循环一致性生成对抗网络(Cycle-GAN)的图像生成能力以解决训练样本稀缺的问题,同时将Cycle-GAN与快速区域卷积神经网络(Faster R-CNN)混合使用,从而提高杂草识别能力。试验结果表明,该方法在正常拍摄的测试集图片中识别率可以达到95.06%,识别结果优于传统Faster R-CNN的87.59%。该算法具有识别速度快、实时性好的优点,在果园、园林除草等方面具有应用价值。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。