返青期断根对秸秆覆盖冬小麦产量及叶片光合特性的影响

为了解返青期断根对黄土高原旱地保护性耕作下小麦产量形成及水分利用的调控作用,在陕西长武县开展旱地秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦返青期断根试验,分析了返青期断根对冬小麦籽粒产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、产量构成三要素、拔节期群体数量、生育期耗水量、水分利用效率、花后旗叶光合特性及衰老特性的影响。结果表明,返青期断根对冬小麦地上部生物量、穗数、粒重和生育期耗水量没有显著影响。与CK(不断根)相比,返青期断根后冬小麦拔节期总茎数减少了11.9%,开花期叶面积指数、花后旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和蒸腾速率提高,分蘖成穗率、穗粒数、籽粒产量、收获指数和水分利用效率分别增加了14.1%、10.5%、8.2%、10.4%、17.5%和20.4%。这说明返青期断根可促进秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦分蘖成穗,增加花后旗叶光合作用,改善穗部结实特性,提高籽粒产量和水分高效利用。     

Yield formation strategies of durum wheat landraces with distinct pattern of dispersal within the Mediterranean basin I: Yield components

This study was undertaken to ascertain whether the pattern of dispersal of durum wheat within the Mediterranean basin is associated with variation in phenology and yield formation strategies. A set of 52 durum wheat landraces, previously genetically characterized as been dispersed by the north or south of the Mediterranean region, were grown in three rainfed sites in a dry-temperate region (Lleida, NE Spain), and crop phenology, yield and yield components were determined. Northern genotypes had a larger number of stems per unit area, but a lower percentage of fertile tillers and fewer grains per spike than southern landraces. Grain yield for the northern dispersal group was mainly related to variations in thousand-kernel weight, while the number of spikes per m² was the component most highly correlated with yield among southern genotypes. These contrasting yield formation strategies are probably a consequence of the different climates prevalent in the zones of adaptation, and likely conferred adaptive advantages to the genotypes of one or the other group. Our results suggest that gradual changes in yield components occurred during the movement of durum wheat from east to west through the north side of the Mediterranean basin. According to our results, the weight of grains and the number of spikes per unit area may be selection criteria to improve adaptation for the northern and the southern parts of the Mediterranean basin, respectively.     

不同播种方式对有机小麦产量及田间杂草的影响

为探明不同幅宽条播和覆膜穴播对河套灌区有机春小麦的产量、开花期农艺性状、杂草发生程度及经济效益的影响,设置覆膜穴播（FM）、宽幅16 cm条播（KF16）、宽幅7 cm条播（KF7）、窄幅窄行11 cm条播（ZF11）、窄幅宽行15 cm条播（ZF15）共5种不同播种方式,研究了不同处理下有机小麦开花期农艺性状、籽粒产量、杂草密度及各生育时期杂草干物质量和经济效益的差异。结果表明,与ZF15处理相比,FM处理显著提高了有机小麦开花期株高、旗叶长、旗叶面积、单株叶面积、旗叶SPAD值,KF16处理明显改善了旗叶光合速率,而KF7和ZF11处理的叶面积指数显著低于其他处理;FM、KF16、ZF11、KF7处理的籽粒产量较ZF15处理分别提高了33.0%、27.2%、21.5%、14.9%;KF16和FM处理的杂草总密度和杂草干物质量较ZF15降低了  75.6%、92.8%和73.9%、81.4%,纯收益分别增加了7 680.4元·hm^-2和7 246.7元·hm^-2。经相关分析,杂草干物质量与有机小麦产量呈显著或极显著负相关。综上所述,宽幅16 cm条播和覆膜穴播可有效降低杂草密度及干物质量,促进小麦生长发育,提高有机小麦籽粒产量。     

淮北地区氮高效高产型粳稻品种群体生长特征研究

【目的】本研究旨在阐明淮北地区氮高效高产型粳稻品种的群体生长特征。【方法】在各自最适施氮水平下,选用淮北地区氮高效高产型、氮中效高产型和氮高效中产型3类代表性常规粳稻品种,研究不同类型水稻品种产量、茎蘖动态、叶面积及物质生产与积累特征。【结果】拔节前氮高效高产型群体茎蘖数最少,拔节后平缓下降,最终成穗率最高;氮高效高产型水稻品种抽穗期叶面积指数最大,氮低效低产型最小,氮高效高产型水稻品种最大叶面积指数分别比氮中效高产型、氮高效中产型高2.53%、5.58%;有效叶面积率表现为氮高效高产型氮高效中产型氮中效高产型,高效叶面积率表现为氮中效高产型氮高效高产型氮高效中产型;抽穗至成熟阶段,氮中效高产型和氮高效高产型群体光合势差异不显著,但均显著高于氮高效中产型,分别高10.58%和9.86%;氮高效高产型水稻成熟期干物质积累总量略低于氮中效高产型,抽穗至成熟阶段,随着籽粒产量的提高,干物质积累呈递增趋势,干物质积累比例以氮高效高产型最高;收获指数表现为氮高效型品种大于氮中效品种;氮高效高产型品种群体生长率在抽穗前低于氮中效高产型品种,而在抽穗至成熟阶段则显著高于氮中效高产型与氮高效中产型,分别高8.79%、17.46%。【结论】氮高效高产型水稻品种拔节前叶面积指数、干物质积累量和群体生长率均低于氮高效中产型和氮中效高产型;抽穗到成熟期光合势、收获指数、群体生长率、成穗率和干物质积累量及比例最高。     

放线菌剂使用方法对晚播冬小麦生长及光合性状的影响

为探究放线菌剂使用方法对晚播冬小麦生长及光合性状的影响，以长6990为供试小麦品种、娄彻氏链霉菌（D74）为供试菌剂，在大田设置T1（种子包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施D74菌剂）、T2（种子包衣+拔节期喷施D74菌剂，灌浆期喷施清水）、T3（种子包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施清水）、T4（种子不包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施D74菌剂）和CK（种子不包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施清水）5个处理（包衣中含有菌剂D74），比较分析了不同处理间小麦产量及其构成要素、表型性状、光合特性及干物质积累的差异。结果表明，放线菌剂处理下晚播小麦的产量较CK均不同程度提高，增产幅度为7.35%~25.00%，且不同处理的产量表现为T4>T1>T2>T3>CK，其中T1、T4处理与CK差异显著(P＜0.05)；不同处理间株高无显著差异(P>0.05)， T1和T4处理的穗长、穗粒数和千粒重显著高于CK，T2处理穗粒数和千粒重也较高。在光合性状中，放线菌剂处理主要影响晚播小麦灌浆后期的光合效率。花后28~35 d，T1、T4处理的旗叶净光合速率，T1~T4处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）和氮含量，T1、T2和T4处理的叶面积指数均显著高于CK。放线菌剂使用后晚播小麦的花前干物质转运量及其对籽粒产量贡献率有所降低，但不同处理间差异不显著。T1、T2和T4处理的花后干物质的积累量较CK增加了37.93%、29.42%和50.92%；花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率也有所提高，但不同处理间差异不显著。综合来看，放线菌剂能够有效增加晚播小麦的光合持续能力，延缓叶片衰老，促进花后干物质积累、穗部发育和籽粒灌浆，增加穗粒数和千粒重，进而提高产量，其中放线菌剂种子包衣效果不明显，叶面喷施放线菌剂效果较突出，拔节期和灌浆期叶面喷施放线菌剂的效果最佳。     

不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长特性及产量的影响

全球变暖表现出夜间增温幅度大于白天的非对称性增温特性,为明确不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长发育特征及产量的影响,以扬麦18为试验材料,采用被动式增温装置分别对小麦分蘖期至拔节期(NWT-J)、拔节期至孕穗期(NWJ-B)、孕穗期至开花期(NWB-A)三个不同阶段进行夜间增温处理,以不增温为对照(NN),研究不同阶段夜间增温...     

Effect of forage removal at the first detectable node stage on the growth of winter and spring triticale

The effect of forage removal on the growth of five winter and five spring triticale genotypes was studied in 1992 and 1993 in field experiments in north-eastern Spain. When cut, winter triticales produced more biomass and leaf area than spring types owing to their higher tillering capacity. The leaf area index (LAI) at anthesis was similar in both groups in both clipped and uncut plots, but spring triticales had a greater leaf area on the main stem than winter types. Winter types had a greater leaf area on the tillers than spring types. Spring and winter types had a similar physiological response to forage removal, except for modifications in flag leaf area. In spring types triticale flag leaf area was reduced by clipping, whereas in winter types flag leaf area was increased. Forage removal resulted in less dry-matter accumulation in all plant parts, maximum weight of the plant being reduced by about 20% and the rate of growth by around 13%. LAI at anthesis decreased by 37% as a result of clipping, and the leaf area duration from anthesis to maturity decreased by 36%. The duration of growth increased after clipping. Heading, anthesis and maturity dates were delayed by clipping, but grain filling duration was not affected.     

钵苗机插密度对双季晚稻产量及群体质量的影响

以杂交籼稻品种五丰优T025、籼粳杂交稻品种甬优538、常规粳稻品种小叶迟熟为材料,设置5个钵苗机插密度(D1,33 cm×12 cm;D2,33 cm×13 cm;D3,33 cm×14 cm;D4,33 cm×15 cm;D5,33 cm×16 cm),以毯苗机插为对照(CK,30.0 cm×13.2 cm),比较研究了不同钵苗机插密度对双季晚稻产量及群体质量的影响,旨在探明水稻钵苗机插在双季晚稻区的适宜栽插密度。试验结果表明:(1)三种类型水稻的产量均随移栽密度的增加而增加,相同密度条件下D1处理产量均极显著高于CK,2年平均增产8.13%~9.50%;(2)钵苗机插水稻移栽后群体的茎蘖数均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,与CK相比,D1处理的茎蘖数栽后增长快,拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢,成穗率高;(3)移栽期至拔节期、拔节期至抽穗期、抽穗期至成熟期三种类型水稻钵苗机插的干物质积累量、群体生长率、光合势均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,移栽期至拔节期CK的干物质积累量和光合势大于D1处理,拔节期至抽穗期、抽穗期至成熟期D1的干物质积累量、群体生长率及光合势均高于CK;(4)钵苗机插水稻主要生育期的群体干物质量均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,而单茎干物质量却表现出相反的趋势;(5)钵苗机插水稻在主要生育时期的叶面积指数及抽穗期群体的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均随密度的增加呈上升趋势,抽穗期群体的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比D1处理极显著高于CK。本试验结果表明,在双季晚稻区不同类型水稻品种钵苗机插最适宜行株距为33 cm×12 cm。     

推迟拔节水对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响

为了明确河北省限灌1水条件下推迟拔节水对小麦群个体结构和质量的影响,于2019-2020年以衡观35和藁优2018为供试材料,全生育期仅灌1水,设置3个灌水时期,分别在拔节期（T1）、拔节后6 d（T2）和拔节后12 d（T3）灌水60 mm,分析推迟拔节水后冬小麦个体结构、群体大小、冠层光分布、花后各叶层衰老以及产量的变化。结果表明,随灌水时期的推迟,两品种上三叶的长度和面积、穗长、株高、穗数、开花期至花后21 d的叶面积指数、冠层光合有效辐射总截获率以及旗叶层光合有效辐射截获率都呈降低趋势,但倒2叶及以下各层的光合有效辐射截获率呈上升趋势。T2和T3处理冠层中下部叶片受光条件的改善显著延缓了叶片SPAD值的衰退,T1处理的倒2叶SPAD值在花后21 d时开始显著低于推迟灌溉处理,倒3叶、倒4叶和倒5叶SPAD值均在开花期时已显著低于推迟灌溉处理,T1处理叶片的早衰使其LAI在花后28 d时低于T2和T3处理。最终T2处理依靠较优的冠层光分布和个体叶片质量获得了最高的籽粒产量,藁优2018的T3处理产量也显著高于T1处理,但衡观35的T3处理因穗数过少,导致产量低于T1处理。拔节后6 d灌溉同步提升了小麦群个体质量,是本试验条件下的最优处理。     

种植密度对扬糯麦1号籽粒产量与群体质量的影响

为给糯小麦高产栽培提供参考,以扬糯麦1号为材料,设置了135×104、180×104、225×104、270×104和315×104株·hm-2五个密度水平,分析了种植密度对糯小麦籽粒产量与群体质量的影响。结果表明,扬糯麦1号孕穗期及开花期叶面积系数、开花期及成熟期干物质积累量与密度呈显著线性正相关,分蘖成穗率与密度呈极显著线性负相关,花后干物质积累量和粒叶比与密度呈显著二次曲线关系。在215×104~238×104株·hm-2种植密度下,产量达8 000kg·hm-2以上,此密度区间可作为糯小麦正常播种条件下的适宜密度范围。     

Biomasses in Different Organs of Rice Cultivars Developed During Recent Forty-Seven Years in Jilin Province, China

To understand the changes in yield, harvest index (HI) and biomass of aboveground parts of rice, 33 japonica rice cultivars released from 1958 to 2005 were planted. During the 47 years, the grain yield increased from 9 118.36 to 15 060.1 kg/hm² and HI from 0.46 to 0.55. In the genetic improvement, the total number of tillers per plant decreased, and the biomass per unit area slightly increased at the harvest stage. The increases of yield and HI resulted from the increased biomasses of effective tillers and single stem, and the increase of biomass per stem was related to the increased biomasses of different organs along with the genetic improvement. The stem and sheath biomass at heading and the leaf biomass at 30 days after heading showed the highest increase, up by 75.17% and 49.94%, respectively. The biomasses of leaf and stem-sheath at 10 days after heading, and biomass per stem at 30 days after heading were obviously correlated with the yield. The results indicate that the genetic improvement has resulted in the increase of yield and HI. This increase is correlated with the decrease of total tiller number per plant, and increase of biomasses of effective tillers and single stem. The leaf biomass after heading and the stem and sheath biomass at 10 days after heading can be used as selection criteria for breeding high yielding rice cultivars.     

灌水模式对春小麦光合性能和干物质生产的影响

为探寻宁夏引黄灌区春小麦节水栽培的适宜灌水模式,比较分析了6个不同灌水处理(W1:二棱水+开花水;W2:二棱水;W3:拔节水;W4:二棱水+孕穗水;W5:二棱水+拔节水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水;W6:二棱水+拔节水+孕穗水+开花水)下春小麦光合性能、物质积累与转运、产量性状及水分利用的差异。结果表明,灌二棱水、孕穗水或开花水的W1、W4、W5、W6处理明显增加春小麦花后旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,灌二棱水和生育后期少灌水的W1、W2、W4处理明显增加花后旗叶胞间CO2浓度。灌水次数减少会显著增加旗叶SPAD值,并降低叶面积系数,其中以缺少二棱水的W3处理最为明显。灌有二棱水和孕穗水的W4处理明显降低抽穗至开花旗叶SPAD值,增加开花至灌浆旗叶SPAD值和抽穗至开花叶面积系数,灌开花水明显增加开花至灌浆旗叶面积。灌二棱水、拔节水、孕穗水、开花水明显促进了干物质积累,灌水次数增加明显增加了叶干物质积累量,并降低茎鞘干物质比例;缺少二棱水的W3处理最不利于叶、穗干物质积累,但提高了开花至成熟叶干物质比例;灌浆水对各器官干物质积累影响不明显。二棱期至开花期缺少灌水的W1、W3、W2处理促进了开花前贮藏同化物在花后向籽粒的转运。籽粒产量随灌水次数的增加而增加;缺少二棱水明显降低穗粒数、收获指数,但增加千粒重;增加灌水次数降低了灌水利用效率,且以灌二棱水影响最为明显。综上所述,缺少二棱水对春小麦产量影响最明显,孕穗水、开花水影响次之,灌浆水影响不明显。     

施氮量对高产小麦光合特性、干物质积累分配与产量的影响

为明确山东省高产麦区高产节肥高效的施氮量,以高产小麦品种济麦22和烟农1212为材料,在大田试验测墒补灌条件下,设置0(N0)、180(N1)、210(N2)、240 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)四个施氮量水平,研究施氮量对小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累分配和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,适量施氮可显著提高灌浆中后期旗叶的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蒸腾效率和气孔导度,增加拔节期至成熟期小麦的干物质积累量,提高干物质在籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率;与不施氮肥处理相比,施氮180～240 kg·hm~(-2)时,济麦22增产10.1%～28.2%,烟农1212增产27.1%～42.8%。在同一施氮处理下,开花期至成熟期,烟农1212的干物质积累量比济麦22高12.77%～19.92%;花后14～28 d,烟农1212的旗叶净光合速率比济麦22高8.61%～24.11%;灌浆期间,烟农1212花前营养器官贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量比济麦22高6.10%～11.68%,花后光合同化物积累量比济麦22高12.63%～22.00%,籽粒产量增加12.73%～19.46%。说明适量施氮有利于灌浆中后期小麦旗叶保持较高的光合性能,促进花后光合同化物的积累和向籽粒的分配,发挥品种的高产潜力。当施氮量为210 kg·hm~(-2)时,济麦22和烟农1212的籽粒产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均最高,是该试验条件下的最优施氮量。     

Analysis of yield-attributing traits for high-yielding wheat lines in southwestern Japan

Development of wheat cultivars that achieve high yields despite the short growing season is essential for increasing wheat production in southwestern Japan. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic progress in grain yield and to clarify yield-attributing traits of high-yielding wheat lines in southwestern Japan. We conducted field experiments for two growing seasons (2012–2013 and 2013–2014) using three commercial wheat cultivars (Shiroganekomugi, Chikugoizumi, and Iwainodaichi) and four high-yielding wheat lines including Hakei W1380 developed in southwestern Japan. In an ancillary field experiment, we compared a commercial cultivar, Shiroganekomugi, and a high-yielding line, Hakei W1380, in the 2014–2015 season. Across the two seasons, grain yield of high-yielding lines was generally higher than commercial cultivars. Hakei W1380 achieved the highest grain yield across the two seasons, and successfully produced more than 900 g m^?2 in the 2013–2014 season. Correlation analysis showed that recent yield progress of wheat lines in southwestern Japan was derived from enhanced biomass production and grain number m^?2. Larger numbers of grains m^?2 in high-yielding lines than in commercial cultivars were associated with higher crop growth rate at the pre-anthesis stage, and therefore higher spike dry weight m^?2 at anthesis. Genotypic differences in crop growth rate from jointing to anthesis resulted mainly from differences in leaf area index. These results indicate that further improvements in grain yield in southwestern Japan could be achieved by increasing the amount of radiation intercepted at the pre-anthesis stage and grain number m^?2.     

淮北地区机插超级粳稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征

为探究淮北地区不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。在大田机插条件下,以常规中熟中粳超级稻和非超级稻(对照)为试材,设置3个氮肥水平即0、225、300 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素、干物质和氮素积累、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数等角度分析不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的增加超级稻平均产量呈增加趋势,对照产量则是先增加后减少。粳型超级稻最高产量平均值较对照最高产量平均值高10.98%。与对照相比,超级稻在3个氮肥水平下每穗粒数和群体颖花量高,结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖移栽后早发快长,最终成穗率高;拔节前叶面积指数和光合势比对照低,拔节后比对照高,超级稻粒叶比在3个氮肥处理下均高于对照;拔节前,超级稻干物质积累量比对照低,而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累量分别比对照高7.77%和6.96%;植株氮素阶段积累量和植株阶段吸收速率,移栽至拔节、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段超级稻均比对照高。淮北地区粳型超级稻籽粒产量在3个氮肥处理下均表现出明显的增产优势。超级稻移栽后叶面积指数、粒叶比和光合势较高,最终茎蘖成穗率高;穗型大,群体总颖花量高,穗后干物质积累量多;生育期相近的中熟中粳超级稻产量高于对照与其较强的氮素吸收特性有关。     

灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶渗透调节、光合速率及产量的影响

为了解灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶水分生理特性和产量的影响,于2009-2010年度在田间栽培条件下,以2个小麦品种济麦22和洲元9369为材料,采用测墒补灌的方法研究了不灌水(W0)、拔节期0～140cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至75%+开花期补灌至70%(W1)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至70%(W2)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至75%(W3)4个不同灌水处理下小麦旗叶渗透调节、光合速率和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明:(1)W3处理的小麦旗叶相对含水量、水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于W1和W2处理;济麦22旗叶相对含水量低于洲元9369,旗叶水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于洲元9369。(2)W3处理下穗数和千粒重显著增加,但穗粒数显著低于W1处理,以高的灌水量和耗水量获得最高籽粒产量,水分利用效率无显著变化。济麦22籽粒产量、穗数、千粒重、耗水量和水分利用效率均显著高于洲元9369,穗粒数低于洲元9369。本试验条件下,在拔节后8d和开花后8d0～140cm土层平均土壤相对含水量补灌至75%,是兼顾节水和高产的最优处理。     

Does higher yield potential improve barley performance in Mediterranean conditions?: A case study

Barley is one of the most widely cultivated crops in rainfed areas of the Mediterranean, where drought is the main factor that limits yield. Knowledge of the physiological traits responsible for adaptation of barley cultivars to Mediterranean environments may be relevant for future breeding strategies. Yield potential versus drought tolerance is an open debate. Here, we studied two barley cultivars (Graphic and Kym), of similar time to anthesis and crop duration, that are widely cultivated in the western Mediterranean. Grain yield was evaluated in 41 field trials and ranged (averaged for the 16–32 cultivars assayed in each trial) from 0.7 to 9.1 Mg ha⁻¹. Yield components and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) of grains was analysed in another two trials. Graphic production was greater than Kym in all conditions. This greater yield was sustained mainly by more ears per unit ground area, which may be attributable to higher growth potential during tillering. Moreover, Graphic showed greater Δ¹³C of kernels, indicating improved water status even at the end of the crop cycle. To examine differences in early growth, these cultivars were grown in optimal conditions and then photosynthetic activity and biomass analysed at the end of tillering. Graphic showed greater above-ground and root biomass as well as total leaf area per plant and per tiller than Kym, and also tended to have more tillers per plant, but its shoot-to-root biomass ratio was lower. Nitrogen content per unit leaf area was correlated negatively with plant and with tiller leaf area and positively with the shoot-to-root biomass ratio. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area was lower in Graphic and positively related to a lower nitrogen content, whereas stomatal limitation of photosynthesis and water use efficiency was similar in the two cultivars. Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate regeneration capacity contributed to the lower photosynthetic rate of Graphic. Moreover, quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) electron transport was also lower in Graphic than Kym, which suggests that mechanisms other than leaf structure also contributed to the higher photosynthetic capacity of the former. Nevertheless, as result of differences in leaf area, total plant photosynthesis was greater in Graphic.The results indicate that the higher yield of Graphic under a wide range of Mediterranean conditions may be sustained by increased plant growth and total photosynthesis during tillering, although the photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area is lower than that of Kym. Graphic has a more extensive root system than Kym, subsequently improving its water status in later stages of the crop cycle. Nitrogen content per unit leaf area is a good indicator of the growth and photosynthetic activity of barley plants in the early stages of the crop cycle.     

辽宁省粳型超级稻品种生物产量与光合特性研究

【目的】辽宁省近年育成一批在生产上推广应用的超级稻品种或杂交组合,为北方粳稻单产水平的再次提高做出了重大的贡献,本研究旨在探讨辽宁省超级稻品种高产的主要成因及光合特点。【方法】以盐丰47和辽星1号2个中晚熟超级粳稻品种为试材,以辽粳9号为对照品种,种植于大田,对其生物产量、稻谷产量、光合特性等进行调查分析。【结果】2个超级稻品种的生物产量和稻谷都显著高于辽粳9号。盐丰47生物产量和收获指数都高于对照品种,产量水平最高,辽星1号的生物产量最高,收获指数略低于对照,产量水平居第2位。超级稻品种出穗后光合生产能力高于对照品种。【结论】增加或保持现有品种的收获指数,增加品种生物产量,并提高品种的生育后期叶源量和光合速率是今后水稻超高产育种的主要技术途径。     

不同栽培措施集成对稻茬小麦产量、农艺及光合特性的影响

为探究不同栽培措施集成对稻茬小麦产量及农艺和光合特性的影响,以小麦品种扬麦16和扬麦20为材料,设置氮空白、当地常规(对照)、减氮、减密减氮、施有机肥、施蚓粪6种栽培措施处理,对不同栽培措施下稻茬小麦产量、干物质积累与转运、冠层光合特性等进行了分析。结果表明,两个品种的产量在不同栽培措施下均表现为施有机肥>施蚓粪>减密减氮>当地常规>减氮>氮空白。与对照相比,两个品种的平均产量在减密减氮、施有机肥和施蚓粪栽培处理下分别提高了7.45%、22.33%和11.02%,而这主要得益于穗数、穗粒数与千粒重的同步提高。各栽培措施处理均显著增加了小麦茎蘖成穗率、拔节期至成熟期的干物质积累量、干物质向籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,提高了开花期的叶面积、比叶重、叶片氮含量和拔节期至成熟期旗叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,降低了开花期的株高、叶角、透光率以及拔节期至成熟期的冠层温度。综合来看,在江苏稻茬麦区,扬麦16和扬麦20均在基本苗192×10⁴株·hm^-2、施氮量216 kg·hm^-2和有机...     

追氮时期和基追比例对强筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应

为给小麦高产优质栽培中氮肥合理运筹提供依据,以济麦20号为材料,在施氮量为240kg·hm-2下,研究追氮时期(起身、拔节、孕穗、开花)和基追比例(1∶1、3∶7和3∶17)对强筋冬小麦产量和品质的调控效应。结果表明,起身期和拔节期追氮处理间产量差异不显著,但二者显著高于孕穗期和开花期追氮处理。起身和拔节期增加追氮比例可提高产量,孕穗和开花期增加追氮比例则使产量降低。在起身和拔节期追氮时,籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清、球蛋白含量随追氮比例增加均呈下降趋势;在孕穗和开花期追氮时,籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清、球蛋白随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势。在各时期增加追氮比例均可提高谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追氮处理的谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间均高于起身期追氮处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期时谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间均不同程度降低。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量和品质,强筋小麦济麦20号以基肥∶拔节肥比例为3∶17为最佳氮肥运筹方式。