磷在红壤肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在红壤肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,相同施量的磷在7天和28天时的迁移距离相同,施用磷酸二氢钙(MCP)0 2g和0 5g时的迁移距离分别为1 4cm和2 0cm。磷在施肥7天内的迁移量较大,然后只发生少量迁移。迁移进入土壤的磷86 3%～94 2%被吸附固定,64 1%～72 2%仍以有效态存在。在迁移距离内,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷含量与距施肥点距离呈极显著直线负相关。施肥量对水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷在肥际微域中的含量分布有显著影响;但培养时间只对水溶性磷含量分布有显著影响。     

磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,磷在潮土中的移动距离很短,经过7 d和28 d的迁移,磷的迁移距离仅为8～14 mm。施入的磷主要固定在紧靠施肥点2 mm土体范围内,随距施肥点距离的增加,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷的含量呈指数曲线迅速降低。磷在施肥后7 d内的迁移量较大,迁移进入土壤的磷绝大部分被吸附固定。施肥量对不同形态磷在肥际微域中的迁移量产生显著影响;但培养时间只明显影响了水溶性磷的迁移量。     

沸石对磷在肥际微域中的迁移影响

磷在土壤肥际微域的迁移对其有效性有着较大的影响,以土柱试验和连续切片技术研究了天然沸石、钾沸石和铵沸石对磷酸二氢钙在红壤肥际微域溶解和迁移的影响.沸石与土壤间的离子交换作用促进了土壤本体难溶磷酸盐的溶解,钾沸石和铵沸石增加了磷酸二氢钙的溶解和迁移,土壤水溶性磷分布距离比对照增加了8 mm;而天然沸石作用相反.沸石降低了磷酸二氢钙在土壤肥际微域的初始溶解;在分布距离大于10 mm时,土壤水溶性磷含量大小依次为铵沸石钾沸石天然沸石对照.水溶性磷含量与分布距离间呈极显著指数负相关.土壤Olsen-P的变化与水溶性磷相反,其含量大小依次为对照天然沸石钾沸石铵沸石,Olsen-P含量与分布距离间呈极显著线性负相关.     

钾在潮土肥际微域中的迁移与转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了钾在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化.结果表明,在室温25℃、土壤含水量332 g/kg和容重1.22 g/cm3的条件下,经过7 d和28 d的扩散,钾在潮土中的迁移距离为40～75 mm,前期移动较快.在迁移距离内,土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量与距施肥点距离呈极显著线性负相关.施肥量和培养时间对水溶性钾和交换性钾含量在肥际微域中的分布均有显著影响,但对非交换性钾含量没有显著影响.外源钾进入土壤后在肥际微域中被固定的部分仅占5.6%～21.5%,绝大部分仍以有效态存在.     

水分与有机酸对水稻土肥际微域磷迁移转化的影响

通过土柱培养实验对肥际微域中磷的迁移转化及其受水分和有机酸的影响进行了研究。结果表明：随着培养时间延长,土壤肥际微域中水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量均显著下降,从微域角度证明了磷肥进入土壤后随时间延长有效性降低。淹水和配施草酸均有利于水溶性磷和有效磷的迁移扩散,但淹水条件下配施草酸与否肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量均显著低于 60% 田间持水量下的累积量。60% 田间持水量下配施草酸均能增加肥际微域中水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量,而淹水条件下则相反,配施草酸显著降低了肥际微域中水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量。     

石灰性土壤肥际磷酸一钙的转化及肥料磷的迁移

肥际是肥料与土壤接触后肥料养分浓度很高、肥料与土壤组分相互作用强烈的区域.P肥肥际反应尤为强烈,其过程对肥料P在土壤中迁移及生物有效性可能起着至关重要的作用.本文以肥际为切入点,通过土柱培养试验,研究了磷酸二氢钙(MCP)在石灰性潮土肥际的形态转化及肥料P的迁移.结果表明,MCP施肥31天后,肥料P的迁移距离达45 mm.MCP异成分溶解导致约30%的肥料P残留在原施肥点;另有约70%进入土壤.无机P形态分级结果显示,进入土壤的肥料P仍保持较高的有效性,且主要以磷酸钙盐存在.其中,近10%仍以水溶态(WE-P)存在,近35%转化为Ca2-P,近35%转化为Ca8-P,近15%转化为A1-P,约5%转化为Fe-P,仅不足1%转化成O-P,而Ca10-P没有明显变化.肥际(0～2 mm)新增各形态含P矿物中,Ca8-P所占比例显著增加,O-P的比例略有增加,其他形态P的比例相应减少.MCP施肥后土壤WE-P和Ca2-P的分布呈明显的分段特征,即由自施肥点开始的快速线性下降阶段和随后的缓慢线性下降阶段构成,其他形态的P的分布也有肥际集中分布特性,使得进入土壤的肥料P90%左右集中在不足一半的扩散距离内.MCP施肥引起肥际土壤pH显著下降,对肥际碳酸盐及铁、铝矿物溶解破坏作用极为显著,特别是2 mm内碳酸盐被完全分解.土壤CaCO3溶解释放的Ca2+是进入土壤的肥料P转化固定的主要因素,其次是施肥伴随的Ca2+,肥际铁、铝矿物溶解释放出的Fe3+、Al3+对P的固定也有重要贡献.MCP对土壤矿物的溶解破坏及其异成分溶解作用是石灰性土壤中该肥料有效性的主要限制因素.     

水稻土肥际微域铵对钾形态转化与迁移的影响

通过室内土柱培养试验,研究了水稻土肥际微域铵对钾形态转化与迁移的影响。结果表明,钾自肥际向非肥际的扩散距离随钾肥用量增加而增加,施同等铵态氮条件下,施钾量增加2.4倍,导致肥际钾含量最高区域水溶态钾含量提高了2.1倍,交换态钾和非交换态钾则分别提高了1.7和 0.3倍,而钾的迁移距离提高了16.4%（12 mm）,说明肥际钾的固定能力有限,钾肥量增加导致更多的钾以有效性较高的形态存在。同等钾量条件下,施用铵态氮肥显著提高了水稻土肥际钾含量最高区域水溶态钾含量,使钾的迁移距离较未施铵时增加了23.2%（16 mm）;铵钾共施还显著提高了肥际到普通土壤过渡区域中交换态钾含量,降低了所有土样中的非交换态钾含量。铵钾共施显著抑制了肥际微域中肥料钾向非交换态的转化,这种抑制作用随距肥际距离的增加而减弱。利用不同回归方程拟合由肥际到非肥际钾的分布曲线,无论是水溶态钾还是交换态钾,反S型曲线 y = a / [1 + b exp (c×x)] 可以很好地拟合由肥际到非肥际K+ 的分布。     

氮肥对磷在红壤肥域微域中迁移和转化的影响

The effects of two different nitrogen fertilizers （urea and NH4C1） with monocalcium phosphate （MCP） on the movement and transformation of fertilizer P in soil microsites along with soil pH changes at different distances from the fertilizer application site were studied in an incubation experiment. A highly acidic red soil （Ultisol, pH 4.57） from south China with MCP fertilizer alone or in combination with NH4C1 or urea was added to the surface of soil cylinders and packed in wax blocks. After 7 and 28 days, the extraction and analysis of each 2 mm layer from the interface of the soil and fertilizer showed that added NH4C1 or urea did not change the movement distance of fertilizer P. However, P transformation was significantly affected （P 〈 0.05）. After 7 days, at 0-8 mm distance from the fertilizer site the addition of urea significantly decreased the water-extractable P concentration; however, after 28 days the effect of N addition had disappeared. Also,at limited distances close to the fertilizer site NH4Cl application with MCP significantly increased acid-extractable P and available P, while with the addition of urea they significantly decreased. Compared with application of MCP alone,addition of urea significantly increased soil pH in fertilizer microsites, whereas the addition of NH4Cl significantly decreased soil pH.     

氮肥减施对养分在潮土肥际微域中迁移过程的影响

肥料减施增效对合理控制肥料用量、推进农业绿色发展、实施乡村振兴具有重要意义。本研究以尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾为供试肥料，采用培养试验研究了氮肥减施对砂质潮土和壤质潮土肥际微域速效养分迁移过程的影响。以高产推荐施肥N 210 kg/hm²为基础，在氮肥减施20%时，速效氮磷钾进入砂质潮土肥际微域的比例比习惯施肥N315kg/hm²增加了15.71%、7.27%和13.14%，比高产推荐施肥增加了10.54%、3.79%和8.98%。速效氮迁移距离低于习惯施肥，与高产推荐施肥相当，为46 mm；有效磷迁移距离与两者无显著性差异；速效钾迁移距离分别增加了15.79%和10.00%。速效氮和有效磷进入壤质潮土肥际微域的比例比习惯施肥增加了53.08%、3.44%，比高产推荐施肥增加了14.28%、6.89%，迁移距离与习惯施肥、高产推荐施肥无显著性差异；速效钾比例和迁移距离则低于其他两个施肥量处理。     

氮钾肥对磷在红壤肥际微域中迁移转化的影响

在农田施肥中,氮肥和钾肥经常与磷肥一起施入土壤,一定程度上会影响磷的土壤化学行为。采用室内土柱实验研究了NH4Cl、KCl在与磷酸二氢钙(MCP)共施条件下对磷在红壤肥际微域中迁移和形态转化的影响。试验结果表明,共施NH4Cl或KCl未改变磷在红壤中的迁移距离,但对肥际微域中磷的形态转化产生了显著影响。与单施MCP相比,共施NH4Cl和KCl均显著降低了红壤肥际微域的土壤pH。在培养7 d和28 d时,共施NH4Cl均未对施肥点附近红壤的水溶性磷含量产生显著影响,而共施KCl在培养7 d时显著降低了水溶性磷含量,在培养28 d时却增加了水溶性磷含量。共施NH4Cl或KCl显著增加了红壤肥际微域内的酸溶性磷和有效磷含量。磷的迁移量回收结果表明,共施NH4Cl或KCl促进了磷从MCP中向红壤迁移,增加了磷的迁移量。     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilizer Management and Crop Rotations on Accumulation and Downward Movement of Phosphorus in Semi-Arid Subtropical Irrigated Soils

Crop species and their varieties vary in phosphorus (P) requirements for optimum production and response to P application. As crop recovery of added P often ranges from 10 to 40%, the rest accumulates in soil and may create potential for P leaching, depending upon the soil characteristics, duration of P applications, and cropping systems. Accumulation and distribution of Olsen P (plant-available labile P), total inorganic P, and total organic P were investigated in soil profiles of three field experiments differing in rate (9–44 kg P ha^–1), frequency (applied once or twice annually), and duration (4–34 years) of fertilizer P applications, crop rotations, soil characteristics, and irrigation pattern (upland irrigated and flooded-rice crop) in a subtropical region. Profile samples were collected from soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm of different treatments in these experiments and analyzed for different forms of P and soil characteristics. The results revealed that (i) annual applications of fertilizer P either to one crop (alternative-applied P) or to both crops (cumulative) led to the accumulation of residual fertilizer P in the form of Olsen P, varying from 44 to 148 kg P ha^–1, and the magnitude of accumulation was proportional to applied fertilizer P rate, frequency, and duration; (ii) majority of residual fertilizer P accumulated as inorganic P (74–89%) followed by organic P (11–26%) and Olsen P (9–19%), illustrating that the inorganic P pool is a major sink for fertilizer P; (iii) application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) alone or in combination with fertilizer P did not affect residual fertilizer P accumulation in soil profile; (iv) incorporation of farmyard manure enhanced the P enrichment of soil profile; (v) irrigation pattern, soil pH (7.1–7.7), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) (trace–0.33%) did not influence P movement to deeper soil layers; silt, clay, and soil organic C (SOC) showed strong relationships with Olsen P (r = 0.827, 0.938, and 0.464, P < 0.01) and enhanced the retention of labile P in the plow layer; and (vi) only 6–29% total residual P moved beyond 30 cm deep in fine-textured soils under 22-year rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 34-year maize (Zea maize L.)–wheat rotations, whereas 41, 27, 20, 9, and 3% were located in soil layers 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm deep, respectively, in coarse-textured soil profile under 4-year peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field. These findings confirmed that interplay between the fertilizer P management (alternative vis-à-vis cumulative P application and optimal vis-à-vis excessive rates of fertilizer P in different crop rotations), amount of labile P accumulated in soil profile, and soil characteristics (silt, clay, and SOC) largely controlled the downward movement and resultant potential for P leaching in subtropical irrigated soils.     

Effect of Submergence on Iron Transformation and Phosphorus Availability in Calcareous Soils

A thermostatic incubation experiment was carried out to estimate the effects of flooding periods,stalk application and P addition of Fe transformation and P availability in calcareous soils.Submergence increased amorphous Fe,especially in the case of stalk application.The newly formed amorphous Fe with a great surface area played an important role in Psorption;and submergence also stimulated the dissolution of inorganic P,thus increasing the availability of soil P in calcareous soils.Meanwhile,a part of soluble P was absorbed and fixed again on the surface of newly formed amorphous Fe,thus resulting in a decrease of P availability.Soil rapidly available P increased after 150-day incubation.There existed significantly negative correlations between soil amorphous Fe content and soil Fe-P and rapidly available P contents.Submerged conditions promoted the transformation of inorganic P added toward Fe-P in calcareous soils,especially in the case of stalk application.     

长期不同施肥对茶园土壤碳氮磷构成的影响

从浙西茶区采集了34个茶园表层土壤,按施肥模式分为施用有机肥+化肥、单施化肥和不施肥等3组茶园,用化学分析方法研究了长期不同施肥下茶园土壤碳、氮、磷库的变化特点。结果表明,3组施肥模式之间的茶园土壤p H和有机碳含量差异不明显;单施化肥或有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤全磷、全氮和有效磷含量明显高于不施肥茶园;全磷与全碳的比例(P/C)和全氮与全碳的比例(N/C):化肥有机肥+化肥不施肥;施用有机肥+化肥土壤的有机质结合态磷比例明显高于单施化肥和不施肥土壤,单施化肥土壤的钙结合态磷的比例明显高于施有机肥+化肥和不施肥土壤,不施肥土壤的闭蓄态磷的比例高于施有机肥+化肥和单施化肥土壤;单施化肥土壤具有较高的NO3--N/NH4+-N比和无机氮含量;施用有机肥+化肥土壤有较高比例的颗粒态有机碳、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳。基于19项分析指标应用主成分分析方法对研究的34个土壤进行聚类的结果也表明,土壤之间碳、氮、磷库组成的差异主要与施肥模式有关。施用有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤养分较为协调。     

不同施肥条件下生物腐植酸对磷的转化效果分析

在实验室利用4个土槽分别施入复合化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）、生物有机肥（BF）和不施肥（CK）来改变土壤中磷的基础含量,另取4个土槽在相应处理中配施相同的生物腐植酸,以15°角放入自制的降雨淋溶装置下进行试验,观测径流液中的全磷含量,以分析研究生物腐植酸对土壤和不同施肥条件下磷的转化效果.结果显示,施用复混肥、普通有机肥和生物有机肥降雨3h后,径流液中磷（P）流出量分别为不施肥处理（CK）的2.90、1.32和9.73倍,而相同处理配施生物腐植酸后,复混肥、普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理的径流液中P含量有增有减,分别为CK的7.09、2.32和5.00倍.表明在施用复混肥、普通有机肥的土样中加入生物腐植酸能够有效释放肥料中的磷素,使之转化为更利于植物吸收的可溶性磷,其转化率分别为0.76％和0.37％;而在施用生物有机肥的土样加入生物腐植酸反而抑制磷的转化,其转化率为-0.85％.不仅如此,加施生物腐植酸还能改变磷的转化进程,使CK和OF处理的磷含量峰值由出现在第3小时变为出现在第2小时,使CF处理的磷含量峰值由出现在第2小时变为出现在第1小时,加速了磷释放.由此可得,生物腐植酸能有效释放肥料中的磷素、使之转化为更利于植物吸收的可溶性磷并加速其转化进程.研究结果可作为推广生物腐植酸的依据和有关作物磷吸收研究的基础.     

施用不同有机物料对棕壤酶活性的影响

为研究施用不同有机物料对棕壤酶活性的影响,在昌图棕壤试验地上设6个处理,测定不同培肥方式下土壤酶活性,并研究了土壤酶与土壤肥力因子的相关关系。结果表明:(1)秸秆还田和施用厩肥均能显著提高土壤酶活性和纤维素分解强度。在提高脲酶、转化酶活性方面施用厩肥效果好于秸秆还田,全量施用优于半量施用;在提高酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶方面秸秆还田效果好于施用厩肥。各处理中,秸秆还田配施厩肥对提高脲酶活性效果最好,对提高其他各类酶活性效果一般。除过氧化氢酶外,其他各类酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而降低。(2)各种土壤酶之间存在一定的相关关系。脲酶与转化酶呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.913**);转化酶与磷酸酶呈极显著负相关(r=-0.643**);磷酸酶与过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.639**)。土壤酶与其他肥力因子之间也具有一定的相关关系。土壤脲酶与纤维素分解强度、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、含水量均达到极显著正相关关系(r分别为0.906**、0.821**、0.911**、0.917**、0.888**、0.867**);土壤转化酶与纤维素分解强度、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、含水量均达到极显著正相关关系(r分别为0.958**、0.857**、0.855**、0.842**、0.820**、0.831**);土壤酸性磷酸酶与含水量呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.666**),与土壤容重呈显著负相关(r=-0.560*);土壤过氧化氢酶与土壤容重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.765**)。     

Assessing the Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Soil Phosphorus Fractionation in Rhizosphere and Non-Rhizosphere Soils of Wheat

This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer levels on inorganic P fractions. Wheat cultivars (Azadi and Marvdasht) were grown in the soils amended with the four rates of P fertilizer levels (no fertilizer, 10, 15, and 25 mg available P kg^?1 soil). Soils were sampled from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere areas after 6 weeks. The mean of all P fractions was significantly different in various P fertilizer levels. The smallest and the largest amounts of all P fractions were observed in the soil with no P and in 25 mg kg^?1 soil P level, respectively. The Azadi cultivar, as P-efficient, showed the smallest increase in soil P fractions with increasing soil P levels. The means of all P fractions except Al-phosphates (Al-P) were significantly higher in non-rhizosphere soil. There were differences between these cultivars associated with the more inaccessible fractions at the 15 mg P kg^?1 soil level.     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

不同施肥处理对玉米根际土壤磷素利用的影响

通过田间根袋试验,在玉米拔节期和成熟期研究了微生物菌剂、腐殖酸、有机-无机复合肥、4号生根粉对根际土壤磷素利用的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸和微生物菌剂的施用,能提高玉米根际土壤有效磷含量和磷素利用率,尤以生长后期的效果更为明显。