植物对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应及其研究进展

通过对干旱胁迫下植物生理代谢各项指标的分析,综述了干旱胁迫对植物生长与抗逆生理的影响,讨论了植物应对干旱环境刺激或逆境的适应及抵御机制,以期为作物逆境生物学研究提供参考依据.     

Grain quality traits of commercial durum wheat varieties and their relationships with drought stress and glutenins composition

Durum wheat is an important crop widely distributed which grain is used in the elaboration of diverse food products. Most notably, durum wheat is used for the production of high quality pasta all around the world, but also for bread, couscous or bulgur, among other products. The end-use quality of these products is heavily determined by the grain quality characteristics, which depend on the wheat variety cultivated, the environmental effects and GxE interactions. The present study was conducted using a collection of 46 commercial durum wheat varieties to describe the phenotypic variation of the main target traits determining wheat quality, ascertain the effects of drought stress (very common in durum areas) on grain quality traits, and to assess the relationship between allelic variations of glutenins composition and gluten properties. Overall the varieties from Australia, USA and Italy showed the best performance in terms of grain quality. Additionally, the effects of drought stress on grain quality traits were analyzed: some traits were favored due to a higher protein concentration but others, such as flour yellowness were not affected by drought stress. The analysis of the varieties' glutenins composition showed the positive or negative effect of some alleles on different quality traits.     

耐旱和低氮胁迫玉米种质筛选技术

耐旱和低氮胁迫玉米种质的筛选是提高产量、保护自然资源及实现农业可持续发展的重要手段.本文总结了国际玉米小麦研究中心在此方面的经验,便于我们借鉴.     

Influence of the soil physical environment on rice (Oryza sativa L.) response to drought stress and its implications for drought research

Plant performance under drought stress is not solely defined by an inadequate water supply but by an interaction among many factors, including climatic, edaphic, and biological factors. An important interacting factor affecting root growth, and therefore the ability of a plant to access and take up water, is the soil physical environment. Soil penetration resistance can restrict, or even halt, root system growth. For rice, a soil penetration resistance of 1.4 MPa is sufficient to inhibit root system expansion. This review describes the effects of the soil physical environment on root growth and its interaction with drought stress. A large variation in soil penetration resistance exists among rainfed rice-growing areas of South and Southeast Asia and within experimental stations used for managed-drought field phenotyping. This variability may influence genotypic performance across experimental sites/countries and the response of crop genotypes to drought stress. A case study is presented in which differences in the soil physical environment may partially elucidate differences in experimental results between two field studies conducted at different locations. These results highlight the need for increased knowledge of environmental interactions to allow the outputs of genomics to increase drought tolerance at the field level.     

Photosynthetic response and nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane under drought stress conditions with different nitrogen application levels

Drought stress which often occurs during early growth stage is one constraint in sugarcane production. In this study, the response of sugarcane to drought and nitrogen application for physiological and agronomical characteristics was investigated. Two water regimes (well-watered and drought stress from 60 to 120 day after transplanting) and four nitrogen levels (0, 4.4, 8.8 and 13.2 g pot^?1 equivalent to 0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha^?1, respectively) were assigned in a Split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that photosynthetic responses to light intensity and intercellular CO₂ concentrations of sugarcane were different between fertilized and non-fertilized treatments. Photosynthetic rates of 180 and 270 N treatments, normally, were significantly higher than that of 90 N, but not significant at drought conditions. Photosynthetic rates of 0 N treatment were the lowest under both conditions. Higher nitrogen application supported higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content because of higher nitrogen concentration accumulated into the leaf. Drought significantly reduced the potential photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, SPAD, leaf area, and biomass production. Higher nitrogen applications with larger root system could support higher photosynthetic activities to accumulate more dry mass. Strong positive coefficient between photosynthetic and biomass nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerance index may suggest that higher nitrogen use efficiency could help plants have higher ability to tolerate drought stress.     

The influence of drought and heat stress on the expression of end-use quality parameters of common wheat

The effects of drought and heat stress on quality parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars were studied under field conditions in a 2-year trial (2009–2010) in northwest Mexico. Under no stress conditions, rapid small-scale parameters [protein (GP; FP) content, SDS sedimentation (SDSS), mixograph peak time (MPT), swelling index of glutenin (SIG), and lactic acid retention capacity (LARC)] showed significant relationship with gluten strength (alveograph energy, W) and bread loaf volume (LV). SIG and LARC were better than SDSS and MPT for predicting W, while SDSS was better than W and SIG for predicting bread LV. Most quality traits were primarily controlled by genotype (G), although environment (E) and G × E also had significant effects. Heat and drought stress showed contrasting effects on LARC, MPT, alveograph parameters [tenacity (P), extensibility (L), P/L ratio, W] and LV. Increase in P and decrease in L resulted in higher tenacity (larger P/L), which may explain the smaller loaf volume under drought stress. In contrast, decrease in P and increase in L, may explain the improved bread volume observed under heat stress. It is advisable to select for wheat quality under both favorable and abiotic stress conditions to identify genotypes with quality stability across environments.     

干旱胁迫对芝麻生长与产量性状的影响及其抗旱性综合评价

利用盆栽法在苗期和花期对5个芝麻品种进行10d的干旱胁迫处理,测定了苗期胁迫处理后17个生长相关性状指标和苗期、花期胁迫处理后的13个产量性状指标。结果表明:(1)苗期干旱胁迫处理使芝麻植株生长速率减缓,根系发育缓慢,叶片数量减少,叶片变小,株高变矮,生物量降低,严重影响芝麻的生长发育;(2)花期干旱胁迫处理后除千粒重之外的其他产量性状指标值均低于苗期处理,花期干旱胁迫对芝麻的影响大于苗期,苗期处理对芝麻株高、蒴果数和蒴果大小等性状影响较小,对千粒重和单株种子干重等影响较大,而花期处理对芝麻株高、蒴果大小、每蒴粒数、单株种子干重和根系干重等性状影响较大;(3)不同基因型品种间对干旱胁迫的反应存在较大差异;(4)利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法相结合通过43个单项指标抗旱系数对5个芝麻品种进行了综合评价,为芝麻抗旱性鉴定提供了参考方法,并认为苗期干旱胁迫及胁迫后的生长相关性状指标可以作为芝麻抗旱性鉴定的简单方法和抗旱性评价的简易指标;(5)获得黑芝09-1和金黄麻为抗旱性较强的芝麻品种。     

大豆对干旱胁迫生理生化的响应

我国北方地区水资源严重匮乏,干旱胁迫已成为限制大豆产量及品质的主要因素.阐明了大豆对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应,以及干旱对大豆产量和品质的影响,以其为大豆抗旱节水机理和调控以及生理遗传育种改良提供理论依据.     

干旱胁迫对茶树内源ABA的影响

在干旱胁迫下，茶树内源ABA大量累积。文中就干旱胁迫诱导茶树内源ABA的合成，细胞感受干旱胁迫的机理，ABA与干旱胁迫的适应性及ABA累积的生理效应作了简要概述。     

苎麻品种抗旱性早期鉴定研究

本文首次用抗旱指数（ Ｒ Ｉ） 等指标对苎麻基因型抗旱性进行了鉴定。结果表明：圆叶青、沅江黄壳早和沅江稀节巴为抗旱性较强的基因型, 抗旱性较弱的基因型包括资兴绿麻和新宁箭杆麻。苎麻抗旱性早期鉴定的途径和指标的研究结果表明： Ｒ Ｗ Ｃ（ 相对含水量） 、 Ｐ Ｏ Ｄ（ 过氧化物酶） 、 Ｐｒｏｉｎｅ（ 脯氨酸） 与抗旱指数呈正相关, 而 Ｒ Ｐ Ｐ（ 细胞膜透性） 、 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ（ 丙二醛） 则与抗旱指数呈负相关。苎麻扦插（４５ 天） 苗在渗透胁迫４ 小时测定相关生理生化指标,其中 Ｒ Ｗ Ｃ 、 Ｐｒｏｌｉｎｅ 和 Ｐ Ｏ Ｄ 活性与抗旱指数呈正相关,而 Ｒ Ｐ Ｐ 和 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 则与抗旱指数呈负相关, 采用模糊隶属法用上述五种生理生化指标对１３ 个基因型抗旱性进行了早期鉴定,此法简便有效,准确性高。     

Resilience of oilseed rape plants to drought stress after exogenous application of AM1, an ABA-mimicking ligand

AM1 (ABA-mimicking ligand) is a newly identified signaling molecule for plants during drought tolerance. To investigate the potential role of AM1 in response of rapeseed to drought stress, we conducted experiments by growing rapeseed plants under different levels of drought stress with or without applying AM1 or ABA in a rain shelter. The results indicated that drought significantly inhibited rapeseed growth by damaging the photosynthesis system, increasing active oxygen accumulation, destroying the oxidative system, and worsening membrane lipid peroxidation. Exogenously applied AM1 and ABA both relieved the damage to rapeseed that was induced by drought stress. Compared with the drought-treated rapeseed, the AM1 treatment significantly improved plant height, number of green leaves, root collar thickness, leaf area, dry matter weight, and root cap ratios of rapeseed. In addition, Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr were significantly increased by the AM1 treatment. The AM1 treatment also alleviated the drought-induced reductions in Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qN and ETR; induced an increase in NPQ; and resulted in decreased active oxygen accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Although the ABA treatment relieved photosynthetic fluorescence and antioxidation system parameters to some extent, the effect was inferior to AM1 treatment. Yield under AM1 treatment was higher than that under ABA treatment but was still far lower than that of normal water supply control. In summary, AM1 is functionally similar to ABA in terms of drought relief and regulation, moreover has a better effect.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of various sugarcane varieties under drought stress at early growth stage

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of the five different sugarcane varieties (including NiF3, Ni9, Ni17, Ni21 and Ni22) under early growth stage from 60 to 120 days after transplanting. The results showed drought stress reduced the photosynthetic rate, growth parameters including plant height, leaf area; partial and total dry weights; and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits including photosynthetic NUE, nitrogen utilization efficiency and biomass NUE of measured sugarcane varieties. The significant differences were found among varieties in growth parameters, dry weights, NUE traits and drought tolerant index (DTI). The significant positive correlations among NUE traits and DTI suggested higher NUEs could support better a tolerant ability to drought stress at the early growth stage. Because of larger contributions, DTIs for aboveground and stalk dry weight could be used as the important DTIs to evaluate drought tolerant ability in sugarcane varieties.     

干旱胁迫对玉米产量和品质的影响研究

干旱胁迫不仅影响玉米生长发育和产量,而且影响了玉米的子粒品质。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米产量的危害顺序为开花期干旱＞孕穗期干旱＞灌浆期干旱。干旱胁迫虽降低了玉米子粒产量,但使子粒有效养分含量提高。灌浆期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的各种氨基酸含量提高,孕穗期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的必需氨基酸含量下降。干旱胁迫使子粒脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,饱和脂肪酸含量提高。     

棉花抗旱栽培技术的研究与应用

试验设6个处理对棉花抗旱栽培技术进行研究,结果表明:在棉花播种时用保水剂对棉花种子进行涂层、在棉苗三叶期用小麦千秆4 500 kg/hm2覆盖棉田、在现蕾后用抗旱剂1号叶面喷施3次以上处理对棉花抗旱栽培效果最佳,能贮水保墒、有效减少水分蒸腾、改善土壤结构、增强土壤养分,作用明显,对干旱地区棉花生产具有一定的增产潜力.     

Effects of plant architecture and drought stress level on lucerne forage quality

Breeding for enhanced quality in lucerne (Medicago sativa) frequently involves selection for higher leaf‐to‐stem ratio, multifoliolate leaves or short‐internode stems. Three populations selected for such alternative morphologies and a reference cultivar were evaluated for forage yield, leaf‐to‐stem ratio and protein and fibre concentrations in leaves, stems and whole plants. Four managed environments were obtained by combining two stress levels (moderate or nil) with two sowing times. The population selected for high leaf‐to‐stem ratio, as well as the short‐internode population, had highest leaf‐to‐stem ratio (1.27) across six harvests in two non‐stress environments. The latter population had higher stem protein (12.9%) and lower stem neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) concentration (58.7%) than other populations. The multifoliolate population had intermediate quality, showing low expression of the multifoliolate trait (14.0% across four environments), particularly under stress (10.5%). The autumn‐sown, fully irrigated environment had, on average, highest dry‐matter yield (4.19 t ha^?1) and lowest leaf‐to‐stem ratio (0.74). Drought‐stressed environments had lower plant NDF (?12.3% on average) and leaf protein (?9.7%), and higher stem protein (+8.6%) than fully irrigated environments. The results suggested that environmental effects might have greater impact on quality than genetic effects, even for a population set including material selected for quality‐driven morphology.     

茶园旱热害及其防治与补救措施

茶园旱热害发生在高温干旱的季节,会使茶树茎叶枯焦,甚至整丛枯死,影响茶园的产量。本文介绍了旱热害发生的原因及影响因素,并提出了防御旱热害发生的措施以及灾后的补救措施,以期减轻灾害带来的损失。     

Genetic variation in the sensitivity of anther dehiscence to drought stress in rice

Field-based screens for genetic variation in reproductive-stage drought tolerance are often confounded by genetic variation in root depth, flowering date and biomass at flowering. To reduce these confounding effects and to impose drought stress more precisely, we grew contrasting genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in shallow containers of flooded soil. When water was withheld from the shallow-rooted indica genotype IR64 for 6 days starting at −17, −7, 0, 10 and 20 days after heading (DAH), the impact on grain yield was greatest at −7 and 0DAH. The most sensitive yield component was filled grain percentage (spikelet fertility). Data on yield and spikelet fertility were also obtained for another shallow-rooted lowland indica (BRRI Dhan 31) and two deep-rooted upland tropical japonicas (Azucena and Moroberekan). Compared with well-watered controls, withholding of water for 6 days reduced spikelet fertility by ∼80% in IR64, BRRI Dhan 31 and Azucena but by 22% in Moroberekan. In a detailed comparison, water was withheld from IR64 for 5 days and from Moroberekan for 6 days, starting 3 days before the heading date of well-watered controls. Under these stress conditions, heading was delayed for 4 days in IR64 and 6 days in Moroberekan. Spikelet fertility in the top four rachis branches was reduced by 80% in IR64 and 16% in Moroberekan, a difference attributable principally to reduced anther dehiscence and lower stigma pollen density in IR64. Two properties of Moroberekan may contribute to high anther dehiscence after stress/re-watering: (i) constitutively superior development of fibrous structures in the endothecium at the anther apex and base and (ii) better maintenance of pollen size. All ovaries of Moroberekan received pollen—an average of 60 grains in well-watered plants and 42 grains in stressed/re-watered plants. In well-watered IR64, all ovaries received an average of 31 grains, whereas in stressed/re-watered IR64, 67% of ovaries received no pollen and the remainder received an average of eight grains. Moroberekan may, therefore, be a source of reproductive-stage drought tolerance through genes that maintain anther dehiscence during recovery from low water status.     

花生基因组资源的开发及应用

花生是世界主要的油料作物,但由于花生本身的遗传特性,导致其基因组资源的开发和利用存在较大难度。花生的高度闭花授粉、初级基因库遗传基础狭窄以及栽培种与二倍体近缘野生种之间的杂交不亲和性,导致花生栽培种的分子遗传多样性偏低,成为花生分子遗传改良的主要瓶颈。然而,近五年来,花生基因组资源开发迅速,分子标记的开发、遗传和物理图谱的构建、表达序列标签（ESTs）的产生、突变体资源的创建和功能基因组学平台的构建促进了QTL的鉴定以及与农艺性状相关的耐/抗生物和非生物胁迫基因的挖掘。本文概述了当前花生基因组资源的研究现状,并对下一步的发展方向进行了展望。     

干旱胁迫下苎麻叶片萎蔫程度、相对含水量与ABA变化的品种间差异

在干旱胁迫下,苎麻叶片萎蔫程度加剧、相对含水量下降,ABA含量增加,与抗旱性较弱的品种相比,抗旱性强的品种叶片萎蔫程度较轻,相对含水量较高,ABA含量较低.     

Yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptake in potato: influence of drought stress

Summary A lysimeter experiment was performed to study the optimal allocation of limited water supply in potatoes. Irrigation regimes equal to 40, 60 and 80% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET) were evenly applied over the crop cycle. Other treatments involved withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at each of three designated growth stages (tuber initiation, early and late tuber growth). An irrigated control treatment, restoring the entire ET, was included for comparison. Continuous drought stress reduced photosynthesis as irrigation volumes were reduced. Plant biomass and tuber yield decreased almost proportionally to water consumption, so that WUE was roughly constant. N uptake was highest in the control and in 80% ET treatment. Withholding water during tuberisation severely hindered plant physiological processes and penalized tuber yield. Reductions in photosynthesis, total biomass and yield were the greatest when drought was imposed during tuber initiation. The earliest stress resulted in the lowest WUE and N uptake. A new crop water stress index (SI) was proposed, which combines atmospheric demand for water and canopy temperature.