滨海湿地不同群落对土壤磷的有效性影响研究

为探究黄河三角洲不同群落对土壤磷的影响,采用统计学方法对柽柳、碱蓬、芦苇、棉花4种典型群落的土壤全磷、速效磷的差异及磷有效性进行分析,结果表明:土壤剖面上,各群落土壤全磷在20 cm以上缓慢递减,20 cm以下波动上升;0~5 cm表层全磷含量在0.55~0.65 g kg~(-1)之间。速效磷在垂直剖面上表现为由表层及深层逐渐递减,表层土壤速效磷为棉田碱蓬柽柳芦苇。垂直剖面上,深层土壤磷的变异系数明显高于表层变异系数,且速效磷变异性高于全磷变异性。研究区土壤磷供应强度较小,磷有效性最高达0.94%;棉田受有机肥的影响在10~20 cm土层形成极高的磷有效性,芦苇通过根际土壤磷素的耗竭效应与累积效应,减少了土壤中速效磷含量,降低了磷有效性;碱蓬土壤较高的pH值有利于土壤速效磷含量的增加,从而提高了磷有效性。棉田土壤磷受灌溉、施肥、耕作等随机因素的影响为高变异高有效类型;碱蓬群落磷有效性高,植物吸收利用相对较少导致其为低变异高有效型;而芦苇群落为低变异低有效型。     

滨海湿地土壤盐离子对植物群落的响应研究

对黄河三角洲柽柳、碱蓬、芦苇、棉田4种群落土壤剖面可溶性盐离子差异进行了分析,结果表明:(1)土壤全盐在0~10cm土层含量大小表现为柽柳碱蓬芦苇棉田,在20cm以下土壤全盐含量为碱蓬柽柳芦苇棉田,这与碱蓬对Na~+、Cl~-吸收能力较强有关。(2)变异分析反映了阳离子、阴离子含量受不同植被类型的影响,柽柳群落以Mg~(2+)的变异系数最大,碱蓬群落以CO_3~(2-)的变异系数最大,芦苇群落以SO_4~(2-)的变异系数最大,棉田群落以Cl~-的变异系数最大。(3)Cl~-、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Na~+与土壤中全盐的含量呈显著性相关,且Cl~-与土壤全盐呈显著线性关系,能作为反映土壤全盐变化的重要指标。     

退耕还湖后不同植被群落湿地土壤剖面磷素形态分布特征

对菜子湖退耕还湖区不同植被群落(苔草、芦苇和酸模)下湿地剖面土壤进行分层采样,分析了土壤剖面有机磷(orP)、无机磷(inP)及无机磷组分铝磷(Al-P)、铁磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(O-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)的含量,探讨了植被群落对退化湿地生态恢复后土壤剖面磷素形态分布特征的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤剖面磷素以无机磷为主(301.94～645.17mg/kg)占全磷含量的52.59%～84.64%;除酸模群落下0～6cm土层外,土壤剖面有机磷含量范围为78.40～254.27 mg/kg。土壤剖面无机磷组分以钙磷和铁磷为主,分别占无机磷总量的29.67%～67.58%和21.90%～52.29%。除酸模群落下0～6 cm土层外,3种植被群落下土壤无机磷含量均随着剖面深度增加而增加,而有机磷含量则随着剖面深度增加先急剧降低后逐渐升高;土壤铝磷和铁磷含量总体上均随着剖面深度增加而降低;除酸模群落下0～6 cm土层土壤闭蓄态磷外,其他土壤剖面闭蓄态磷和钙磷含量总体均随着剖面深度增加而升高。研究区3种植被群落下土壤铝磷、铁磷和有机磷存在表聚现象,酸模群落下土壤剖面表现最为显著。研究区植物对土壤磷素吸收利用是磷素形态转化和表聚的驱动力,而钙磷是各形态磷表聚的主要来源。     

退耕还湖后不同植被群落下湿地土壤有机质及磷素含量差异分析

以菜子湖地区退耕还湖后苔草、芦苇和酸模植被群落下的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析了3种植被群落类型对湿地土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量及其在土壤剖面分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)0-6cm土层土壤有机质含量表现为:酸模>苔草>芦苇,而6-13cm,13-25cm,25-40cm,40-55cm土层均表现为:芦苇>苔草>酸模,总体表现为随着土壤剖面深度增加而下降(2)土壤全磷含量均为0-6cm土层全磷含量较高,6-13cm土层含量最低,全磷含量总体表现为随着剖面深度的增加而递增,递增趋势的强弱表现为:酸模>苔草>芦苇(3)土壤速效磷含量除酸模在0-6cm土层显著大于苔草和芦苇外,其它各个层次间土壤有效磷含量无显著性差异,总体上均表现为随土层加深而下降的趋势(4)除酸模在0-6cm和6-13cm土层的土壤磷素有效率显著高于苔草和芦苇外,其它不同土壤层次间无显著差异。(5)不同植被群落凋落物和根系分布特征差异是引起退耕后湿地土壤剖面有机质和磷素分布差异的主要原因,而水产养殖农家肥投放也促进了湿地表层土壤养分积累。     

胶州湾滨海湿地土壤溶解性有机碳淋溶特征

[目的]在山东省青岛市胶州湾滨海湿地采集光滩、碱蓬、芦苇和米草4种不同植被类型土壤,探究滨海湿地土壤溶解性有机碳淋溶特征。[方法]通过室内土柱淋溶试验,测定土壤淋出液溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度,利用紫外—可见分光光度法对土壤淋出液DOC结构进行分析。[结果]土壤淋出液DOC浓度随土层深度增加而增加;芦苇湿地的土壤淋出液DOC浓度最高,为23.12mg/L,其次分别为碱蓬湿地,米草湿地和光滩湿地,分别为15.22mg/L,14.44mg/L与8.38mg/L。4种土壤淋出液DOC光谱特征值存在一定的差异性,碱蓬湿地土壤淋出液DOC的芳香性和腐殖化程度最高,米草湿地土壤淋出液DOC的分子量和团聚化最大;随土层深度的增加土壤淋出液DOC的芳香性、腐殖化程度增大,分子量以及团聚化程度逐渐减小。[结论]植被残体的分解以及土壤的解吸附能力的差异是造成不同土层土壤淋出液DOC浓度差异的主要原因;而植被类型是影响土壤淋出液DOC结构变化的关键因素。     

珠江三角洲滨海湿地土壤微生物群落多样性与养分的耦合关系

为了研究珠江三角洲滨海湿地土壤微生物群落多样性与养分的耦合关系,以2015—2018年珠江三角洲滨海红树林湿地、芦苇湿地、碱蓬湿地和互花米草湿地为对象,采用野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法研究了滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物群落多样性和土壤养分含量。结果表明:土壤pH值基本表现为,互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,其中不同湿地植物群落土壤pH值差异均不显著(p0.05);土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾基本表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地。滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤细菌数量占绝对优势,占微生物总数的70%左右。土壤微生物总数、真菌数目和放线菌数目均表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,其中不同湿地差异均显著(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷基本表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,其中微生物量碳、氮不同湿地差异均显著(p0.05);不同湿地微生物量磷差异均不显著(p0.05)。土壤微生物群落的物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(Ds)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)基本表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,其中优势度指数(Ds)差异均不显著(p0.05)。相关性分析显示,土壤养分和pH值与微生物群落功能多样性密切相关,其中pH值和土壤养分是滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物群落多样性差异的重要影响因素。此外,土壤养分与微生物数量及微生物量关系密切,在生态保护和评估等研究过程中应充分考虑滨海湿地下的土壤微生物和养分的变化特征及耦合关系。     

滨海湿地土壤微生物群落多样性及其影响因素

连续3年(2015-2018年)研究了珠江三角洲滨海红树林湿地、芦苇湿地、碱蓬湿地和互花米草湿地土壤微生物群落多样性及其影响因素。结果表明:土壤pH基本表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,其中不同湿地植物群落土壤pH值差异均不显著(p0.05);土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾基本表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地。滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物碳源利用(AWCD)总体上呈逐渐增加的趋势,在培养24～72 h内AWCD快速增长,72 h后增长缓慢,192 h后急剧增长;相同时间土壤微生物碳源利用大致表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,局部有所波动。碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物的主要碳源,其次为氨基酸类、酚酸类和聚合物类,胺类碳源的利用率最小。土壤微生物群落的物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(Ds)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)基本表现为互花米草湿地碱蓬滩湿地芦苇湿地红树林湿地,其中优势度指数(Ds)差异均不显著(p0.05)。主成分分析结果表明,具有较高相关性的碳源有18种,其中羧酸类化合物有5种,多聚化合物有3种,碳水化合物有6种,芳香化合物1种,氨基酸2种,胺类化合物1种,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是胺类和氨基酸类碳源。相关性分析显示,土壤养分和pH与微生物群落功能多样性密切相关,其中pH对土壤微生物群落功能多样性贡献为负,土壤养分对土壤微生物群落功能多样性贡献为正,是滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物群落多样性差异的重要影响因素。     

黄河三角洲植被群落和土壤酶活性对湿地退化的响应

在黄河三角洲地区,由于油田开发、人类活动增多以及环境变化,滨海湿地发生了局部退化.为了探讨湿地退化的机制,在该地区选择典型湿地进行了植被调查和土壤性状分析.结果表明,植被基本是由白茅→柽柳→碱蓬→到光板地进行演替的.在湿地演替过程中.光板地、碱蓬群落、柽柳群落土壤有机质含量与白茅群落相比,分别降低了81.0%,67.4%,59.5%,全氮含量则分别降低了61.1%,59.6%,41.2%,速效P含量分别降低了19.5%,7.9%和4.7%.同样,演替不同阶段的土壤酶活性从白茅群落→光板地,脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性也逐渐降低,盐分含量则逐渐提高.这说明植被的演变与湿地退化几乎是同步响应的.土壤盐碱化,加快了植物群落的退化演替,植物的退化又反作用于土壤,使土壤的理化性状向着不利于植物生长的方向转化,二者相辅相成,紧密联系.土壤水盐运动是盐渍土演变过程的核心,也是影响湿地植被演替的重要因素.     

胶州湾滨海湿地土壤的盐渍化特征

[目的]了解胶州湾滨海湿地土壤盐渍化特征,为胶州湾滨海湿地保护和区域土壤盐渍化防治提供科学依据。[方法]在胶州湾选取芦苇、碱蓬、光滩及大米草4种典型滨海湿地分层采集土壤样品,通过测定土壤pH值、电导率和主要盐离子浓度开展研究。[结果]胶州湾滨海湿地土壤盐分含量表现由低到高依次为:芦苇湿地碱蓬湿地光滩湿地大米草湿地,盐渍化类型呈现由滨海硫酸盐—氯化物型向氯化物盐渍化土类型过渡的特征;垂直方向上,大米草湿地和芦苇湿地具有表层积盐特征,碱蓬和光滩湿地则呈现出下层稍高趋势。除CO_3~(2-)(和HCO_3~-离子以外,胶州湾滨海湿地土壤主要盐离子含量均呈现出与全盐量、电导率一致的规律,主要盐离子浓度从高到低依次为:Cl~-Na~++K~+SO_4~(2-)Mg~(2+)HCO_3~-Ca~(2+)。[结论]胶州湾滨海湿地土壤属于极重度盐化土,呈现自芦苇湿地向大米草湿地方向递增趋势;土壤碱度上属非碱化土,与土壤含盐量呈相反趋势,但植被易受苏打碱化土的潜在毒害作用。     

长期定位施肥对潮土磷素下移及有效磷生态阈值的研究

研究长期施肥条件下磷素下移情况及其与0～20 cm土层有效磷含量的关系,明确有效磷生态阈值对作物产量和农业生态安全有重要的意义。试验基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站" 30年定位试验,选取5个处理,即不施磷肥(NK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施(MNPK)、MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍(1.5NPKM)、氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施(SNPK),采集0～20、 20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土壤样品,分析有效磷含量,研究土壤有效磷垂直变化,并分析0～20 cm土层有效磷含量与磷素下移关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥可提高有效磷含量,施磷量越高,有效磷含量增加越快;0～20 cm土层有效磷含量15.7～24.7 mg/kg,磷素下移慢,可下移到40～60 cm土层;而有效磷含量大于55.6 mg/kg时,磷素下移速度显著增加,下移到60～80 cm土层,并且下移量更大。综上,磷素下移的深度受耕层有效磷含量的影响,潮土区土壤有效磷生态阈值为25 mg/kg,既满足作物高产对养分的需要,又不对生态环境造成危害。0～20 cm土层有效磷含量为15～25 mg/kg时,控制磷的投入量;当0～20 cm土层有效磷含量超出25 mg/kg,减少磷的投入。     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

Inferences from fluctuations in the local variogram about the assumption of stationarity in the variance

Geostatistics is commonly used to describe and predict the variation of soil properties over the landscape. However, many geostatistical methods require the assumption that our observed data are a realization of a random function which is intrinsically stationarity. Under stationarity, observations of a single realization of the random function at different positions can be treated as a form of replication. There are various ways in which a random function may breach the assumption of intrinsic stationarity and numerous geostatistical techniques have been developed that are able to cope with some forms of non-stationarity. What is currently needed is a set of diagnostic tools capable of detecting and identifying when data cannot plausibly be treated as a realization of a process which is stationary in the variance.In this paper, we propose an inferential method that can identify when stationarity in the variance cannot plausibly be assumed. The basis of our approach is to obtain a model for the random function under the assumption of intrinsic stationarity. If the global dataset can be regarded as a realization of a Gaussian process (perhaps after transformation), then the global variogram is sufficient for this purpose. By using a window-based method to locally estimate variograms, we can define some statistic of homogeneity of the sample variation of the data. This allows us to obtain a sample distribution for this statistic, under the null hypothesis of intrinsic stationarity, by generating multiple realizations of the postulation random function at the original sample points using Monte Carlo methods and recomputing the statistic for each realization. We selected as statistics the interquartile ranges of: i) the spatial dependence ratio (s), the proportion c₁ / (c₀ + c₁), ii) a distance parameter (a), which is the maximum lag over which the random function is autocorrelated for variograms like the spherical, and iii) the local variances (v; c₀ + c₁), where (c₀) is the nugget component and (c₁) the spatially structured component. We demonstrated this method using data from the large scale sampling (n = 1341 over 8248 km²) of the Florida Everglades, United States.     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

21世纪我市可持续农业发展的耕地资源问题探讨

本阐明了耕地资源是可持续农业发展的基础，并提出利用耕地资源的对策，为农业可持续发展提供参考依据。     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.