基于机器视觉的苹果大小自动分级方法

介绍了采用机器视觉的苹果大小自动分级方法,利用CCD摄像机获取苹果的样本图像,应用MATLAB软件编程实现了对样本图像的背景去除、二值化、图像平滑、特征量提取和图像标定等处理,参照苹果分级的国家标准完成了苹果自动分级.试验表明,此方法分级精度高,且速度快.     

基于图像处理的蜜柑大小自动分级方法

文章介绍了采用图像处理技术进行蜜柑大小自动分级的方法,利用CCD摄像机获取蜜柑的样本图像,应用MATLAB软件实现对样本图像的背景去除、二值化、图像平滑、特征量提取和图像标定等处理,参照蜜柑分级的国家标准完成蜜柑自动分级。经试验验证表明,此方法分级精度高、速度快。     

基于图像残差的摄像机标定精度比较

为了选择较好的摄像机标定方法,采用Bouguet和张正友的标定方法分别进行了摄像机标定,以图像残差作为精度评估标准对两种方法的标定结果比较.实际实验表明:Bouguet方法的标定精度随着标定图片数量的变化而发生变化,在使用5张图片时,标定精度最高;在同等条件下与张正友方法进行比较,Bouguet方法标定精度更高.标定精度比较结果为实际应用中的摄像机标定方法选择、标定精度评价方法和具体标定试验中图像数量的选择等提供了重要的参考.     

农作物无损检测的机器视觉系统标定方法研究

基于机器视觉的无损检测是植物生长建模的关键技术之一,对图像采集系统进行标定是实现无损检测的基本步骤.目前,摄像机标定的方法有传统标定方法、主动视觉标定法、自标定方法等.为此,对现有标定方法分别进行了讨论与比较,结果表明,传统线性标定法可以满足农作物无损检测的要求.     

基于混合蛙跳优化的采摘机器人相机标定方法

针对采摘机器人领域传统的张正友相机标定方法存在对相机模型参数初值敏感和标定结果不稳定等问题,提出一种基于改进混合蛙跳和LM算法的相机标定方法。该方法把相机标定划分为两步:(1)以混合蛙跳优化为工具,求出相机模型参数的初始值,避免传统张正友相机标定方法直接求取相机模型的参数初值所带来的初值敏感问题。(2)以改进LM算法对第1步求出的相机模型参数初值进行非线性优化求精,避免张正友相机标定方法须求取相机模型优化参数的雅可比矩阵,从而导致标定结果不稳定的问题。采用Open CV编写采摘机器人双目视觉标定系统,分别对传统张正友相机标定方法、基于遗传算法的相机标定方法、基于标准混合蛙跳算法的相机标定方法和本文相机标定方法进行相机标定试验。试验结果表明:本文相机标定方法所获得的左相机焦距的绝对误差为0. 065～0. 506 mm、相对误差为1. 899%～12. 652%,平面靶标图像特征点的平均像素误差为0. 166～0. 175像素;右相机焦距的绝对误差为0. 083～0. 360 mm、相对误差为2. 429%～11. 484%,平面靶标图像特征点的平均像素误差为0. 103～0. 114像素;双目相机之间距离的绝对误差为1. 866～2. 789 mm、相对误差为3. 209%～4. 874%。以上参数精度及收敛速度和稳定性均优于其他相机标定方法,从而验证了该方法所获得的相机标定参数具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

基于双目视觉技术的猪生长监测系统标定模

针对养猪生产中对猪体生长监测的需求,设计了基于双目视觉的猪生长监测系统的软、硬件,实现了基于非线性摄像机模型双目视觉系统的标定算法.根据摄像机成像原理建立了基于最小二乘法的空间点坐标检测算法.利用标定和检测算法,从标定板图像数目、标定板位置、旋转角度3个方面对系统的标定模式进行了研究.结果表明:利用19幅以上标定板图像能够得到稳定的标定结果;不同位置的标定板图像对检测精度影响较大,应当在全视场内采集标定板图像;标定板的旋转角度对检测精度影响不明显,但是旋转角度增大不利于标定点的完全提取.     

张正友法的摄像机标定试验

针对机器视觉领域的摄像机标定问题,采用介于自标定与传统标定之间张正友法,对Sunway-130D数字摄像机进行标定。本研究首先阐述张正友法标定原理,即利用针孔模型匹配模板平面与其所成图像中的角点,计算出图像和模板之间的单应性矩阵,利用该单应矩阵线性解出摄像机内部参数,并由单应矩阵求出理想成像模型下的摄像机外部参数。然后考虑非线性畸变因素,求出畸变系数的初始值,最后对所有的标定参数进行迭代修正,通过非线性优化得到所有标定参数的最优解。制作模板并采集模板图像,利用MATLAB提取模板图像角点坐标并进行标定。结果表明:该方法可以有效地对摄像机进行标定;绝大多数偏差在(-1.5,1.5)像素之间,个别偏差超过1.5个像素,达到像素级精度,有较高标定精度。研究结果为进一步研究农业机械机器人奠定基础。     

基于小波分解的纹理分割的农机化应用研究

农业机械自动导航是农业自动化的重要标志之一,其中图像分割技术已成为农业机械导航的重要环节.为此,根据已收割和未收割的农作物图像具有不同纹理特征的性质,采用小波分解方法,对农作物图像的自动分割进行了大量实验研究,并且与纹理分割常用的Laws能量特征法进行了实验效果和运行效率对比.理论分析和实验结果均表明:基于小波分解的纹理分割方法,完全适用于农业机械导航中的农作物图像自动分割.     

基于机器视觉的零件尺寸测量装置的设计

文章提出了基于机器视觉的测量方式,主要测量工件的面积、周长和边长等数据。测量采用固定装置,标定采用传统标定法。硬件系统采用了USB接口的工业相机。软件主要对图像进行了预处理,预处理为图像的切割、灰度化、滤波。     

基于机器视觉的精播排种器性能检测方法

介绍了采用机器视觉的精播排种器性能检测方法:通过CCD摄像机直接拍摄动态种子流,对获取的样本进行背景去除、二值化、图像平滑、特征量提取、图像标定等处理;构造了基于排种时间序列的型孔种子数频数统计方法,计算出排种器性能指标.试验表明,此方法检测误差小、速度快.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。