北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土流失效果

在北京地区采用自然降雨和模拟降雨相结合的方法,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度（5%、10%、15%、20%）下对裸露坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果一致表明,狼尾草和野古草2种草篱均可显著降低坡耕地水土流失,且狼尾草草篱的效果显著好于野古草草篱。在自然降雨下（平均雨强13.3 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少72.7%的地表径流和86.3%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少53.8%的地表径流和64.1%的土壤流失;在模拟降雨下（平均雨强49.5 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少80.7%的地表径流和94.5%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少59.5%的地表径流和71.5%的土壤流失。另外,2种等高草篱防治水土流失的效果与坡度成显著负相关关系,随坡度增加2种草篱的水土保持功能逐渐减弱,但至20%坡度时,其对径流和土壤流失的降低作用仍维持在40%和50%以上。回归分析结果显示,草篱因素已经超过坡度和雨强,成为控制坡耕地水土流失的首要因素。     

草篱对坡耕地水土流失的影响

在华北地区采用人工模拟降雨的方法研究了狼尾草和野古草两种人工草篱在不同雨强(22,36,63 mm/h)和不同坡度(5%,10%,15%,20%)条件下对坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果表明:野古草草篱可减少7%~37%的地表径流和49%~63%土壤侵蚀,狼尾草草篱可减少30%~72%的地表径流和69%~89%的土壤侵蚀,数据显示两种草篱均能减少坡耕地地表径流和土壤侵蚀,且狼尾草草篱的水土保持作用明显好于野古草草篱;多元回归分析结果表明,地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量与草篱、坡度和降雨强度均呈显著相关,其中草篱带是影响坡耕地水土流失的主要因子。     

保护性耕作与等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失研究

坡耕地是水土流失和农业面源污染物的重要来源,同时也是当前治理的薄弱环节。本文以北京地区坡耕地为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了保护性耕作和等高草篱措施在不同坡度条件下对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果。结果表明:保护性耕作和等高草篱措施均能有效降低坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失,4种处理的降低效果由大到小依次为:保护性耕作+草篱>传统耕作+草篱>保护性耕作+无草篱>传统耕作+无草篱。与传统耕作+无草篱相比,传统耕作+草篱、保护性耕作+无草篱、保护性耕作+草篱分别减少56%、44%和68%的径流流失,66%、49%和82%的土壤流失,以及56%、43%和66%的总氮流失和54%、40%和70%的总磷流失。同时,等高草篱和保护性耕作措施的防治效果与坡度呈负相关关系,即随着坡度增加其作用效果逐渐减弱。回归分析结果表明,保护性耕作和等高草篱措施是控制坡耕地水土及氮磷流失的最关键因素。     

免耕和草篱措施对径流中典型农业面源污染物的去除效果

大量施用农业化学物质在提高作物产量的同时,也导致了严重的水体污染.在北京地区不同坡度的径流小区上,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究免耕、草篱、以及免耕与草篱复合3种措施对农田径流中氮、磷、阿特拉津3种典型农业面源污染物的去除效果.结果表明:免耕措施可减少53%的总氮、51%的总磷和56%的阿特拉津流失;草篱措施可减少68%的总氮、61%的总磷和90%的阿特拉津流失;而免耕与草篱复合措施可减少77%的总氮、76%的总磷和92%的阿特拉津流失.另外,总氯、总磷和阿特拉津流失量均与径流量呈显著的线性正相关关系.本研究证实,免耕和草篱措施均能有效防止氮、磷以及阿特拉津随农田径流流失,对农业面源污染具有较好的防治效果,而这2种措施复合后能使其防治效果进一步增强.     

模拟降雨条件下草篱对坡地浅层土壤水分分布特征的影响

为明确草篱对坡地浅层土壤水分分布特征的影响,在北京地区采用模拟降雨的方法,分层采集不同坡位的土壤样品,研究了在草木樨和狼尾草2种等高草篱措施干预下,不同雨强(30,45 mm/h)和坡度(15%,20%)条件下坡地降水迁移分配以及水分在浅层土壤中的分布特征。结果表明,该地区雨季坡地降水具有明显的沿坡面水平移动特征,无草篱对照地表径流量占降雨量的12%~44%。采用等高草篱能促进降水向下迁移,增加壤中流,减少30%~70%的地表径流,但此作用有随坡度的增加而减弱的趋势。浅层土壤含水量随土层加深而降低,表层(0-5cm)显著高于5-10,10-15cm土层。草篱带内土壤含水量与对应坡位无草篱区域的含水量处于同一水平。雨强、草篱、坡度均对坡地降水的运移和分配规律有显著影响,草篱的重要性高于坡度,低于雨强,是减少坡耕地降水流失的关键因素,但大强度的降雨和较陡的坡度会削弱草篱的水土保持功能。     

碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径

为了解不同植被类型及覆盖度对碎石土壤坡地养分流失途径的影响,采用模拟径流小区降雨,研究了6种植被配置模式下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙氮、磷养分流失特征。结果表明:植被覆盖坡地氮流失量比裸地减少了0.91~4.60倍,磷流失量减少了6.25~63.9倍,养分控制效果排序为草灌草本灌木裸地。6种植被配置下的地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙养分流失量存在显著差异,裸地氮、磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙,灌木是地表径流,草本与草灌结合处理则是地表径流和壤中流;而草本、灌木以及草灌结合土壤磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙与地表径流共同作用的结果。不同植物覆盖措施对含碎石土裸地氮、磷的流失起到显著的截留作用,主要通过由侵蚀泥沙向非侵蚀泥沙途径转化而实现对氮磷的截留。灌木覆盖度与地表径流的氮磷流失量、径流总量的氮磷流失量之间呈现显著的正相关性,与壤中流的氮磷流失量呈现显著的负相关性。     

窄草篱对径流中氮、磷的影响

在农田中施用有机肥料后 ,地表径流所挟带的氮和磷可导致地表水污染。草篱可以减少径流中氮和泥沙的流失。在耕作和免耕两种情况下 ,研究 0 75m宽的窄牛尾梢草草篱对施用牛粪的地块中磷和氮流失的影响。试验布置在平均坡度为 12 %、土质为莫诺纳粉质壤土上。采用裂区设计 ,免耕和耙耕处理系统安排在主区 ,施用有机肥、无机肥处理及设草篱和不设草篱的对照处理布置在副区 ,分别在初始模拟降雨阶段和随后的多雨模拟阶段采集径流样。只有 38%的免耕小区和 6 3%耙耕小区在降水量为 6 40mm/h的初始模拟降雨阶段有径流出现。与不设草篱的对照小区相比 ,单条窄草篱可以使施用有机肥的免耕小区在多雨模拟阶段径流中的可溶性磷 ,生物有效性磷 ,颗粒态磷的含量分别降低 47% ,48% ,38% ,同时使全磷含量降低 40 % ,使NH+ 4 N的含量降低 6 0 %。窄草篱与没有草篱小区相比使耙耕小区的径流中的上述磷氮含量分别降低了 2 1% ,2 9% ,43% ,38%和 5 2 %。窄草篱对减少农田施用有机肥和无机肥后径流中磷和氮的流失具有显著的效果。     

植物篱对紫色土物理性质及养分的影响

在四川盆地紫色土区通过标准径流小区试验研究香根草植物篱对不同坡度的坡耕地表层(0-20cm)土壤容重、颗粒分布及养分流失的影响.结果表明,香根草植物篱有利于土壤容重减小,但总体上效果不显着.在植物篱的影响下,土壤细颗粒(粉粒、粘粒)在坡脚、坡腰明显富集,且总体上细颗粒流失减少,所以砂粒含量相对降低.香根草植物篱能有效控制表土各养分的流失,保持土壤肥力;能减少各养分在坡顶的流失,但全氮的流失依然严重;能加剧各养分在坡脚的富集,其中对有机质的影响最明显;能明显提高篱带前土壤肥力,尤其是总磷和速效钾含量.有机质、全氮、总磷、有效磷、速效钾的变化量分别与牯粒变化量呈显著线性正相关(r=0.859,0.896,0.821,0.807,0.927),与粉粒变化量相关性不强,所以它们在坡面上的变化趋势与粘粒基本一致.在植物篱小区,坡度对有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全钾的富集影响不明显,但坡度较小时,有效钾、坡顶碱解氮和坡顶有效磷的流失显著减少,所有小区坡面上的全钾含量均增加.因此,该区紫色土坡耕地要注意补充氮肥,减少钾肥,加强坡顶和远篱带处土壤的培肥.     

重庆市农田氮磷流失系数初探

结合重庆市农业生产的实际情况,在全市设置监测点12个,以一个种植季为监测周期,采集每次降雨后产生的径流和淋溶水,测定其产生量和氮、磷浓度,测算出氮磷流失系数。结果表明,氮主要以地下淋溶途径流失进入水体,磷主要是以地表径流途径流失进入水体。各监测点总氮流失系数在0.011%~10.82%之间,总磷流失系数在0.013%~0.894%之间。氮的流失以硝态氮为主,最高占总氮流失的61.214%。从地表径流看,氮磷流失系数与地面坡度、施肥量成正相关,坡度越高、施肥量越大,氮磷流失系数就越大。从地下淋溶看,养分流失主要受土壤性质的影响,砂质土壤在灌溉或者降雨后,更容易造成养分的流失。     

自然降雨条件下香根草生物篱对菜地土壤地表径流和氮流失的影响

通过修建径流小区,开展了自然降雨条件下香根草生物篱对种植辣椒土壤地表径流的发生及其引起的水土流失和氮素流失影响的研究.试验结果表明,在菜地土壤种植香根草生物篱能有效地降低地表径流以及减少因地表径流引起的土壤氮素流失.在辣椒种植期间,香根草生物篱种植小区的总产流量比传统辣椒种植小区的降低了41.9%.与传统辣椒种植小区相比,香根草生物篱种植小区的地表径流中NH+4-N和NO-3-N流失量平均分别降低57.9%和59.7%,土壤侵蚀量平均降低64.5%,侵蚀土壤的氮流失量平均降低64.8%,试验结果还显示,降雨强度与地表径流量、地表径流NH+4-N、地表径流NO-3-N、地表径流全N流失量、土壤侵蚀量和侵蚀土壤N流失量之间的相关性均达到极显著水平,这一结果说明降雨强度影响水土流失和土壤氮素流失的主要因素.     

Potassium,magnesium, and irrigation effects on peanuts grown on two soils

Abstract

Research data are limited on K and Wg requirements of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on sandy soils either with or without irrigation. Purposes of this study were (1) to determine Mg, K, and irrigation effects on yield, sound mature kernels (SMK's), and diseases of ‘Florunner’ peanuts grown on two sandy soils and (2) to determine sufficient amounts of Mg and K in peanut leaves and soils. Field experiments were conducted for three years on a Lakeland sand (thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsainments) and a Fuquay loamy sand (siliceous, thermic, Arenic Plinthic Paleudults). Both soils initially tested low in Mehlich 1 extractable K and Mg, but Lakeland was lower than Fuquay in both K and Mg. Factorial treatments were 0, 67, 67 (split into three applications), and 134 kg Mg/ha as MgS0₄ and 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg K/ha as KC1.

Neither irrigation, K, nor Mg treatment affected number of diseased plants. (Sclerotium rolfsii) or pod rot on either soil. Also, yield and % SMK's were not affected by any treatment any year on Fuquay soil. On Lakeland soil, yields were increased by irrigation 60.3% in 1980 and 11.0% in 1982, by K rates of 56 kg/ha or more each year, and by Mg rates of 67 kg/ha or more in 1978 and 1982. Yields (3‐yr average) were increased 14.7% by Mg with K and 30.7% by K with Mg. Magnesium plus K increased yields 69.3% over the control. Treatments had no consistent effects on % SMK's. Concentrations of K and Mg in leaves and soils were increased by increased rates of application but were not affected by irrigation. Minimum sufficiency levels for maximum yield were 10 and 2.0 g/kg for leaf K and Mg and 20 and 11 ng/kg for soil K and Mg (0 to 30 cm depth), respectively.     

Effect of Equilibrium Solution Ionic Strength on the Adsorption of Zn,Cu, Cd,Pb, As,and P on Aluminum Mining By-Product

Adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a promising option to remove organic micro-pollutants (OMP) from drinking water sources or wastewater. Since this treatment option requires continuous PAC dosing, sufficient contact time and subsequent separation of the PAC, the integration into existing process chains is challenging. In the present investigation, the pre-loading of a deep bed filter with PAC used as fixed bed adsorber was investigated. The retention and distribution of an exemplary PAC in a pumice rapid filter were determined. Gravimetry combined with combustion of the PAC at 550 °C was applied to differentiate between PAC and filter material residues and revealed comparably high PAC immobilization in the upper third of the pumice filter. Comparative adsorption experiments in batch with suspended PAC and continuous filtration tests with immobilized PAC showed advantageous results for immobilized PAC with regard to the removal of OMP and the sum parameters dissolved organic carbon and UV light absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results indicate that a conventional rapid filter together with PAC can be effectively utilized as fixed bed adsorption filter.     

Tillage,lime, and poultry litter effects on soil zinc,manganese, and copper

Abstract

Long‐term no‐tillage has profound effects on soil properties which can affect the availability of plant nutrient elements. The objectives were to study the effects of tillage and lime treatments on soil pH and extractable soil micronutrients where poultry litter was used as a nitrogen (N) source. Surface soil samples were taken in the spring and fall for two years from a long‐term tillage experiment that had been in place for nine years. There were two tillage treatments [conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT)] and six lime/ gypsum treatments (control, 8,960 kg gypsum ha^‐1 every fourth year, 4,480 kg lime ha^‐1 every fourth year, and three treatments of 8,960 kg lime ha^‐1 in a four‐year period divided by application times into 1, 2, and 4 treatments per year). Poultry litter was applied each year of the two‐year experiment at a rate of 8.96 Mg ha^‐1 on a dry weight basis. The crop was corn (Zea maize L.). Soil samples were analyzed for pH and Mehlich‐1 zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Soil pH was higher for NT than CT and was higher in the spring than in the fall. Lime rates resulted in soil pH increases, but showed less difference for CT than NT. The three 8,960 kg ha^‐1 per four yr treatments caused an interaction in that for CT the pH increased more for 2,240 kg ha^‐1each year than for 8,960 kg ha^‐1 every fourth year and the opposite was true for NT. Extractable Zn, Mn, and Cu all responded to this interaction being lower for the higher pH plots. Extractable Zn was higher for NT possibly due to high Zn from the poultry litter and non‐incorporation for NT. Extractable Cu was lower for NT as expected from the soil pH, whereas extractable Mn was not affected by tillage. Extractable Zn and Cu both increased over time due to inputs from the poultry litter. Neither extractable Zn nor Mn responded to increasing lime rates, however Cu decreased with increasing lime rate. Extractable Cu was influenced mainly by soil pH differences due to tillage and lime. Extractable Zn was influenced much more by tillage and from inputs by the poultry litter and not as much by pH differences. Extractable Mn was the least responsive to tillage and lime treatments of the three micronutrients studied.     

Impacts of flooding,nitrogen-fertilization,and soil-depth on sugarcane nutrients grown on Histosols

Abstract

Sustainable production in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is confounded by decreasing soil depth and high annual rainfall. Formerly a sawgrass marsh, Histosols predominate much of the EAA and these soils have frequently flooded following their drainage in the early 20th century. Subsidence has increased inundation frequency as soil depth has decreased to less than 25?cm in many locations. A 2-year lysimeter study was conducted to examine alternative management practices for improved agricultural sustainability given frequent flooding and reduced oxidation rates on Histosols. Specific management factors examined included water-table, soil depth, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer effects on sugarcane leaf nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient cycling. The trial utilized soil depths of 13 and 25?cm, water tables of constant and periodically flooded, and N fertilizer rates of 0 and 168?kg ha^?1?year^?1. Periodic flooding increased plant uptake of manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and boron (B). Yield increases associated with additional N indicate a potential need to develop fertilizer rate recommendations for shallow Histosols. Soil depth impacted sugarcane nutrient uptake with 25?cm of soil depth significantly affecting examined leaf nutrient concentrations except iron (Fe). Sugarcane yield may benefit if additional N and potassium (K) are added at rates specific to soil depth. Proximity to bedrock led to excessive calcium (Ca) uptake and low K and Fe DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) values were below recommendations. Data from this study can assist development of precision agricultural practices in the EAA that utilize soil depth.     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.