北京山区河岸植被恢复立地类型划分

[目的]对北京山区不同立地条件下的河岸带进行立地类型分类,为山区河岸带的植被恢复工作提供理论依据。[方法]以北京市怀柔区怀九河河岸60个80m长的样地为基础,进行野外实地观测调查,并确定了土壤层厚度、坡面组成物质、坡度、硬化面积、坡长5个因子为河岸立地类型划分的主导因子。[结果](1)怀九河河岸带的立地类型可划分为3个立地类型区,9个立地类型组,15个立地类型。(2)加杨、旱柳、荆条、胡枝子等作为适宜当地生长的优势植物种,在进行植被恢复时可结合其它适生物种进行合理的配置。[结论]北京山区河岸带多以短坡薄土层为主,边坡坡面砾石裸露严重,表现为严重的人为干扰,应加快河岸边坡生态环境安全建设。     

黄土区大型露天煤矿复垦排土场植被恢复立地类型划分——以安太堡露天煤矿为例

露天开采对土地破坏严重,立地条件复杂。只有综合环境因素与植被生态习性,针对不同的立地类型进行植被配置与管护才能达到对矿区生态修复的目的。为此以安太堡露天煤矿西排土场为研究对象,选定58个样点,在样点10 m×10 m范围内对海拔、坡向、坡位、坡度、坡型、覆土基质、覆土厚度、土壤容重、土壤含水量、有机质含量、全氮含量、植被类型组合、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、地面非均匀沉降、河流动能指数、地形起伏度,共18个立地因子进行调查。分析排土场立地条件及特征,运用SPSS聚类分析法对样点进行立地类型划分。最终划分为平台、边坡2个立地小区;平台小区化分为9个立地类型组、13个立地类型,边坡小区化分为9个立地类型组、20个立地类型。研究结果可以为排土场立地改良、植被恢复与维护及生态系统恢复提供依据。     

城市周边破坏山体的立地条件类型划分及其植被恢复措施——以山东淄博市为例

以淄博市城市周围破坏山体为研究对象,根据野外调查结合植被恢复的影响程度分析,选定破坏山体外貌形态、坡度、边坡高度、土层厚度和砾石含量5个立地因子,并对之进行分级量化;利用聚类分析法将破坏山体划分为7个立地条件类型和16个亚型;不同立地条件类型植被恢复难易程度不同,在分析各立地条件类型特征的基础上,因地制宜地提出不同的植被恢复措施。研究成果可为破坏山体的植被恢复提供科学依据。     

北方半干旱地区高速公路岩石路堑边坡植被恢复与养护技术分析

以北方半干旱区高速公路岩石路堑边坡植被恢复与养护工程为依托,分析不同类型岩石边坡立地条件特点、植被恢复难点及限制因子、植被重建技术与养护策略、分级标准等内容,以供相关实践单位及研究机构参考。     

太行山北段东麓采石废弃地立地类型划分及评价

为了加快太行山北段东麓采石废弃地的植被恢复,选取地形、植被、土壤等14个指标,采用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法,探讨影响采石废弃地植被恢复的主要影响因子,明确划分太行山北段东麓采石废弃地的立地类型并进行立地评价。结果表明:1)土壤养分质量分数、土壤层厚度和地形特征等因子是研究区植被恢复的主要限制性因子,同时也是研究区采石废弃地上判断某一立地条件优劣的重要因子;2)依据主成分分析、聚类分析结果以及调查结果,可将研究区采石废弃地分成8类立地类型;3)根据立地质量评价结果,可将立地类型划分为立地条件较好的立地(综合得分≥24)、立地条件稍差的立地(综合得分20~24)、立地条件较差的立地(综合得分18~20)和立地条件较为恶劣的立地(综合得分<18)4类,并按照立地情况提出相应的植被恢复建议。     

基于植被恢复潜力的强度石漠化地区立地因子研究

 石漠化地区立地分类及其植被恢复潜力评价是石漠化地区生态修复的重要基础,立地因子研究是立地分类与评价的前提。通过对典型强度石漠化地区毕节石桥小流域和花江峡谷立地条件调查,利用成因分析与统计分析方法,研究强度石漠化地区影响植被恢复潜力的主要立地因子。结果表明：岩性和坡性是强度石漠化地区基于植被恢复潜力的主导立地因子。研究结果可为强度石漠化地区立地分类的建立与植被恢复潜力评价提供依据。     

中捷农场滨海盐碱地立地类型划分及其植被恢复技术

 为了指导滨海盐碱地因地制宜地进行植被恢复,通过野外调查、室内分析测试与因子分析等方法,对中捷农场45块样地的土壤类型、土壤含盐量、地下水位、距海距离、盐分类型、土壤质地、pH值、海拔等因子进行测定与分析。结果表明:影响盐碱地立地类型划分的主导因子为盐渍化土壤形成因子、土壤因子和碱化度因子;对立地类型划分贡献大小的变量依次为距海距离>地下水位>土壤类型>土壤质地>海拔>盐分类型>土壤含盐量>pH值;中捷农场的滨海盐碱地可划分出滨海盐化潮土、滨海盐化草甸土和滨海盐土3类立地类型和11类立地亚型,不同立地类型可以采取不同的植被恢复措施。研究结果可为中捷农场盐碱地造林与植被恢复提供理论依据。     

基于植被重建的宁东矿区煤矸石山立地类型及其特征

[目的]研究煤炭开采形成的煤矸石山占压土地并造成的地表植被破坏,正确划分煤矸石山立地类型,为矿区生态恢复与重建提供依据。[方法]以宁东矿区煤矸石山为研究对象,选取微地形、海拔、覆土厚度、土壤质地等10个立地因子进行调查分析,利用主成分分析和聚类分析等方法,划分煤矸石山立地类型。[结果]应用主成分分析法确定出主导立地因子为:微地形、覆土厚度、土壤质地;再依据主导因子对研究样地进行聚类分析划分出宁东矿区煤矸石山3个立地类型组,5个立地类型亚组,8个立地类型。煤矸石山平台面积较大,边坡坡度32°～40°之间,覆土厚度多在30 cm以上,土壤田间持水量16.82%～34.85%,全K含量34.29～46.61 g/kg,属于极高水平,全P含量0.31～0.62 g/kg,为中下或低水平,而土壤有机质、全N含量均属于极低水平,煤矸石山土壤偏碱性。[结论]在宁东矿区煤矸石山重建时应因地制宜,覆土砾石含量较少时,选择以乔木为主的乔灌型混交模式,或以灌木为主的灌木林或灌草型;砾石含量较多时,选择以草本为主的灌草型;土壤为轻砾石土时,撒播草籽。     

高速公路不同边坡类型对植被恢复的影响

为了解不同护坡模式下边坡防护工程建设初期植被恢复状况,依托北京西六环现有边坡工程,采用系统聚类方法,将12段边坡划分为六棱砖与厚层基材喷播植草2类护坡模式,分析不同模式坡位、坡长、坡向和地形条件对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:1)以厚层基质喷播植草模式为主的Ⅱ类边坡植被恢复效果优于以六棱砖护坡模式为主的Ⅰ类边坡;2)随着演替进程的发展,建植初期植被表现出一定的年际变化规律,2011年植被恢复效果较2010年差;3)坡位、坡长和坡向的不同使植被群落组成存在一定的差异性,Ⅰ类边坡中部植被生长较好,Ⅱ类边坡下部植被恢复效果好,坡长较长的阴向边坡更利于植被恢复;4)六棱砖护坡模式更适宜在山岭重丘区应用,而厚层基质喷播植草护坡模式更适用于平原微丘区。     

北京市门头沟区植被恢复立地类型划分

以门头沟区10个乡镇区域内的4 211块林地小班数据为基础,根据门头沟区植被的变化特征,确定植被恢复立地类型划分的主导因子和立地分类系统。以每个乡镇各立地类型面积的百分比为基础,用MATLAB软件进行多元统计分析,对具有相似立地类型的乡镇进行聚类,将全区分为4种立地类型区域,为植被恢复及其品种选择提供了依据。     

西藏高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力综合评价模型

生境胁迫条件下高寒河谷不同类型沙地植被恢复潜力定量评价,是开展青藏高原退化沙化生态系统植被恢复急需解决的瓶颈问题和决策依据。笔者选择河滩流动沙地、河岸流动沙地和山坡流动沙地3种类型试验样地作为研究对象,结合不同类型沙地的植被演替阶段划分和生境特点,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法,通过构建植被恢复潜力评价指标与标准体系,建立了高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力综合评价模型。结合2008-2014年的植被恢复试验结果,验证与探讨了该模型的评价精度与适用性。结果表明,山坡流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为强,河滩流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为较强,河岸流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为较弱。气象条件、地形条件和土壤状况决定了生境胁迫条件下植被恢复具备的先天条件,恢复措施则决定了其具备的后天条件。通过强有力的人工促进植被恢复措施即可直接提高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力,亦可间接改变土壤状况,从而提升植被恢复效果。     

Time lags in provision of habitat resources through revegetation

Broadscale land use changes are occurring rapidly in rural landscapes worldwide, within which revegetation with native plant species to increase the area of suitable habitat is a key activity. Current models for planning revegetation are based solely on the spatial arrangement of new and remnant vegetation. Making wise decisions about revegetation requires projective models of ecological responses to revegetation, but there are few appropriate data. Substantial time lags are expected in the availability of many habitat resources because different resources are realised at different stages of vegetation maturation. Here we present results of surveys of 72 revegetation sites established over a range from 5 to more than 130 yr from the slopes and plains of central Victoria, Australia. We surveyed vegetation provision of habitat resources essential for many birds and arboreal and scansorial mammals (e.g. canopy, large boughs, tree hollows and fallen timber). Predictive models were developed for habitat resource provision as functions of time since planting, planting density and other covariates. Different habitat resources developed at different rates. While dense canopy and various forms of bark resources developed in about 10 yr, large boughs, tree hollows and fallen timber loads required at least 100 yr to develop. The development of these key habitat resources was delayed in revegetated sites with high stem densities. Habitat resources that are essential for many birds and arboreal and scansorial mammals have long time lags that models for planning offsets or landscape reconstruction should account for. Management has substantial effects: planting at high densities greatly reduces tree girth growth rates and delays the occurrence of large boughs, tree hollows and fallen timber by decades.     

用显微CT研究不同植被恢复模式的土壤团聚体微结构特征

为了更好了解不同植被恢复模式对土壤团聚体微结构的影响,该研究采用显微CT技术扫描3~5 mm土壤团聚体,获取了3.25μm分辨率的二维图像,并应用数字图像处理软件对团聚体孔隙结构进行三维重建,定量研究了黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式下(自然草地、人工灌木和坡耕地)土壤团聚体微结构特征。结果表明,两种植被恢复模式均显著提高了土壤有机碳含量和团聚体水稳性(P0.05),降低了土壤容重。与坡耕地处理相比,自然草地土壤团聚体总孔隙度、大孔隙度(100μm)、瘦长型孔隙度分别增加了20%、23%和24%,而分形维数和连通性指数欧拉特征值分别降低了2%和75%,且各指标二者间差异均显著(P0.05)。人工灌木土壤团聚体的上述各项孔隙参数均优于自然草地(较坡耕地分别增加了70%、88%和43%以及降低了4%和92%),且除欧拉特征值外,差异均显著(P0.05)。分形维数和连通性对土壤结构变化的响应相当敏感,可作为该地区植被恢复过程中土壤质量评价的指标,研究结果可为黄土高原土壤质量评价提供科学参考。     

A global meta-analysis shows soil nitrogen pool increases after revegetation of riparian zones

Purpose

Sustainable management of riparian zone soils is required to ensure the health of natural ecosystems and maintenance of soil nitrogen (N) pools and soil N cycling. However, the effect of revegetation type and age on soil N pools remains poorly understood.

Materials and methods

This study compiled data from published articles to understand the effects of revegetation types and age on soil total N (TN) and soil inorganic N (NH₄⁺-N, and NO₃^?-N) using a meta-analysis. We extracted 645 observations from 52 published scientific articles.

Results and discussion

The revegetation of riparian zones led to a significant increase of soil TN (mean effect size: 11.5%; 95% CI: 3.1% and 20.6%). Woodland increased soil TN significantly by 14.0%, which was associated with the presence of N fixing species and high litter inputs. Soil NH₄⁺-N concentration significantly increased (mean effect size: 20.1%; 95% CI: 15.1% and 25.4%), whereas a significant decrease in soil NO₃^?-N (mean effect size: ? 21.5%; 95% CI: ? 15.0% and ? 27.5%) was observed. Of the revegetation types considered in this paper, NO₃^?-N concentration in soil followed the order: grassland < shrubland < woodland, suggesting that woodland might be more efficient in soil NO₃^?-N retention than grassland. The high plant N uptake and accelerated NO₃^?-N leaching in grassland could be related to the decreased soil NO₃^?-N in grassland compared with other revegetation types. Revegetation significantly decreased soil moisture by (mean effect size: ? 7.9%; 95% CI: ? 3.3% and ? 12.2%) compared with the control, which might be associated with the selection of exotic species as dominant vegetation in the riparian zone. Soil TN increased in revegetation ages between 10 and 40 years following revegetation and was related to increased soil organic carbon inputs within those ages following the establishment.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into influence of different vegetation types and age on soil N pools and soil moisture. This study also highlights the importance of revegetation in riparian zones to increase soil TN.

     

植被重建下露天煤矿排土场边坡土壤碳储量变化

植被重建是治理排土场边坡水土流失最直接也是最有效的生物措施,研究不同植被重建模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量的空间分布规律是筛选适宜排土场边坡生长的植被模式的重要条件。选取内蒙古黑岱沟露天煤矿治理15年的排土场边坡中4种植被重建模式(自然恢复地、草地、灌木林、乔木林),采集270个土壤剖面(0~100 cm)样品,研究不同重建模式下SOC储量的变化。结果表明:(1)植被重建模式显著影响剖面SOC、TN含量及分布(p0.05),0~10 cm和10~20 cm SOC、TN均呈草地灌木乔木自然恢复地,20 cm以下各土层SOC、TN虽然也表现相似的特征,但差异随土层深度增加越来越小。(2)剖面SOC密度和储量表现为原地貌区治理排土场新建排土场。经15年植被重建后,排土场边坡表现出巨大的固碳能力,1 m深度的林地和草地碳储量分别增加了5.38、11.85 t hm-2,但仅原地貌水平的1/2和3/5。(3)林地和草地的固碳速率分别为35.87、79.01 g m-2a-1,草地的固碳速率是林地的2.2倍,从土壤固碳及水土流失防治的角度考虑,建议矿区排土场边坡植被重建优先选择草地,其次灌木。     

北方农牧交错带沙尘源植被恢复潜力评价模型研究

针对北方农牧交错带沙化土地植被恢复进程缓慢和沙尘源植被恢复潜力评价困难的问题,该文采用模糊综合评判模型对北方农牧交错带沙尘源植被恢复能力进行潜力评价.该评价模型首先采用比例标度法对沙尘源影响因素打分,再用改进的层次分析法确定沙尘源植被恢复影响因素的权重,并通过综合指数反映植被恢复能力,最后利用模糊隶属度对植被恢复能力进行分级.试验结果表明:该模型能够确定北方农牧交错带沙尘源植被恢复潜力,并为确定沙尘源植被恢复的优先顺序提供决策依据.     

An economic analysis of revegetation for dryland salinity control on the Lower Eyre Peninsula in South Australia

Dryland salinity is a major natural resource management problem imposing large economic and environmental costs in many countries throughout the world. The major cause of dryland salinity is the replacement of perennial native vegetation with annual crops and pastures. This results in greater amounts of water entering a groundwater system, watertable rise and the concentration of naturally occurring salts near the soil surface. Many consider that the best long‐term solution is the re‐establishment of high water use perennial vegetation through production systems such as agroforestry. This paper presents a benefit–cost analysis (BCA) of revegetation to control dryland salinity over a 20‐year period in South Australia. The results of the BCA indicate that market costs are likely to exceed market benefits for broad‐scale revegetation programmes. These results are driven by hydrogeological studies, which indicate that as much as 50 per cent of a ‘problem‐type’ catchment needs to be revegetated to save only 3 per cent of land from being salt affected. The conclusion is that revegetation programmes need to be highly targeted to areas of a catchment with large potential to control salinity, land that has minimal value for other uses and regions with high infrastructure and ecological value. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of patch area and connectivity on avian communities in urban revegetation

Landscape restoration through revegetation is being increasingly used in the conservation management of degraded landscapes. To effectively plan restoration programs information is required on how the landscape context of revegetation influences biodiversity gains. Here, we investigate the relative influence of patch area and connectivity on bird species richness and abundance within urban revegetation patches in Brisbane, Australia. We carried out bird surveys at 20 revegetation sites, and used hierarchical partitioning and model selection to test the relative importance of patch area (the area of revegetation including all directly connected remnant vegetation) and landscape connectivity (the vegetated area connected by less than 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m and 50 m cleared gaps). We controlled for a number of possible confounding variables within the hierarchical partitioning procedure. Both the hierarchical partitioning and model selection procedures indicated that connectivity had an important influence on bird species richness. Patch area in combination with connectivity were important influencing factors on overall bird abundance. We also carried out the hierarchical partitioning procedure for bird abundance data within a range of feeding guilds, yielding results specific to species groups. Overall our data suggest that greater connectivity enhances the habitat area that colonists can arrive from (resulting in greater species richness), whereas increased patch area allows for increased abundance by expanding the habitat available to species already present in a patch. A combined approach where connectivity and overall habitat area is enhanced across the landscape is likely to be necessary to meet long-term conservation objectives.     

贵州省强度石漠化区立地分类系统研究

根据贵州省地质地貌条件的特殊性,通过立地因子筛选,研究建立了贵州省强度石漠化区立地分类系统。结果表明:立地类型组划分的主导因子为岩性,立地类型划分的主导因子为坡性。全省可分为5个立地类型区,2个立地类型组及2个立地类型,共形成20个立地类型组合。在立地评价的基础上,分类系统将为该类地区植被恢复提供自然本底依据。     

建设工程迹地岩土坡植被营造试验研究——以珠海市为例

对建设工程迹地岩土坡植被营造技术进行了探讨,认为应根据岩土坡的不同类型采取不同的植被营造技术措施。在植被营造过程中,始终采用林、草、藤结合模式,加强坡面植被多层次覆盖,起到明显的蓄水保土的效果。据测定,植被营造之后,暴雨平均减少径流量15.5%,保沙率41.0%;大雨平均减少径流量26.7%,保沙率64.0%;中雨平均减少径流量32.0%,保沙率73.0%;小雨平均减少径流量75.0%,保沙率100%。