国内桃潜叶蛾发生及防治研究进展

桃潜叶蛾是一种危害桃树等果树的虫种，在我国自20世纪90年代以来危害加重，对其防治与研究等方面受到重视。系统地综述了桃潜叶蛾的生活史、生活习性、影响因素、虫情调查及防治技术等方面研究状况，对该虫今后在生物学、生理学和生态学等方面的研究有一定参考价值，同时对制定该虫综合治理策略和方案也有实用意义。     

桃树潜叶蛾生活习性及综合防治技术

桃潜叶蛾属鳞翅潜叶蛾科,又名桃叶潜蛾、吊丝虫,是桃树的主要害虫。主要寄主是桃,其次是李、杏、苹果、梨等蔷薇科果树及许多豆科植物。以幼虫在叶的栅栏组织内潜食为害,串成弯曲不规则虫道,并将粪便充塞其中,叶表皮不破裂,可由叶面透视虫道。     

生物药剂奥得藤对果园害虫的药效试验

近年来,由于气候、生态环境等因素的变化,导致果园中的一些害虫如:梨小食心虫、苹小卷叶虫、桃潜叶蛾等由以前劣势种群上升为优势种群,大面积爆发性出现,危害程度相当严重。据秦安县果业管理局2007年田间调查桃虫果率高达15.8%,百叶虫头数高     

北京市森林病虫害防治步入法制化轨道

1．生活史桃潜叶蛾一年完成6代。越冬代成虫，3月上中旬出蛰活动。第一代4月上旬－6月上旬；第二代5月中旬－7月上旬；第三代6月中旬－8月上旬；第四代7月中旬－8月下旬；第五代8月上旬－9月下旬；第六代(越冬代)9月下旬－翌年4月下旬。成虫寿命6－8天，越冬代成虫寿命达200余天。2．习性桃潜叶蛾可危害桃、李、杏等核果类果树和榆叶梅等林木。它以幼虫在叶片内危害，呈弯曲虫道，并将虫粪产于虫道内，幼虫蛀食叶肉，仅剩上、下表皮，表皮枯干后，叶片破碎，提早脱落。混杂园中越冬代成虫出蛰后栖息部位以苹果树干上最多，其次为梨树、柿树…     

观光桃园昆虫群落结构与优势种生态位

系统调查观光桃园昆虫群落结构及其优势种的时空生态位并进行测定.结果表明:昆虫群落结构丰富,桃园有昆虫9目25科34种,桃蛀果蛾、梨小食心虫、桃蛀野螟、桃潜蛾、桑白盾蚧、桃蚜、小花蝽、异色瓢虫、黑带食蚜蝇、叶色草蛉、黑缘红瓢虫等是桃园昆虫的优势种.昆虫群落物种数、个体数、多样性指数、均匀度指数随时间变化而波动.生态位宽度在害虫亚群落中为:桑白盾蚧>桃蚜>桃潜蛾>梨小食心虫>桃蛀野螟>桃蛀果蛾,天敌亚群落中为:黑缘红瓢虫>异色瓢虫>黑带食蚜蝇>叶色草蛉>小花蝽.黑缘红瓢虫与害虫的生态位重叠值均较大,而且与桑白盾蚧在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均优于其他天敌,是桃园天敌的优势种群.     

牡丹江林区六种卷叶蛾的调查研究

在牡丹江林区近十年(1976—1985)的昆虫调查研究中,已初步鉴定出卷蛾科有33属74种。这些种类大都以苞叶、卷叶、缀叶、钻叶、钻蛀嫩枝和果实为害.笔者仅对其中六种卷蛾(角色卷蛾、云杉黄卷蛾、紫纹卷蛾、松白小卷蛾、弯月小卷蛾、桑新小卷蛾)的分布、为害、形态特征、生活习性、天敌及防治进行了研究,现整理如下.     

杨白潜叶蛾和杨银潜叶蛾的识别与防治

近年来，环境绿化和林产工业的发展，迅速拉动了市场对杨木的需求，速生杨造林面积逐年增加。与之相伴，自2004年后，杨白潜叶蛾和杨银潜叶蛾对杨树的危害也逐年加重，特别是在河南省表现尤为突出。今年在濮阳等地，杨白潜叶蛾和杨银潜叶蛾虫害出现爆发态势，大部分幼苗、幼树危害株率达到100％，严重影响到植株生长。为保证杨树产业发展，笔者特撰文，希望能对杨白潜叶蛾和杨银潜叶蛾危害的症状、害虫形态特征的鉴别及综合防治有所帮助。     

南阳市杨树主要食叶害虫的防治

通过对杨扇舟蛾、杨小舟蛾、杨雪毒蛾、桑天牛4种主要食叶害虫的生物学特性的调查和分析,提出南阳市杨树主要食叶害虫的防治方法,并对防治效果进行了分析。     

油松叶小卷蛾发生期的物候观察

该文介绍了油松叶小卷蛾Epinotia gansuensis(Liu et Nasu）的生物学特性，并进行了该虫发生期的物候观察，以此为依据，可准确确定油松叶小卷蛾的防治时间。     

赤眼蜂防治杨树食叶害虫的问题与对策

在湖南、湖北,杨树主要的食叶害虫是杨小舟蛾和杨扇舟蛾（统称舟蛾类害虫）,这些食叶害虫经常将杨树的叶全部吃光,严重影响杨树的生长。对食叶害虫的防治,一般采用喷洒化学药物的方法进行,在很短时间内可把大面积严重发生的虫害控制下去,见效快、效果稳定。     

Repair and strengthening of timber cantilever beams

This research aims to study the feasibility of repair and strengthening of timber cantilever beams used in historic buildings. It is conducted to investigate the feasibility of using different valid materials and techniques to repair and strengthen timber cantilever beams in new and historic timber buildings. The study is performed in terms of structural performance as well as historic and architectural values. An experimental program of several different materials and techniques is executed. The results are driven in terms of initial cracking load, crack propagation for the tested samples at different loading stages, deflection values, and failure load for each repaired or strengthened material and technique. The main variables are timber types (new and historic), repair and strengthening materials (steel plates, Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer wrap, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer laminates), repair or strengthening techniques (near surface mounted and externally bonded system), and cantilever length (1000 and 1250?mm). Test results indicated that using steel plates, glass fiber wrap, and carbon fiber laminates increases the value of failure loads and decreases the deflection at both; repaired and strengthened timber cantilever beams compared to control beams.     

竹大片刨花板对竹材生物学特性的适应性

以云南四种典型材用丛生竹（龙竹、甜龙竹、黄竹和油勒竹）宏观构造、组织结构、主要物理力学性质和化学组份等竹材主要生物学特性的研究分析结果为依据,提出了竹大片刨花板的结构、制板工艺和设备与原料竹材生物学特性之间应有的适应性关系。继而,通过实验室系列化试验和工厂试生产,确定了竹大片刨花板的应有性能和最佳工艺条件包括竹大片刨花的最佳质量指标及其最佳制备条件。     

Comparative Study in Chemical Character and Fatty acid Compositions of Masked Civet''''s Fat and Nutria''''s Oil

IntroductionMaskedciVet(Paguma18vata),Mammalia,Viverridae,ismainlydiStributedinShanxi,Sichuan,Tibet,Yunnanprovinces,etc..Itsmeatisdeliciousandhasspecialflavor.Itiseasytoberaisedartificially,withhighproduCtivity.Nutria(MyocasterCOypus),Rodentia,Capromyidae,originatedinArgentina,Chili,etc.insouthAmerica.Itisakindofherbivoresfur-bearer.itsartificialraisinghassuchmeritsasdurablefurandlowcostandhighproduCtivity.MaskedcivetandnutriahavehigheconomicvalueandwideprospeCtofutilization.Atpresen…     

自然保护区合作管理(共管)理论研究综述

自然保护区合作管理自20世纪80年代末期开始逐步兴起,在资源管理中被广泛使用。文章介绍了共管的含义、共管实施原则、分析框架和评价指标。从公共部门和私有部门的互动模式、集体行动类型的不同、政府和资源使用者的参与管理方式三个方面论述了共管的模式。分析了政府和社区在共管实施过程中的作用,指出共管仍面临着分权不够、合作中的文化障碍、组织类型简单和信息交流不充分、社区参与能力和认识能力不足等挑战。     

Chemical composition of wood and its connection with wood anatomy in Betula pubescens

ABSTRACT

The connection between chemical composition and anatomy of wood is poorly studied. Abiotic and biotic growth conditions affect the synthesis of structural compounds and the anatomy of wood at the same time as they affect growth. In this study, the wood chemical composition, and connections between wood chemistry and anatomy were studied in downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) grown on four growth sites possessing mineral and peat soils. Lignin, holocellulose, extractive and ash contents, and effective heating value were analysed and compared with libriform fibre double wall thickness and lumen diameter, vessel size and number, and ray and axial parenchyma numbers. Measured lignin and extractive contents were exceptionally high and holocellulose content low. Correlations between wood anatomy and effective heating value were partly different on different soils. Correlations between holocellulose and anatomy were the opposite of the correlations between other chemical compounds and anatomy. The significant correlations between chemical composition and anatomy were commonly opposite in trees grown on peat than in trees grown on mineral soil. Particularly, vessel characteristics and fibre wall thickness correlated significantly with wood chemistry in trees grown on mineral soil. The connections between wood anatomy and chemistry proved to be soil-dependent.     

用苯芴酮萃取分光法测定微量锗

本文探讨了用苯芴酮萃取分光法测定微量锗的实验条件和步骤．结果表明，用此法测定微量锗灵敏度高、操作简便、准确，是测定微量锗的较好方法．可用于对植物和食品中的微量锗进行检测．     

Spatial patterns of Douglas-fir and aspen forest expansion

Spatial patterns, rates, and density of encroaching forests into adjacent grasslands have important implications for long-term land use management and resource planning. This study examines the effects of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii) and aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration mechanisms on sucker and seedling spatial patterns, distance from adult trees, and density in encroaching forests. A total of 8,924 aspen suckers and 1,244 Douglas-fir seedlings were counted and mapped in 2,920 quadrats (5 m × 5 m) in 106 plots along a lower forest-grassland ecotone in the Centennial Valley, MT, USA. Sucker and seedling spatial patterns were analyzed using Morisita’s I index. Average sucker and seedling density per quadrat and distance from adult trees were estimated for each plot and compared between aspen-dominated plots and Douglas-fir-dominated plots using ANOVA tests. Aspen suckers were established in a clustered spatial pattern at a significantly higher density and a significantly shorter distance from the adult trees. In contrast, Douglas-fir seedlings were established in varying spatial patterns at a significantly lower density and a significantly greater distance from the adult trees. Forest encroachment into the adjacent grassland in the Centennial Valley is occurring in contrasting patterns and at varying rates and densities due to the difference in aspen and Douglas-fir regeneration mechanisms.     

气候因子对竹子生长的影响研究综述

竹子是集经济、生态和社会效益于一体的优良林种,是区域农村经济社会发展的重要资源和生态环境保护的重要屏障.温度、水分、光照、大气组分等的变化直接影响着竹子的生长发育和分布.该文从主要气候因子对竹子生物学特性、生态学特征及其分布和经济产出的影响研究现状进行了综述,提出了今后需要重点开展的相关研究内容.     

Modelling impacts of changes in carbon dioxide concentration,climate and nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration by European forests and forest soils

Changes in the Earth's atmosphere are expected to influence the growth, and therefore, carbon accumulation of European forests. We identify three major changes: (1) a rise in carbon dioxide concentration, (2) climate change, resulting in higher temperatures and changes in precipitation and (3) a decrease in nitrogen deposition. We adjusted and applied the hydrological model Watbal, the soil model SMART2 and the vegetation model SUMO2 to asses the effect of expected changes in the period 1990 up to 2070 on the carbon accumulation in trees and soils of 166 European forest plots. The models were parameterized using measured soil and vegetation parameters and site-specific changes in temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition. The carbon dioxide concentration was assumed to rise uniformly across Europe. The results were compared to a reference scenario consisting of a constant CO₂ concentration and deposition scenario. The temperature and precipitation scenario was a repetition of the period between 1960 and 1990. All scenarios were compared to the reference scenario for biomass growth and carbon sequestration for both the soil and the trees.     

我国湿地保护管理现状与优化对策

我国湿地资源在全球占据重要地位, 在我国生物多样性保护与社会经济可持续发展方面发挥着重要作用。在总结我国湿地保护管理现状的基础上, 文中指出我国湿地保护管理方面存在着责权不清、管理机构不健全且有重叠、将湿地划为未利用地以及制度与机制有待完善等问题, 提出了优化我国湿地保护管理体制的建议, 以期为湿地相关立法提供依据, 并进一步促进我国湿地保护管理水平的整体提升。