早期断奶对巴音布鲁克羊羔羊增重及血清中部分生长类激素水平的影响

选择巴音布鲁克羊健康羔羊20只,分别在40和60日龄实施早期断奶,同时饲喂2种不同粗蛋白质水平(20%、22%)的代乳料,测定血清中生长类激素水平,研究早期断奶对羔羊生长的影响。试验分为4个试验组(A、B、C、D组,2种断奶日龄分别对应2种粗蛋白质水平代乳料)和1个对照组(哺乳羔羊)。结果表明:①平均日增重,试验组羔羊均高于对照组,其中饲喂22%CP代乳料的2种断奶日龄组显著高于对照组(P0.05);22%CP的2组平均日增重显著高于20%CP的2组(P0.05);同一营养水平的代乳料,2种断奶日龄间平均日增重无显著差异。②血清中4种生长类激素的水平,试验组羔羊血清中IGF-Ⅰ、INS水平均高于对照组,其中B组(40日龄断奶,22%CP)IGF-Ⅰ显著高于对照组(P0.05);B、D组(22%CP)INS显著高于对照组(P0.05);B组IGF-Ⅰ显著高于A、C、D组(P0.05)。试验组羔羊血清中T3、T4浓度与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。因此,本试验条件下,巴音布鲁克羊羔羊40和60日龄断奶可行,且以饲喂粗蛋白质水平为22%的代乳料效果较好。     

早期断奶羔羊饲喂代乳料的研究

针对母羊产奶不足会影响羔羊的生长发育及肉羊规模化生产的需要,该试验对人工哺喂羔羊代乳料的效果进行了研究.采用单因子随机分组设计,将24只羔羊(无角陶赛特♂×小尾寒羊♀的F1代)随机分为3组,分别为对照组、试验组Ⅰ和试验组Ⅱ,试验组饲喂代乳料和优质干草,对照组自然哺乳和饲喂优质干草,进行了60 d的饲养试验.结果表明,对羔羊实行早期断奶饲喂代乳料是可行的,饲喂代乳料的羔羊和自然哺乳羔羊生长发育速度差异不显著(P>0.05).     

人工哺育设备哺育仔猪对其生长性能的影响

为研究人工哺育设备哺育仔猪对其生长性能的影响,选取5日龄杜×(长×大)三元杂交哺乳仔猪78头,分为3组,每组3窝,I组和Ⅱ组每窝8头,Ⅲ组每窝10头,Ⅰ组为人工哺育正常仔猪组,Ⅱ组为人工哺育弱小仔猪组,Ⅲ组为母猪哺乳组(对照组),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组自5日龄起转入人工哺育设备饲喂代乳品,所有仔猪均在10日龄开始教槽,21日龄断奶,断奶后饲喂至31日龄试验结束。结果表明:5~21日龄阶段,Ⅰ组仔猪平均日增重显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组平均日增重比Ⅲ组小(P0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组腹泻率和死亡率都低于Ⅲ组;22~31日龄阶段,Ⅰ组仔猪的平均日增重高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组日增重低于Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅰ组教槽料采食量显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组仔猪教槽料采食量高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组料肉比与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组腹泻率低于Ⅲ组。综上所述,使用人工哺育设备哺育仔猪可改善仔猪的生长性能。     

不同脂肪水平代乳料对哺乳羔羊生长性能的影响

本试验研究了不同脂肪水平代乳料对哺乳羔羊生长发育的影响。选择28只体重、日龄相近的德克赛尔(Texel)公羔,于10日龄断母乳后随机分为4组,对照组饲喂全脂牛奶粉,试验组饲喂以大豆油作为脂肪添加源的代乳料,A、B、C组3个试验组的脂肪水平分别为20%、25%和30%。结果表明:羔羊平均精补料采食量和平均日增重存在显著差异,A、B组羔羊精补料采食量显著高于C组和对照组;B组的全期平均日增重显著高于C组(P<0.05),在51~60日龄阶段,B组平均日增重达到381.67 g/d,极显著(P<0.01)高于C组266.40 g/d;试验期内,随着代乳料脂肪水平的升高腹泻次数逐渐增加。适当的代乳料脂肪水平可以促进羔羊的固体饲料采食能力和生长性能,在以大豆油作为脂肪添加源的情况下,代乳料的适宜脂肪水平为20%~25%。     

早期断奶羔羊饲喂代乳料对其生长发育和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究不同配方代乳料对早期断奶羔羊生长发育和血清生化指标的影响.选取体重接近的30日龄杂交羔羊36只,随机分为3组,每组羔羊12只(公、母各半).对照组为自然哺乳,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组分别饲喂代乳料A、B.试验期60 d,其中预试期5d,正式试验期55 d.结果 显示,试验组羔羊采食量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)...     

不同蛋白源代乳料对肉用犊牛生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究不同蛋白源代乳料对肉用犊牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响。试验采用随机试验设计,将20头新生黑安格斯犊牛按体重和生长状况相近的原则随机分成CK组(对照组)、A组(发酵豆粕组)、B组(膨化大豆粉组)和C组(大豆蛋白粉组),每组5头,试验期45d。结果表明:在30~45日龄期间,试验组犊牛日增重均显著低于CK组(P0.05),营养物质消化率低,犊牛腹泻率处于整个试验期的最高水平,在血清生化指标方面,45日龄时不同蛋白源代乳料对犊牛血清中尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、甘油三脂和钙含量均有显著影响(P0.05);在45~60日龄期间,试验组犊牛日增重明显增加,各组犊牛腹泻率开始降低,60日龄时试验组犊牛血清生化指标受不同蛋白源代乳料的影响减小;在60~75日龄期间,试验B组和C组犊牛日增重与CK组相比差异不显著(P0.05),各试验组犊牛营养物质消化率明显提高,腹泻率大幅降低,甚至无腹泻情况发生,75日龄时各组犊牛血清生化指标之间无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,不同蛋白源代乳料的饲喂效果差于母乳,但随着犊牛日龄增加有所改善,其中膨化大豆粉为最佳代乳料蛋白源。     

羔羊的哺育、断奶与教槽饲养

<正>羔羊人工哺乳可采用两种方法,即手工饲喂和自动吸奶器饲喂。人工哺乳可选用鲜羊奶以及代乳料。传统羔羊断奶时间是2~4月龄,超早期断奶是在产后1~3d羔羊吃足初乳后断奶。本文也介绍了羔羊早期断奶的教槽饲养技术。1羔羊的人工哺育对多胎羔羊、体质孱弱的羔羊、母羊死亡遗留的孤羔、母羊奶水不足无力抚养的羔羊以及被遗弃的羔羊,都应寻求寄养或进行人工哺育。首先,应使这些羔羊吃到2~4d的初乳。然后,带入哺育栏内,训     

代乳料与早期断奶对甘肃仔马鹿生长发育的影响

为了探索科学的饲养管理方法,提高甘肃马鹿的养殖水平,本试验对仔马鹿进行了早期断奶及其代乳料的试验研究。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,将24只60日龄甘肃仔马鹿随机分为4组,其中A、B、D为试验组,C为对照组,自然哺乳。试验组于仔鹿60日龄断奶,进行了30 d饲养试验,结果表明,仔鹿60日龄早期断奶是可行的,试验期内断奶仔鹿未发生腹泻、下痢等疾病。60日龄断奶后,饲喂A、B两组代乳料的效果与自然哺乳C组相近;D组效果则不理想。     

羔羊代乳料对雷州山羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构及健康状况的影响

本试验旨在研究羔羊代乳料对雷州山羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构及健康状况的影响。选取体重相近、出生20日龄的健康雷州山羊公羔48只，分为代乳料组（饲喂代乳料+开食料）和母乳组（饲喂母乳+开食料），每组24个重复，每个重复1只羔羊。预试期10 d，正试期40 d。结果表明：1）代乳料组羔羊40日龄平均个体重、21～40日龄平均日增重及干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分的表观消化率均显著低于母乳组（P<0.05）;21～40日龄，代乳料组开食料平均日采食量显著高于母乳组（P<0.05），但平均日总采食量却显著低于母乳组（P<0.05），且腹泻率极显著高于母乳组（P<0.01）。2）代乳料组羔羊60日龄平均个体重、41～60日龄和21～60日龄平均日增重及各养分表观消化率均与母乳组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）；代乳料组41～60日龄和21～60日龄开食料平均日采食量均极显著高于母乳组（P <0.01）；代乳料组41～60日龄平均日总采食量显著高于母乳组（P<0.05），但21～60日龄2组间差异不显著（P>0.05）；代乳料...     

不同配方代乳料对羔羊生长发育的影响

试验用3个不同配方的代乳料对羔羊进行早期断奶,研究其对羔羊体重、成活率、体尺等指标的影响.选择80只25日龄的无角陶赛特羔羊,随机分为4组进行试验.3个试验组5日龄内用代乳料逐渐代替母乳,另一组为对照组(自然哺乳).结果表明:①试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的只均日增重分别为:223.25、256.67和257.25 g,高于对照组的159.29 g,差异显著(P<0.05);②试验组羔羊体高、尻高、胸围、体长均高于对照组,试验组间无明显差异;③试验组成活率为100%,比对照组95%有所提高;④试验组羔羊断奶时只均利润比对照组增加了40元以上.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein