不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究

2000至2002年在田间条件下,研究3个不同类型专用小麦品种(强筋小麦皖麦38、中筋小麦扬麦10号和弱筋小麦宁麦9号)氮素吸收积累差异。试验结果表明,成熟期植株含氮率与子粒含氮率均以强筋小麦皖麦38最高,弱筋小麦宁麦9号最低。成熟期植株氮积累量为皖麦38最高,子粒氮积累量为扬麦10号最高。不同品种不同生育阶段吸收的氮素占一生总氮量的比例不同,弱筋小麦宁麦9号在出苗拔节期氮积累量占整个生育期中的比例较其它品种高,而强筋小麦皖麦38在开花成熟期较其它两个品种高。结果还表明,不同类型专用小麦品种每生产百公斤子粒所需吸收的氮量也不相同。     

小麦/玉米苗期磷累积量对介质供磷水平反应的差异

小麦和玉米苗期是磷素营养的关键期和敏感期,研究两种作物苗期对介质供磷反应,可为合理施用磷肥提供参考.试验设缺磷对照、低磷胁迫、中等磷胁迫和正常供磷(P2O5含量分别为0、0.05 mmol·L-1、0.3 mmol·L-1和0.5 mmol·L-1) 4种磷水平,选取小麦"小偃22号"、"兰考4号"和玉米"屯玉65号"、"户单4号"为指标作物,用营养液培养法研究小麦、玉米苗期磷累积量对介质不同供磷水平的反应差异.结果表明,不同介质供磷水平下,两种作物苗期磷累积量显著不同且因作物类型、基因型、器官及测定时期不同而异.总体而言,介质供磷后,苗期早期生长阶段(出苗后25 d以前),小麦的介质最佳供磷水平较玉米高;苗期后期(出苗后40～50 d),小麦和玉米最佳供磷水平一致.如果以低磷胁迫作为对比进行分析,玉米苗期整株磷累积量对介质供磷的敏感性比小麦强;从不同基因型来看:"兰考4号"对介质供磷的敏感性强于"小偃22号","屯玉65号"和"户单4号"基本一致.缺磷条件下小麦较玉米磷效率高,供磷条件下玉米较小麦高;但不同基因型间规律性较差.     

活化钙镁磷肥对不同磷效率基因型冬小麦生长及磷效率的影响

用土培方法研究了两种磷肥 (枸溶性钙镁磷肥CMP和水溶性磷肥过磷酸钙SSP)和两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂(无机矿物活化剂IA和有机活化剂OA)在石灰性土壤中对不同磷效率小麦苗期生长和基因型差异以及磷效率的影响。结果表明 ,SSP和CMP对不同磷效率基因型小麦生长的影响无显著差异 ,但对植株磷效率的影响效果明显不同。SSP可提高植株的磷吸收效率 ,CMP对提高植株的磷利用效率更有效。不同磷效率小麦生长的基因型差异在所有磷肥处理中均表现 ,但在CMP处理中的差异最大 ,不同溶解性磷肥品种可作为小麦磷效率基因型的鉴定材料。两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂对钙镁磷肥均有效 ,但作用大小和方向因小麦基因型不同而异 ,OA有利于磷高效基因型小麦的生长 ,IA对磷低效基因型小麦的生长则更加有利 ,其效果甚至超过水溶性磷肥。经IA处理的CMP能明显提高小麦植株的磷含量和吸磷量 ,并能显著增加土壤的有效磷含量     

pH和质地对土壤供硼影响的研究

取广东省花生主产区５种代表性土壤,在连续栽种的情况下,研究土壤ＰＨ和质地对花生植株硼的积累及土壤有效变化的影响,结果表明,随着苛种次次增加,土壤ＰＨ值呈显著上升趋势,而花生植株的硼积累最则呈显著下降趋势,二者表现出极显著负相关。土壤质地明显影响植株硼的积累量,不同粒级的土壤颗凿对花生各茬硼积累量的影响左异。土壤ＰＨ值和土衣效硼的相关不显著,而质地为有效硼表现正相关,并达到极显著水平。     

石灰性土壤上不同小麦基因型对施锌的反应

为比较石灰性土壤上面包型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)对施锌的反应,选择20种小麦基因型在温室中进行了土培试验。结果表明,在杨凌当地土壤有效锌含量水平(0.6 mg kg-1左右)下,施Zn对供试基因型小麦植株生长量均无明显影响,由于小麦根冠比主要受基因型控制,施锌对它的影响也很小。然而,供Zn显著提高了所有基因型小麦植株各部分的Zn含量和吸Zn量,根、茎、叶、籽粒中Zn含量增加幅度分别达0.22～3.22倍、0.26～2.82倍、0.10～3.84倍、0.10～0.84倍,整株吸Zn量均大幅度增加,幅度在28.8%～219.3%之间,平均增加104.8%。施Zn后不同基因型的Zn转运率有明显差异,范围在13.5%～90.2%之间,收获籽粒的6种基因型小麦对锌的转运率明显高于其它正处于抽穗期的基因型,表明灌浆期是Zn从根部向穗部转运的关键时期。施锌也显著提高了土壤有效锌含量。总之,对生长在有效锌含量不高的石灰性土壤上的小麦施锌是改善其营养品质的重要措施。     

小麦抗穗发芽酶反应生化标记选择法研究

以穗发芽抗性不同的小麦品种（系）及不同杂交组合的F2为试材，用邻苯二酚作底物进行多酚氧化酶生化染色标记，对小麦抗穗发芽酶反应标记选择法进行了研究。结果表明，种子染色标记的最佳条件是：0.125%的邻苯二酚溶液，在气温18~25℃条件下浸种10~15min，覆膜保湿酶反应4~6h，晒干后进行比色分级。对不同色级的种子进行抗穗发芽、酚酶活性鉴定，表明小麦穗发芽率与酶反应生化标记后的种子色级存在极显著的正相关，生化标记后颜色越深的材料越不抗穗发芽，不染色或染色浅的低酚酶活性种子则具有较强的抗穗发芽性。用该法成功选育出抗穗发芽小麦新品种宝麦8号（冀审麦2004012号）。     

垄作小麦群体的光分布特征及其对不同叶位叶片光合速率的影响

利用4个不同基因型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种(大穗型品种"烟辐188"和"淄麦12"、多穗型品种"济麦22"和"济麦20")对比研究了垄作和传统平作两种栽培方式对小麦群体内部光分布特征及其对不同叶位叶片光合速率的影响.结果表明:垄作栽培方式显著改善了小麦冠层内光的垂直分布状况,使冠层内不同垂直高度的光照强度显著高于传统平作,并显著提高了小麦冠层内不同叶位叶片的光合速率;垄作栽培能够显著降低多穗型小麦品种冠层温度,而对大穗型小麦品种作用不明显;垄作栽培方式能够显著提高多穗型小麦品种归一化植被指数(NDVI),明显改善小麦生长状况;垄作栽培方式可显著提高小麦的千粒重,增加穗粒数,使小麦的行优势得到充分发挥.垄作栽培方式更适合分蘖成穗率较高、群体相对较大的多穗型品种.     

冬小麦小花发育及结实特性对叶面喷硼的响应

【目的】硼是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素,与植物的细胞与功能、 花粉管发育伸长以及受精过程的正常进行有特殊作用。本研究通过小花发育后期叶面喷施硼肥,探讨硼肥对小麦小花发育及结实成粒的调控效应,以期为增加小麦穗粒数、 提高产量调控技术的研究提供参考。【方法】试验于2012~2014年在河南农业大学科教示范园区(3486N, 11359E)进行,以当前主推的半冬性品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,在拔节后25 d叶面喷施清水(对照S0)、 硼肥(硼砂Na2B4O710H2O,含硼11.3%,处理S1),观察记载不同小穗位小花发育的动态变化及形态特征,按常规考种法记载不同小穗位(基部、 中部和顶部)结实粒数、 每小穗结实粒数和每小穗不同花位结实粒数。【结果】喷硼处理麦穗基部、 中部小穗位的可孕小花小花数显著高于对照,其可孕小花的结实率较对照分别提高5.85%、 12.55%。进一步分析可知,喷硼处理抑制了基部和中部小穗小花的退化速率及可孕小花的败育速率,其中基部小穗位的小花退化速率降低7.47%,可孕小花败育速率降低20.07%; 中部小穗位小花的退化速率降低12.06%,可孕小花败育速率降低35%。然而,喷硼处理对顶部小穗位的小花退化速率和可孕花败育速率均无抑制作用。喷硼处理还可显著促进不同小穗位的不同花位小花结实,尤其对促进第4花位弱势小花成粒效果显著。【结论】在冬小麦小花退化高峰之前(拔节后25 d),采取叶面喷施硼肥,可明显降低基部小穗和中部小穗小花的退化速率与可孕小花的败育速率,从而提高单穗的可孕花结实率,最终获得较高的结实粒数。     

施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响

在低磷土壤条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,研究了施磷量对小麦物质生产和吸磷特性的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0～180.kg/hm2范围内,植株对磷的吸收量、吸收速率和磷的积累量随施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量108.kg/h2处理的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量和子粒产量最高。当施磷量超过108.kg/hm2时,相关物质生产指标则呈下降趋势,说明即使在缺磷土壤上,施磷量有其适宜值。小麦一生对磷的吸收存在两个高峰,出苗至越冬始期为第一个吸收高峰,拔节至孕穗期为第二个吸收高峰。植株磷素积累量的70%～75%是在拔节后吸收,表明拔节期施磷对满足小麦第二个吸磷高峰和磷的最大积累期需磷有重要意义。     

盆栽-自然土生长试验研究小麦对土壤中137Cs的吸收

利用环境放射性示踪剂盆栽模拟试验研究了2种小麦对不同活度水平的纯自然江西红壤中137Cs的吸收规律。结果表明,除林地土壤基本不含137Cs外,小麦植株中137Cs均有一定程度的积累,且小麦对137Cs的浓集能力(用转移系数TF表示)随土壤活度水平的提高而增强,大致为扬麦12号:草地(116.36)>水稻旱(47.22)>旱耕(27.33)>林地(几乎没有);扬麦158号:草地(194.92)>水稻旱(16.54)>旱耕(13.41)>林地(几乎没有)。小麦植株各组成部分137Cs积累量大致为:根>茎秆和籽粒外壳>籽粒。小麦吸收的137Cs对估算土壤侵蚀量有很大影响,可为今后示踪模型的修正提供依据。     

Screening of Wheat Genotypes for Boron Efficiency

Several sand culture and field experiments were conducted to screen out a number of Bangladeshi wheat varieties and advanced lines for boron (B) efficiency against Thai B efficient (‘Fang 60’) and inefficient (‘SW41’ and ‘E12’) varieties. Performances of wheat genotypes were evaluated with respect to flag leaf B concentration, pollen viability, grain set index, and grain yield. Wheat genotypes responded differently to boron deficiency. Pollen viability was found to be 67% in ‘Kanchan’, 35% in ‘Gourab’, 80% in ‘Sourav’, 90% in ‘Fang 60’, and 25% in ‘SW 41’ when B was not added. Pollen viability of all varieties was above 90% when B was applied. Based on grain set index and leaf B concentration, ‘Sourav’ was found to be the moderately B efficient variety. Thus, ‘Sourav’ can be regarded as a breeding material for development of new wheat varieties for tolerance to B deficiency.     

不同覆盖方式对小麦产量和土壤水热状况的影响

[目的]研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水热变化特征及春小麦产量的影响,为该地区选择蓄水保墒的覆盖材料及方法提供理论依据。[方法]试验以传统无覆盖平作为对照(CK),设置秸秆覆盖量SW1(1 500kg/hm2),SW2(3 000kg/hm2),SW3(4 500kg/hm2),全膜覆土穴播(FT),全膜垄作(RT),共6个处理。[结果]与CK相比,RT能提早小麦出苗时间,缩短生育期时间(103d),而SW3推迟小麦出苗,延缓了生殖生长(生育期124d);小麦苗期FT,RT处理对0—5cm土层增温效果显著,以RT处理增温显著,较CK增温3.97℃,拔节至成熟期FT,RT处理增温效果逐渐减弱,SW1,SW2及SW3处理在小麦苗期对0—5cm土层具有降温作用,拔节至成熟期表现为增温效应,SW3增温效果最好;小麦苗期FT,RT处理0—100cm土层土壤水分含量显著高于CK,SW1,SW2及SW3处理,小麦拔节至成熟期SW1,SW2及SW3处理0—100cm土层土壤含水分量高于其他处理,以SW3处理最高;FT,SW3处理增产效果最佳(FT,SW3SW2SW1RTCK),比CK增产46.23%,且SW3可以显著降低小麦生育期耗水量(18.53%),改善水分利用效率(67.67%)。[结论]秸秆覆盖SW3(4 500kg/hm2)可以改善土壤水热状况,减少小麦耗水量,增加水分利用效率,提高小麦产量,与全膜覆土穴播可能造成的白色污染相比,适宜在旱作小麦生产中应用和推广。     

硼肥用量对油菜产量与硼养分吸收的影响

以华油杂9号和中油杂12号为供试油菜品种,在鄂东油菜主产区布置田间试验,试验设置3个硼肥用量梯度,硼砂用量分别为0、3和12 kg/hm2,研究硼肥用量对两种油菜产量、干物质积累量和硼素积累量的影响。结果表明,土壤严重缺硼(有效硼含量为0.12 mg/kg)条件下,施硼显著提高油菜产量和地上部各部位生物量,促进硼素吸收,且其影响随着生育进程的推移而加大。试验条件下最佳硼肥(B含量11%)用量为3 kg/hm2,相比不施硼处理,华油杂9号和中油杂12号分别增产26.8%和38.4%。硼用量为3 kg/hm2时,华油杂9号和中油杂12号的硼肥相对利用率分别为32.2%和19.4%,硼用量进一步增加,利用率显著降低。两个油菜品种相比结果表明,不同品种油菜对硼的吸收利用能力及敏感程度不同,华油杂9号具有较强的吸收、利用硼的能力,而中油杂12号对缺硼更加敏感,增产幅度更显著。研究结果说明,在当前生产条件下,油菜施硼增产效果显著,但目前油菜生产中不施硼和推荐施硼量过大的现象同时存在,应根据实际情况进行调整。     

Influence of Levels and Methods of Boron Application on the Yield and Uptake of Boron by Cotton in a Calcareous Soil of Punjab

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of boron (B) application on yield and B uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in B-deficient calcareous soil of south-west Punjab. The treatments comprise six levels of soil-applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg B kg^?1soil) and two levels of foliar-applied B (0.1% and 0.2% borax and granubor solution) along with the common control (no B application). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with three replications. The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron. Among foliar-applied boron levels, 0.1% borax solution was better than 0.2% borax solution. Soil-applied boron was at par with foliar-applied boron. The efficiency of borax and granubor was found to be equal in both sources of boron. The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron. For the foliar method of B application, the mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton increased significantly over the control. The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application. Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81). The interaction of B application levels and sources was not significant for all studied traits. Regardless of B sources, B application had a significant effect on yield, yield attributes, and B uptake up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level for soil-applied B and 0.1% borax or granubor solution for foliar-applied B.     

IMPROVEMENT OF SCREENING FOR MANGANESE EFFICIENCY BY PRODUCING SEED WITH SIMILAR MANGANESE CONTENT IN DIFFERENT GENOTYPES AND GENETIC STOCKS

ABSTRACT

Genetic improvement of manganese efficiency of crops demands a precise bioassay that avoids the confounding effect of seed manganese on the bioassay for the trait, for a proper comparison of the genotypes the seed manganese content must be similar. Variation in seed manganese can be minimized by the addition of manganese to individual seeds to be planted providing the effect of seed manganese content on early growth and development for the chosen genotype has been determined. It was hypothesized that growing the plants as mono-culms in very small pots under subclinical manganese deficiency would limit grain yield and yield attribute among genotypes, resulting in seed with less variation in manganese content across genotypes. The effect on yield and components of soil fertility ranging from University of California (UC) potting mix, fortified with Osmocote, to 100% manganese-deficient calcareous sand from Wangary, South Australia (Psamment) was determined for 20 bread wheat genotypes and breeding lines. It was observed that a mix of 70% UC and 30% Calcareous Wangary sand from South Australia in small pots minimized variation in grain yield and its components (number of tillers, number of seeds/head, weight of seed) and also lowered variation in seed manganese content among wheat genotypes. This was confirmed in pots of 70/30 UC-sand mix for five bread wheat cultivars, Worrakatta, Barunga, Schomburg, Excalibur, and Frame. The pot results from three replicates were compared with field results for the same genotypes grown at five randomly selected wheat-growing areas in South Australia: Paskeville, Geranium, Minnipa, Nunji, and Cummins. The variation in seed manganese content across genotypes was much less in pot grown seed.

Aneuploid stocks (D-genome diosomic substitution lines) normally have highly variable seed size. Production of seed with similar manganese content was only feasible by growing the seed under multiple levels of soil manganese supply and after analysis selecting seeds with similar manganese content among the various manganese treatments. The effect of aneuploidy on seedling vigor, root growth, seed size and agronomic performance has been reported elsewhere. The effect on seed manganese content and the genetic analysis of micronutrient (manganese) efficiency were determined in the current study.     

不同硼水平对双低油菜华双4号产量和品质的影响

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种中油821(双高品种)为对照,通过盆栽试验研究了不同硼水平对甘蓝型双低油菜华双4号子粒产量和品质的影响。结果看出,两个油菜品种在缺硼条件下,施硼量从B 0.3 mg/kg增加到B 2.5 mg/kg时,单株角果数、每角粒数和子粒产量显著增加,但增加到B 5.0 mg/kg时,每株角果数、每角粒数和子粒产量显著降低,硼过量影响产量建成。在硼缺乏和硼过量条件下,华双4号的减产程度均高于中油821,表明双低优质油菜华双4号对缺硼和硼过量的反应较常规双高油菜中油821敏感。硼缺乏或过量时,两个品种子粒含油量和油酸含量均表现降低的趋势,而蛋白质含量呈增加趋势。本试验的结果表明,合理施用硼肥对子粒产量的影响大于对品质的影响,而高产优质品种华双4号更应注重硼肥的合理施用;我国栽培油菜的土壤有效硼的适宜浓度可以提高至B 1.0 mg/kg.但硼肥的安全施用应当控制在土壤有效硼含量为B 2.5 mg/kg以下。     

Zinc‐boron interaction effects in oilseed rape

The interaction effect of applied zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on early vegetative growth and uptake of Zn and B by two oilseed rape (canola) (Brassica napus L.) genotypes was investigated in a sand culture experiment under controlled environmental conditions. Two genotypes (Yickadee and Dunkeld) were grown at three Zn levels (0.05, 0.25, and 2.0 mg kg^‐1 soil) and two B levels (0.05 mg kg^‐1 soil and 0.5 mg kg^‐1 soil). Dunkeld produced significantly higher shoot and root dry matter than Yickadee at low Zn and low B supply indicating the superiority of Dunkeld over Yickadee for tolerance to both low Zn and low B supply. Chlorophyll content of fresh leaf tissue was increased significantly by an increase in Zn and B supply. Zinc deficiency enhanced B concentration in younger and older leaves. Boron concentration was higher in older leaves than in the younger leaves irrespective of B deficiency and sufficiency indicating immobility of B in two oilseed rape genotypes tested. Zinc concentration was higher in younger leaves than in the older leaves indicating mobility of Zn. An increased supply of Zn enhanced B uptake under high boron supply only. Zinc uptake in Dunkeld was enhanced significantly with an increased rate of B supply under high Zn supply, while the effect was not significant in Yickadee. Dunkeld proved to be more efficient in Zn and B uptake than Yickadee.     

北方麦区土壤有效磷阈值及小麦产量、籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施肥的响应

  【目的】  分析我国北方麦区不同土壤有效磷水平下,监控施肥后小麦籽粒产量与养分吸收利用变化,为保证减施磷肥后小麦的丰产、优质、绿色生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在我国北方麦区49个地点进行了田间试验。所有试验均设农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(RF)和监控无磷(RF-P) 3个处理,监控施肥的磷(P₂O₅)肥用量较农户施肥平均减少60 kg/hm2,相当于减少了46%。在小麦成熟期调查了土壤不同磷素水平下,小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒氮磷钾含量,并计算了磷素养分吸收利用率;在小麦收获期,采样测定土壤有效氮磷钾含量。  【结果】  当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg时,小麦产量最低,为5155 kg/hm2;当土壤有效磷在25～30 mg/kg时,产量达到最高,为7217 kg/hm2;有效磷过高并不能持续提高小麦产量,反而因穗数、千粒重低导致产量降低。土壤有效磷<15、15～20、20～25、25～30和>30 mg/kg时,监控施肥处理小麦产量与农户施肥处理相比差异虽然未达显著水平,但小麦的磷肥吸收效率与磷肥偏生产力平均分别为1.03和104.7 kg/kg,分别较农户处理显著提高了119.6%和112.2%,籽粒氮磷钾含量与农户施肥处理相比无显著差异。当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg,或速效钾达171和200 mg/kg、有效磷为15～20和>30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥小麦显著减产;但土壤速效钾为147和158 mg/kg、有效磷在20～25和25～30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥不减产。土壤有效磷含量越高,小麦籽粒平均氮含量越低、磷含量越高,籽粒平均钾含量在有效磷为20～25 mg/kg时达到最高。  【结论】  在北方麦区,过高的土壤有效磷含量有降低小麦氮素营养的风险,适当降低磷肥用量在保证产量的同时,还可大幅提高磷肥的利用率。土壤有效磷维持在20～30 mg/kg时,减施或不施磷肥依然可以实现小麦高产,但若速效钾>170 mg/kg时不施磷肥小麦有减产风险。因此,应基于对小麦目标产量、籽粒养分含量和土壤有效磷钾的监控,确定合理的磷肥用量,实现北方麦区化肥减施,小麦稳产提质增效和绿色生产。     

不同硼水平对双低油菜华双4号产量和品质的影响

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种中油821（双高品种）为对照,通过盆栽试验研究了不同硼水平对甘蓝型双低油菜华双4号籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果看出,两个油菜品种在缺硼条件下,施硼量从B 0.3 mg/kg增加到B 2.5 mg/kg时,单株角果数、每角粒数和籽粒产量显著增加,但增加到B 5.0 mg/kg时,每株角果数、每角粒数和籽粒产量显著降低,硼过量影响产量建成。在硼缺乏和硼过量条件下,华双4号的减产程度均高于中油821,表明双低优质油菜华双4号对缺硼和硼过量的反应较常规双高油菜中油821敏感。硼缺乏或过量时,两个品种籽粒含油量和油酸含量均表现降低的趋势,而蛋白质含量呈增加趋势。本试验的结果表明,合理施用硼肥对籽粒产量的影响大于对品质的影响,而高产优质品种更应注重硼肥的合理施用;我国栽培油菜的土壤有效硼的适宜浓度可以提高至B 1.0 mg/kg,但硼肥的安全施用应当控制在土壤有效硼含量为B 2.5 mg/kg以下。     

Quantification of the confounding effect of seed manganese content in screening for manganese efficiency in durum wheat (triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Whether due to the genotype or the environment of the mother plant, the nutrient content of seeds vary over a wide range; the amount of the nutrient contributes greatly to seedling vigor, especially on deficient soils and may result in major differences in grain yield. This effect has important implications for breeding programs. This paper examines the impact of seed manganese (Mn) on screening of durum wheats for tolerance to Mn‐deficient soils. Seed stocks with a range of Mn contents (0.4–2.4 μg seed^‐1) were produced, and the effect on expression of Mn efficiency measured as either relative yield or shoot Mn content for two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes differing in Mn efficiency. Both genotypes responded to seed Mn content in terms of enhanced root and shoot growth; there was no genotype by seed Mn interaction, so Mn provided in seed was utilized additively by both Mn‐efficient and Mn‐inefficient genotypes. Manganese efficiency, measured as relative yield, was a function of seed Mn content and varied from 40 to 70% in Hazar and 58 to 90% in Stojocri 2, in the same assay using seed of variable Mn content. From the response curves of yield vs. soil Mn added, the Mn required for 90% relative yield was determined for each level of seed Mn content. Seed Mn was regressed against the soil added Mn needed to obtain 90% of maximal growth at each level of seed Mn content (a total of 8 levels) for each of two genotypes. There was an inverse linear relationship between the amount of soil Mn and seed Mn needed for each genotype. Using the Mn‐efficient genotype with high seed Mn content, the soil Mn needed to obtain 90% growth was nil, while inefficient genotypes with low Mn content required 75 mg Mn kg^‐1 soil to produce the same relative yield. This relationship can be used to adjust the levels of soil applied Mn to be used in a pot bioassay when seeds have a certain Mn content, so as to maintain the screening at an optimal overall level of Mn stress.