Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in healthy rabbits and rabbits with clinically suspected encephalitozoonosis

Samples of uncontaminated cerebrospinal fluid (csf) were collected from the cisterna magna of 20 healthy laboratory rabbits and 21 pet rabbits with vestibular disease and/or paresis due to clinically suspected encephalitozoonosis. In the healthy rabbits' csf the leucocyte count was 相似文献   

Displacement of maxillary premolar teeth in a filly

Abnormalities of dental development such as hypoplasia of cementum, oligodontia, polydontia, enamel hypoplasia, brachygnathia, and prognathia are quite common in the horse. Abnormalities of eruption are less common and often associated with trauma. This case report describes the diagnosis and therapy for pre-eruption displacement of the maxillary left third and fourth premolar teeth resulting from previous facial trauma in a 1.5-year-old filly.     

Equine dental disease part 1: a long-term study of 400 cases: disorders of incisor, canine and first premolar teeth.

A review of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders showed 44 cases to suffer from primary disorders of their incisors and 11 from canine or 1st premolar teeth disorders. The remaining 345 horses suffered from primary disorders of the cheek teeth. Disorders of incisors included traumatic damage to teeth and their supporting bones, retained deciduous, displaced and supernumerary incisors; brachygnathia and abnormalities of wear, with most of the latter disorders being secondary to primary disorders of the cheek teeth Only 3 cases of apical infection of incisors were recognised. Most cases of fractured incisors responded well to conservative therapy. Retained deciduous incisors were extracted, but most cases with supernumerary and displaced incisors, or brachygnathia were treated conservatively. Most disorders of the canine and 1st premolar were developmental displacements that caused bitting problems (abnormalities of head movement associated with the bit), and these cases responded well to extraction of the displaced teeth.     

Extraction techniques for equine incisor and canine teeth

Extraction of equine incisor and canine teeth is a vital part of equine dentistry. Although dental pathology involving the incisor and canine teeth is less common, the practitioner should be prepared to diagnose conditions and develop a treatment plan. Depending on the pathology revealed via oral examination and intraoral radiographs, the treatment plan may include either simple (nonsurgical) or surgical extraction of an incisor or canine tooth. Technique and instrumentation refinement over the last 20 years has led to more precise extraction procedures with reduced secondary trauma to healthy tissues. As a result, incisor and canine extraction procedures are more predictable in execution and quality, with minimal complications.     

Dermatophytes in clinically healthy dogs and cats

The hair and skin of 300 clinically healthy animals, 268 dogs and 32 cats, were examined mycologically. The method described by Mariat and Tapia (1966) was used for the examination, along with square pieces of the fitted carpet Kovral. The dermatophytes were isolated in 12 samples, all from the material taken from dogs. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated six times, Microsporum canis four times, Trichophyton gallinae once, Trichophyton rubrum once. The origin of the dermatophyte Trichophyton gallinae, found in a village dog, was not determined. In one case of occurrence of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes in a dog the dermatophyte was probably transmitted from man to the dog. Microsporum canis was not proved to be the most frequent dermatophyte in dogs or cats in this country.     

Variability in the eruption of the permanent incisor teeth in sheep

The incisor teeth of 176 sheep of six breeds were inspected every two to three months for a year to record the shedding of the deciduous teeth and the eruption of the permanent teeth. In all the breeds the permanent central incisors erupted at between 12 and 18 months of age. In 96 per cent of the sheep the permanent middle incisors erupted at between 18 and 26 months; and in 92 per cent the permanent lateral incisors erupted at between 24 and 36 months of age. The permanent corner teeth erupted at between 32 and 44 months in 96 per cent of the sheep. The gingival redness and swelling accompanying the eruption of a permanent tooth disappeared within two months. In 14 cases two pairs of incisors erupted during the year, in 18 cases the incisors erupted asymmetrically, and in 22 cases no incisors erupted. Rotation of one incisor was observed in five sheep and was combined with dental deviation in one.     

Rabbit syphilis diagnosed clinically in household rabbits

This paper deals with 16 cases presented from April to December 2001 and diagnosed clinically as rabbit syphilis, because they showed distinct lesions around the nose and/or mouth, responded to chemotherapy, and the "Rapid Plasma Reagin" test was positive. Twelve cases exhibited initial symptoms and four were relapses. Lesions around the genitalia and/or anus as well as the nose and/or mouth were seen in 8 cases, and 6 cases indicated sneezing. Fifteen cases were successfully treated with oral administration of chloramphenicol, and one was treated with long-acting penicillin by intramuscular injection. The mean age of onset was 8.8 months. As none of these cases had any mating history, the disease was likely to be maternally transmitted.     

Development, growth and eruption of permanent incisor teeth in Romney sheep

The development of permanent incisor teeth of sheep was followed from the age of six weeks to 116 weeks. The teeth were observed through the bud, cap and bell stages, and the development of enamel and dentine. At the same time that amelogenesis started, the papillary layer developed from the intermediate layer and the outer dental epithelium began to form the cell rests of Malassez. The ameloblasts went through secretory, transitional and maturational phases, and in due course disappeared, after which cementum was laid down over the enamel surface. Initially the connective tissue of the follicle surrounding the growing tooth was very loose, but was replaced from the crown end as the tooth developed, by more dense connective tissue. Around the time of eruption, melanocytes were found on the lingual surface of the coronal end of the follicle. The root was formed under the influence of Hertwig's epithelium, and the cell rests of Malassez appeared to continue to develop from the outer enamel epithelium. Odontoblasts, which arose from the pulp connective tissue, were initially cuboidal but became fusiform as the tooth matured. At the time of eruption, amelogenesis was almost complete and cementum covered the majority of the tooth surface. The cell rests and melanocytes of the tootth follicle appeared to migrate with the tooth as it erupted. The deciduous tooth was resorbed from the lingual surface. The junctional epithelium of the erupted permanent tooth may have arisen from the cell rests, remnants of the dental lamina or gingival epithelium, depending on the presence or absence of inflammation.     

Hematology of the clinically healthy dog

Seventy-three healthy dogs of the German Shepherd breed were tested for working out broader haematological standards. The red and white blood picture includes 14 parameters on the whole, all of them being obtained from dogs aged 6.5 to 7 years. The statistically evaluated results are always processed for such a number of animals to secure 95% reliability and due accuracy and generalizing ability of the results. In the mentioned haematological values, no differences concerning the influence of age were demonstrated statistically. The haematological standards, worked out during the study, are regarded as fully applicable to clinical laboratory diagnostics and prognostics in veterinary cynology and for the clinical physiology of dogs.     

Fibrinogen level in clinically healthy horses]

Various sets of horses were examined in view of the necessity of widening the range of biochemical substances for diagnostic purposes in the field of veterinary medicine. The aim of the investigations was to obtain basic information on fibrinogen level and its variability. The average value stated was 280 mg% s = 89, sx = 12, V% = 32). The fibrinogen level in horses of the pronounced oxidation type was lower than in those with reduced metabolism, the difference being connected with the speed of sedimentation of erythrocytes. Repeated examination of a part of the set of horses (n = 10) on three different days within one week under the same conditions, showed a nonsignificant difference in the variability of the investigated horses (F = 0.901); neither did the coefficient of repeatability (rop = 0.11) reach the level of the testing criterion. The results indicate variability, with normal physiological condition of the animal, in the fibrinogen level. The physiological variability in fibrinogen level can also be explained in connection with other protein fractions.     

Measurement of tissue oxygen saturation levels using portable near‐infrared spectroscopy in clinically healthy dogs

Objective – To establish a reference interval for tissue oxygen saturation (StO₂) levels measured by a portable near‐infrared spectroscope and determine site(s) for reproducibly measuring StO₂ levels in dogs. Design – Prospective experimental study. Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – Seventy‐eight healthy dogs. Measurements and Main Results – A portable device that quantitatively measures StO₂ levels directly in muscle tissue using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was topically applied to shaved sites over 4 muscle bodies. Readings from the sartorius muscle were obtained 100% of the time. The digital extensors and biceps femoris muscles provided similar readings, but less consistently obtained StO₂ values (70% and 67%, respectively). Mean StO₂ levels measured over these 3 sites were not statistically different from one another. When readings from these 3 sites were combined, a mean ±1 SD of 92.9±7.4% was obtained. The epaxial muscles produced a significantly lower mean ±1 SD (68.5±22.4%), and readings were obtained only 60% of the time. Conclusions – In dogs, a mean ±1 SD of 92.9±7.4% can be used to investigate clinical applications of NIRS. The sartorius muscle most consistently allows for detection of StO₂ levels (100%). The epaxial muscles are not consistent or reliable for obtaining StO₂ readings and are not recommended for clinical application of near‐infrared spectroscope. Sex does not significantly affect StO₂ readings at any site. Body condition score only affects readings obtained from the sartorius muscle.     

Furcation canals of the maxillary fourth premolar and the mandibular first molar teeth in cats

The furcation region morphology was evaluated in 103 mature feline carnassial teeth (54 maxillary fourth premolar and 49 mandibular first molar teeth). Patent furcation canals were present in 27.2% of teeth. No significant difference (p = 0.88) in distribution of this anatomical variation was found between maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular first molar teeth. The mean width of these furcation canals was 104.0 microns with two-thirds of the canals having a buccal orientation. The presence of furcation canals could be a factor in the etiopathogenesis of feline dental resorptive lesions, as well as a characteristic to be considered in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of endodontic or periodontic-endodontic lesions in cat teeth.