半干旱区坡耕地大豆抗旱保水技术集成模式对产量的影响

根据黑龙江省西部半干旱区的资源、环境及灾害特点,选取了坐水播种和苗期补灌2种抗旱节水技术和垄向区田保水技术,在甘南县国家863试验基地研究了该3项技术集成的增产效应,从增产角度提出了适合于黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地的抗旱保水技术集成模式。     

3YD系列移动滴灌系统的使用

龙江县地处黑龙江省西部半干旱区,是以种植业为支柱产业的国家商品粮大县。然而,由于地理和气候的原因,干旱一直是制约该地区农业和农村经济发展的“瓶颈”。特别是进入20世纪80年代以来,龙江县境内除了少见的特殊年份外,降雨量严重趋减,年平均降雨量不足400mm,     

干旱胁迫对辽西半干旱区玉米生长和产量的影响

以玉米丹玉77为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对辽西半干旱区玉米不同生育期作物生长、产量和水分利用效率等的影响.结果表明,各生育期干旱处理均不利于玉米生长和产量形成;且随着干旱程度增大,作物生长受抑加重,减产加剧;苗期、拔节期和抽穗期玉米生长和最终产量较容易受干旱影响,而灌浆期受旱影响相对较小;苗期轻旱处理下水分利用效率(WUE)高于对照处理,但其他处理WUE均降低,且随着干旱的加重而减小.因此,在研究区当水资源难以得到保证时,建议在玉米苗期轻旱控制或灌浆期干旱胁迫,避免拔节期和抽穗期受旱.     

黑龙江省西部地区旱田土壤水分盈亏变化规律研究

针对黑龙江省西部半干旱区的气候特点,以10个市县0~30、30~50和0~50 cm三个土层土壤多年平均蓄水量为研究对象,从研究该地区旱田土壤水分盈亏的宏观变化规律出发,在多年多点资料的基础上,分析研究了黑龙江省西部地区旱田土壤水分盈亏的时空变化规律,以期为有关部门提供客观可靠的理论分析依据。     

中国不同气候区模拟土壤含水量的时空特征分析

基于水文模型（VIC）模拟的1951~2010年逐日土壤含水量数据,分析了全国土壤含水量的空间分布特征及不同气候区土壤含水量年内变化规律、持续性特征和年际变化趋势。结果表明：1）空间分布上,全国土壤含水量由西北向东南递增,与降水分布较一致;2）年内变化上,湿润区季节变化最大,半干旱区次之,干旱区不明显;3）持续性上,干旱区最强,半干旱区次之,湿润区最弱,且各气候区深层土壤含水量持续性比浅层强;4）年际变化趋势上,干旱区呈增加趋势,半干旱区呈先增后减趋势,而湿润区变化不显著。不同气候区土壤含水量的时空特征对干旱指标选取和干旱特征分析有十分重要的意义。     

全方位移动节水滴灌系统研制成功

最近,黑龙江省龙江县农机科技人员研制和开发出“全方位移动节水滴灌系统”获得国家实用新型专利。它的开发和推广是干旱、半干旱区抗御旱灾的新突破。     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区土壤水分入渗规律及其模拟研究

黑龙江省西部半干旱区为我国重要的粮食生产基地,为了摸清该区降雨入渗规律,以增加降雨入渗,提高降雨利用率,减少水土流失。采用人工降雨的方法,在黑龙江省甘南县国家863试验基地进行了土壤水分入渗性能研究。在此基础上,分别采用Horton、Philip和Kostiakov入渗公式对该区的降雨入渗进行了模拟,探讨了入渗公式在该区的适用性。结果表明,3个模型在黑龙江省西部半干旱区的适用性依次为Kostiakov、Horton和Philip。同时说明Kostiakov入渗公式尽管从模型结构分析来看,不符合垂直入渗条件,但对该区降雨条件下的入渗规律模拟较为准确。     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区土壤水分人渗规律及其模拟研究

黑龙江省西部半干旱区为我国重要的粮食生产基地,为了摸清该区降雨入渗规律,以增加降雨入渗,提高降雨利用率,减少水土流失.采用人工降雨的方法,在黑龙江省甘南县国家863试验基地进行了土壤水分入渗性能研究.在此基础上,分别采用Horton、Phliip和Kostiakov入渗公式对该区的降雨入渗进行了模拟,探讨了入渗公式在该区的适用性.结果表明,3个模型在黑龙江省西部半干旱区的适用性依次为Kostiakov、Horton和Philip.同时说明Kostiakov入渗公式尽管从模型结构分析来看,不符合垂直入渗条件,但对该区降雨条件下的入渗规律模拟较为准确.     

吉林风沙干旱区保护性耕作主推技术模式

正吉林省西部风沙干旱半干旱区幅员面积大,耕地面积多,该区域积温、光照、无霜期相对充足,但降水偏少,土壤贫瘠,风沙扬尘现象突出,土壤沙化、碱化和风蚀日趋严重,严重制约当地农业生产发展。因此,建立技术路线明晰、技术流程简洁、技术模式易学易用的保护性耕作推广理念和原则,是吉林省保护性耕作面积稳步扩大和快速高质量发展的要求。基于此,在充分凝练相关专家学者思想、认真总结15年来各地实践经验,特别是典型风沙干旱区双辽市成功经验的基础上,     

黑龙江省旱区保护性耕作技术模式及配套机具

阐述了保护性耕作的含义、目的以及在黑龙江省实施保护性耕作的重要性;提出了平原易旱区、丘陵漫岗区、西部干旱区以及盐碱、脊薄区4种不同旱区耕作技术模式;制定了具体的耕作方案,确定了相应的配套机具。     

东北半干旱抗旱灌溉区有限供水对大豆水分利用效率的影响研究

东北半干旱区是我国北方旱农地区的重要组成部分,多数地区没有灌溉水源。降水量少,时空分布不均,春风大,蒸发强,春旱已成为制约本区农业生产的主要因素。为了探索适合于东北半干旱区的农业抗旱节水技术集成模式,针对本区的资源环境和灾害特点等,选取了坐水播种和苗期补灌技术,结合盆栽试验,在坐水播种和苗期补水条件下研究了不同的供水处理对大豆的生长发育及其水分利用效率的影响,提出了水分利用效率的最佳供水模式。     

东北半干旱区大豆抗旱灌溉最佳供水模式的盆栽试验研究

东北半干旱区是我国北方旱农地区的重要组成部分,多数地区没有灌溉水源。从气候条件来看,由于本区降水量少,年变化和季节变化大,春季多大风,蒸发强烈,春旱十分严重,已成为制约本区农业生产的主要因素。本研究针对本区的资源环境和灾害特点等,选取了坐水播种和苗期补灌技术,并进行了盆栽试验研究,提出了坐水、补水条件下的产量最佳供水模式,旨在探索适合于东北半干旱区的农业抗旱节水技术集成模式。     

Water resources and water use efficiency in the North China Plain: Current status and agronomic management options

Serious water deficits and deteriorating environmental quality are threatening agricultural sustainability in the North China Plain (NCP). This paper addresses spatial and temporal availability of water resources in the NCP, identifies the effects of soil management, irrigation timing and amounts, and crop genetic improvement on water use efficiency (WUE), and then discusses knowledge gaps and research priorities to further improve WUE. Enhanced irrigation and soil nutrient (mainly nitrogen) management are the focal issues in the NCP for enhancing WUE, which are shown to increase WUE by 10-25% in a wheat-maize double cropping system. Crop breeding has also contributed to increased of WUE and is expected to play an important role in the future as genetic and environmental interactions are understood better. Agricultural system models and remote sensing have been used to evaluate and improve current agronomic management practices for increasing WUE at field and regional scales. The low WUE in farmer's fields compared with well-managed experimental sites indicates that more efforts are needed to transfer water-saving technologies to the farmers. We also identified several knowledge gaps for further increasing WUE in the NCP by: (1) increasing scientific understanding of the effects of agronomic management on WUE across various soil and climate conditions; (2) quantifying the interaction between soil water and nitrogen in water-limited agriculture for improving both water and nitrogen-use efficiency; (3) improving irrigation practices (timing and amounts) based on real-time monitoring of water status in soil-crop systems; and (4) maximizing regional WUE by managing water resources and allocation at regional scales.     

1957-2017年京津冀主要作物水分利用效率及节水潜力分析

水资源短缺以及农业用水效率不高制约着京津冀一体化国家战略的实施。【目的】提高主要作物水分利用效率,缓解京津冀地区农业水资源矛盾。【方法】基于FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及有效降水计算公式估算了1957-2017年京津冀地区冬小麦、夏玉米的耗水量及水分利用效率以及冬小麦、夏玉米的节水潜力。【结果】冬小麦、夏玉米水分利用效率呈逐年线性增长趋势。冬小麦、夏玉米水分利用效率仍有20%~30%的提升空间,在产量不变的前提下,京津冀地区可节约水量43.6亿~60.4亿m^3。冬小麦节水潜力高于夏玉米。【结论】可通过改善土壤条件,优化灌溉管理以及秸秆覆盖等措施提高冬小麦及夏玉米的水分利用效率。     

宁夏中部干旱区油葵畦灌优化灌溉制度研究

基于田间试验,分析了水平畦灌条件下不同灌溉制度对土壤水分、油葵生长生理指标、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,油葵生育期内灌溉计划湿润层为0～40cm时,可满足其水分需求;在2012年生长季降雨量较大(247mm)的情况下,较低灌水定额对作物的生长生理指标并无显著负面影响;丰水年宁夏中部干旱带油葵畦灌的优化灌溉制度为灌水4次,每次灌水定额600m3/hm2,在保证产量的基础上,作物耗水量可降低20%以上,WUE提高约20%。     

Effect of water and fertilizer coupling optimization test on water use efficiency of rice in black soil regions

How to improve the water use efficiency of rice in black soil regions was studied. The black soil region in paddy fields was chosen as the research object. The research showed the fertilizer coupling mathematical model with N,P,K, irrigation water (W) and water use efficiency(WUE), which was set up under the condition of controlled irrigation with quadratic D-416 optimized saturation design. The results showed that the decending order of single factor′s influence on the WUE was N,K,P,W. All the interactions between N＆P, N＆K, N＆W, K＆P, P＆W and K＆W on the WUE were raised initially, and when they reached a certain value, it began to decline. The decending order of each interaction on the WUE was K＆P,K＆W,N＆K,N＆P,P＆W,N＆W. When the WUE was targeted within 18-25 kg／km3, an optimized proportion plan was obtained in the 95％ confidence interval, i.e. N 8776-10332 kg／hm2,K2O 5237-6653 kg／hm2 and P2O5 3680-4671 kg／hm2. Furthermore, the late tillering of the soil moisture content was 7007％-7257％ of the saturated moisture content.     

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) water use efficiency as affected by harvest traffic and soil compaction in a sandy loam soil

Summary Traffic during alfalfa harvest operations can cause soil compaction and damage to newly growing stems. Root exploration for soil water and nutrients, forage growth dynamics, and final yield can all be affected. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term effects of harvest traffic and soil compaction on water-use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa grown in a Wasco sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Torriorthents). Alfalfa was planted into tilled soil and managed with or without harvest traffic. Plants subjected to traffic during harvest had a significantly lower WUE two out of the three years studied compared to plants that were never subject to traffic. The second experiment examined whether planting alfalfa into compacted soil and managed with or without harvest traffic altered WUE. Soil compaction had no affect on alfalfa WUE. It was significantly lower when grown in compacted soil and subjected to harvest traffic. It is suggested that the decrease in WUE caused by harvest traffic may be explained by plants allocating carbohydrates to damaged shoots and crowns instead of to above ground forage production. The area of the field affected by harvest traffic, which damages newly growing stems, should be minimized to increase crop water use efficiency.     

黑龙江西部玉米调亏灌溉的节水增产效应

采取测筒试验,对玉米单生育阶段、连续生育阶段和全生育期进行不同程度的水分亏缺处理,研究了调亏灌溉对玉米耗水量、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:就单生育阶段调亏而言,产量和耗水量之间呈开口向下的二次抛物线关系,苗期中度水分亏缺(水分控制上限为60%)为最佳的灌水处理模式,玉米产量和水分利用效率分别提高了1.23%和11.95%;连续生育阶段和全生育期调亏均对作物的产量有不利影响;全生育期充分灌溉时的产量最高,但水分利用效率较低。     

冬小麦节水耐旱系数研究

抗旱系数在品种的抗旱筛选中有较为广泛的应用。在抗旱系数的基础上加入水分利用效率因子,得到了作物节水耐旱系数(WSDT)。由于考虑了作物耗水量和水分利用效率,WSDT能够表征作物的受旱程度,体现作物对土壤水分的利用能力。利用2007~2008年桓台863计划项目区冬小麦试验资料,对4个小麦品种的抗旱性能进行了评价,并与抗旱系数评价结果进行了比较,WSDT结果更合理,可以在作物抗旱品种筛选中应用。