鼎城区2012年中晚稻稻飞虱大发生的原因和防治对策探讨

2012年鼎城区中、晚稻稻飞虱大发生,其原因与迁入量大、气候条件适宜、超级稻大面积种植、天敌控制能力下降、稻飞虱抗药性增强、防治方法不当等因素有关.生产上制定了农业防治、生物防治、物理防治、化学防治等防治对策.     

稻鸭共作系统中稻飞虱及主要捕食性天敌类群之间的关系

 以生态位理论为依据,研究了施用化肥（化肥区）、稻鸭共作（稻鸭区）和无化肥农药（对照区）3个处理区中稻飞虱与主要捕食性天敌类群的数量及消长动态、时间生态位特征,并进行了灰色关联度分析。结果表明,3个处理区稻飞虱与主要捕食性天敌类群的数量、时序特征、时间生态位宽度与重叠指数等均存在不同程度的差别。稻鸭共作使稻飞虱发生高峰期的数量、主要捕食性天敌总量降低,与化肥区、对照区相比,益害比分别下降了172%和2614%;与化肥区相比,稻鸭区除瓢虫外,其他捕食性天敌类群的生态位宽度均降低214%~3577%,多数天敌之间如肖蛸与隐翅虫、园蛛与瓢虫等的生态位重叠度增加,但瓢虫、球蛛对稻飞虱的跟随效应和控制潜能加大,一定程度上弥补了天敌数量减少、对稻飞虱影响减弱等不足,使得晚稻整个观测期内稻飞虱的总数比化肥区下降2370%。不同稻作模式、不同类型的捕食性天敌与稻飞虱的关联性不同,稻鸭区中瓢虫、狼蛛和球蛛对稻飞虱影响较大。     

天敌对稻飞虱的控制作用及其种群田间消长规律

针对目前辽宁省稻飞虱发生频繁、为害严重等现状,通过调查研究摸清稻飞虱不同种类的危害发生规律,以及稻飞虱天敌种类及其田间消长规律。这些调查研究,可为通过生态调节增强稻田天敌的作用和控制稻飞虱的为害提供理论和实践指导,从而控制或减少稻飞虱的暴发。     

稻田生态调控防控害虫效果及其对蜘蛛群落的影响

害虫生态调控是近年来备受关注的有害生物防控策略,针对北方稻田主要害虫实施了几项害虫生态调控措施,通过定期调查主要害虫稻飞虱种群数量、二化螟为害的白穗发生情况以及稻田蜘蛛种类与数量情况,评价了该技术的控害效果及对天敌蜘蛛群落组成的影响,结果表明,害虫生态调控对稻飞虱和二化螟的控制效果与常规施药对照田相当,差异不显著,对稻田蜘蛛的保护和利用效果明显,调控田蜘蛛总数量（1 629头）显著高于对照田（1 309头）。     

稻飞虱天敌种类与利用

稻飞虱是水稻一大害虫,几十年来的防治研究,除增加用药量和用药次数外,很少在稻飞虱天敌种类调查和利用方面做研究,较准确地预测稻飞虱的发生期和发生量,较有效地控制稻飞虱的发生和为害。为此,对稻飞虱的天敌种类:寄生性天敌和捕食性天敌种类和数量的调查,很有必要,能给稻飞虱的防治,提供较为合理的意见,减少用药次数,最大限度发挥稻飞虱天敌的防治作用。所以近2ａ来,采用系统定田观察和大田普查相结合的办法,对漳州市晚季稻飞虱的卵期、成、若虫期的天敌种类进行调查,获得初步结果,现将调查资料整理归纳如下:1　稻飞虱天敌类根据调查结果,…     

2010年三明市水稻病虫害发生特点浅析

总结了2010年三明市水稻病虫害发生情况:稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟在单季稻田发生较重;由稻飞虱为害传毒的南方黑条矮缩病和锯齿叶矮缩病两种水稻病毒病在三明市单季稻、连晚和烟后稻上暴发成灾.提出监测稻飞虱迁入峰,采取"治虱防病"尤其是秧苗期治稻飞虱防病,能有效减轻水稻病毒病发生.     

有机水稻病虫草害防控措施应用效果初步观察

有机水稻的生产过程中对病虫害应提倡容忍,尽量少使用或不使用生物农药,不能使用化学合成农药。通过一年的实践,采用稻田多次翻耕、人工除草、使用性诱剂及杀虫灯、合理利用诱集植物、适时放水晒田、合理使用生物农药等多种技术手段后,在一季晚稻拔节孕穗期时,有机水稻的各个品种二化螟、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、纹枯病的发生为害程度与常规防治区均无显著差异,只有杂草防控方面比常规防治略差。在一季晚稻抽穗扬花期时,有机水稻的各个品种二化螟、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、杂草的发生为害程度与常规防治区均无显著差异,且纹枯病的发生为害程度比常规防治还轻。     

山东滨州市抗虫棉田病虫草害全程控制技术

滨州市常年棉花种植面积在 1 3万公顷左右。目前该市种植的主要棉花品种为抗虫棉。近几年 ,棉田棉铃虫为害逐渐减轻 ,但一些次要害虫的为害呈上升趋势 ,病害、草害的发生也日趋加重 ,给棉花生产造成严重的损失。为控制棉田病虫草害的发生为害 ,提出如下全程控制技术。首先要贯彻“预防为主、综合防治”的植保工作方针 ,充分运用农业和生物防治措施 ,发挥自然天敌在控制病虫害中的作用 ,减少农田化学农药的使用量 ,保护生态环境 ,提高棉花的产量和品质。1播种期 -苗期主要病虫草害有苗病、苗蚜、杂草、地下害虫等。1 .1农业措施1 .1 .1选用抗…     

Ⅱ优3301在宁化县作烟后稻的病虫发生特点与防控对策

Ⅱ优3301在宁化县作烟后稻高产栽培,稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟及由白背飞虱传毒的南方黑条矮缩病发生为害较为突出。文章总结了几种主要病虫发生特点,提出了以农业防治为主,化学防治为辅的病虫防控对策。     

稻鸭共育对超级稻田稻飞虱控制和蜘蛛种群数量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了稻鸭共育对稻田稻飞虱控制和蜘蛛种群数量的影响,并进行了经济效益分析。结果表明,稻鸭共育对稻田稻飞虱和天敌蜘蛛数量具有较大影响。与不养鸭的稻田相比,稻鸭共育后20d和50d,稻飞虱数量减少45．93％和66．83％;稻鸭共育还增加了稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛的数量,稻鸭共育田平均每百丛稻的蜘蛛数量分别是不养鸭稻田的1．59和1．60倍。此外,稻鸭共育还提高了稻田经济效益,稻鸭共育田比对照田经济收入要高22％。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.