升温速率对椰壳热解特性的影响及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对椰壳在不同升温速率（5、20、40℃/min）下的热解特性及动力学进行了研究,探讨了热解机理。结果表明：椰壳热解过程主要分为脱水、快速热解和缓慢失重;对比不同升温速率下的失重曲线表明,升温速率对热解失重率有明显影响,其最终热解产物的得率随升温速率的增加而减少。运用氮吸附仪测定其吸附等温线,获得不同热解温度对炭化料的孔结构,结果表明：热解温度越高,微孔越发达。使用TG曲线数据,利用分布活化能模型求出相应的活化能,失重率在0.1～0.8之间时,活化能在146～444 kJ/mol,呈“N”形变化。活化能的分布函数,反映了椰壳热解过程中不同阶段反应性能的变化规律,有助于了解椰壳的热解机理。     

向日葵籽壳热解反应动力学的研究

采用热重分析法(TG)在不同升温速率下(5、10、20、30℃/min)对粒径为0.154～0.280 mm向日葵籽壳热解的热失重行为进行了研究。结果表明,向日葵籽壳热解分为四个阶段,随着升温速率的提高,各个阶段的起始和终止温度向高温侧稍微移动,并且主反应区间也略有增加。Ozawa法和Starink法计算得出的向日葵籽壳在热解过程中不同失重率下的活化能(E)都集中在140～178 kJ/mol范围内。用积分法Coats-Redfern方程、微分法Achar方程以及热分析动力学三因子求算的比较法得出该反应过程的机理函数表达式。经过对41种常用机理函数一一代入得出Jander方程能较好地描述向日葵籽壳热解反应过程,机理为三维扩散,球形对称,反应级数n=2。该研究可为生物质热解装置的工艺参数优化提供参考。     

气候变化对甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植区划的影响

为探索气候变化对甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植区划的影响，科学合理地调整春小麦种植格局。该研究以甘肃农牧交错带30个气象站点1971—2020年的气温和降水时序数据为基础，用BP神经网络对异常和缺失数据进行了插补，依据春小麦生长关键期和整个生育期对光、热和水的需求选取了年均温（温度因子）、年均降水量（水分因子）和≥0 ℃积温（热量因子）作为春小麦种植适宜性区划指标。采用线性倾向率法、累计距平法及Mann-Kendall突变检验法对3个区划指标进行了时间变化特征分析及突变检验，运用ArcGIS技术对区划指标进行了空间分析。结果表明：研究区多年年均温为6.84 ℃，年均温以0.56 ℃/10 a的速率增加，增温趋势明显，于1998年发生突变；年降水量以6.10 mm/10 a的速率呈略微增加趋势，1980年发生突变；≥0 ℃积温以155.41 ℃/10 a的速率呈显著升温趋势，≥0 ℃积温没有发生突变现象。从空间分布来看，年均温和≥0 ℃积温呈现出西部地区气温低，其他地区气温高的空间格局，而年均温倾向率和≥0 ℃积温倾向率则呈现出由西向东、由北向南逐步递增的变化趋势；年降水量表现为由南向北逐步递减的空间分布格局，而年降水量倾向率则呈现出自南向北逐步递增的趋势。气候变化导致甘肃农牧交错带春小麦可种植区海拔提升了565 m，使适宜春小麦种植的范围显著扩大，空间上向南、西扩展，总面积增加到1.66×10⁶ hm²，比1998年前增加了0.80×10⁵ hm²，占总耕地面积的5.06%，其中最适宜区范围扩大最为显著，增加了24.44个百分点。同时，春小麦种植适宜程度区划的区域分配呈现出明显的差异性，1998年后甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植最适宜区耕地面积较1998年前增加了4.18×10⁵ hm²，适宜区缩小了2.20×10⁵ hm²，次适宜区缩小了1.17×10⁵ hm²，不适宜区缩小了0.68×10⁵ hm²。研究结果可为气候变化背景下甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植结构的优化调整提供科学依据，有助于区域决策，制定合理利用气候资源的策略，以促进甘肃农牧交错带农业可持续发展和春小麦高产优质。     

麦草的热失重特性及动力学

该文利用热失重分析法对麦草的热失重特性及动力学进行研究,探讨不同的升温速率和镍系催化剂对麦草热失重的影响,结果表明在220.6～391.2℃范围内麦草的失重量不受升温速率的影响,但要获得相同的失重率,对应的温度随升温速率的提高而增加。温度超过391.2℃以后,升温速率等于或超过20℃/min时,麦草的热失重规律基本不受升温速率影响;而麦草在10℃/min的速率升温下热解,热失重量最大。镍系催化剂对麦草热失重无明显影响;利用Kissinger法和Ozawa法分别计算出麦草未加催化剂和添加0.5%系催化剂的热失重动力学参数;其表观活化能分别为93.92、 119.80 kJ/mol和99.14和123.70 kJ/mol,频率因子ln A分别17.82、23.02 min和19.30、24.03 min^-1。     

玉米秸秆致密成型燃料燃烧动力学分析

为近一步实现秸秆致密成型燃料高效燃烧的合理利用,该文选用玉米秸秆致密成型燃料进行燃烧动力学分析,通过对玉米秸秆在不同粒度（1、0.25 mm）和不同升温速率（10、20、40℃/min）进行热重分析,采用一级反应动力学模型,得出不同实验水平下的热重、热重变化率及差热,利用热重和热重变化率计算出动力学参数——活化能和频率因子, 最后得到玉米秸秆的热解动力学方程。研究表明：玉米秸秆致密成型燃料的燃烧过程大致可以分为燃料吸热失水反应、挥发分析出和燃烧反应及固定碳的燃烧反应3个阶段,升温速率和样品细度的变化对燃料的活化能及最大失重速率有一定影响,玉米秸秆致密成型燃料的活化能在升温速率为20℃/min时最大。该研究为进一步研究生物质成型燃料的实际热解过程分析以及燃烧设备的设计参数选择提供理论依据。     

玉米秸秆热解动力学分析(简报)

该文采用耐驰STA449同步热分析仪,研究了玉米秸秆在升温速率为5、10、15、20、30 K/min,反应终止温度1273K的热分解反应,结果表明玉米秸秆热解过程可分为失水预热解、热解和碳化3个阶段,随着升温速率增加,反应的特征温度和最大失重速率增加,差示扫描（DSC）曲线整体向下倾斜,升温速率过大时,出现失水滞后现象。分别用FWO法、FRL法和Kissinger法对玉米秸秆热解进行了动力学计算,其热解活化能为（161±23）kJ/mol,通过Malek法确定了玉米秸秆热解满足J-M-A方程,反应机理为随机成核随后生长,确定了反应级数n和指前因子对数lgA的范围,并利用Matlab软件对实验数据进行拟合,验证了机理的正确性,并确定了玉米秸秆热解反应的动力学参数。该文结果对工程应用有指导意义。     

猪肉油炒过程传质参数测定及其对烹饪过程控制的影响

为提升油炒数值模拟的可靠性及准确度,揭示可控操作对烹饪过程参数的影响及关键过程参数对烹饪的影响。通过无量纲水分含量分析解法,测定了中式油炒猪里脊肉过程中的表面传质系数（surface mass transfer coefficient, h_m）和有效水分扩散系数（effective moisture diffusion coefficient, D_eff）,分析了预热油温及样品比表面积Ω对h_m及D_eff的影响;基于已构建的油炒热质传递数学模型、成熟值理论,对比了h_m和流体-颗粒表面传热系数（fluid-to-particle surface heat transfer coefficient, h_fp）对烹饪成熟控制的影响。结果表明：与油炸过程类似研究的文献数据相比,该研究中h_m值偏大在5.927×10^?6～2.481×10^?5 m/s之间,D_eff在6.281×10^?9～4.148×10^?8 m²/s之间,D_eff活化能（E_a）在24.2～30.6 kJ/mol范围内;预热油温、比表面积Ω对h_m及D_eff有显著影响（P<0.05）,预热油温越高h_m和D_eff越大,比表面积Ω越大h_m越大,D_eff越小;h_m对烹饪成熟控制影响较小,而h_fp是烹饪成熟控制的关键过程参数。研究结果为油炒过程模拟提供了重要参数,为烹饪过程控制提供依据。     

气候变暖对甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响

作物需水量是农田水分循环系统中最重要的因素之一。在未来温度上升1~4 ℃的情景下, 研究了气候变暖对我国甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响。结果表明, 气候变暖对不同作物需水量的影响程度不同。其中对冬小麦需水量的影响最大, 对玉米和春小麦次之。当生长期内温度上升1~4 ℃时, 冬小麦需水量将增加3.05%~12.90%, 相当于13.2~81.2 mm; 玉米需水量将增加2.49%~10.80%, 相当于9.9~60.6 mm;春小麦需水量将增加2.74%~11.69%, 相当于6.7~40.0 mm。气候变暖对作物需水量的影响存在一定地域性差异。对干旱区的作物需水量影响最大, 半干旱区次之, 其次是半湿润区, 对湿润区影响不大。根据甘肃省目前的种植结构, 据此估算, 当温度上升1~4 ℃时, 将使甘肃省冬小麦的灌溉需水量增加12.43×10⁸ m³、13.02×10⁸ m³、13.74×10⁸ m³ 和14.65×10⁸ m³, 玉米的灌溉需水量增加7.94×10⁸ m³、8.32×10⁸ m³、8.78×10⁸ m³ 和9.30×10⁸ m³, 春小麦的灌溉需水量增加4.97×10⁸ m³、5.16×10⁸ m³、5.42×10⁸ m³ 和5.76×10⁸ m³。     

东北地区土地利用转换及其生态效应分析

基于1990、1995、2000年3期Landsat TM影像数据,在遥感与GIS支持下分析了东北地区1990～2000年土地利用转换特征与格局,以及耕地内部水田与旱地转换态势和成因。研究表明：农业土地利用内部及其非农化转换趋势明显。耕地、草地年均减少4.99×10⁴和1.40×10⁴ hm²,水域、林地、建设用地年均增加2.39×10⁴、1.93×10⁴和1.44×10⁴ hm²;不同时期的土地利用类型转换差异较大,以1990～1995年间变化为主,耕地、林地和建设用地变化量分别占总变化量的93.5%、85.8%和75.8%。耕地内部水田和旱地的转换频繁,主要是政策调控和市场调节综合作用下实施农田改造工程的结果。退耕还林草与林草地开垦的逆向发展,以及水田与旱地频繁的转换过程,已带来土地退化、水资源浪费和环境恶化等严重负面效应。     

辣椒秆与LDPE共热解特性及其炭化产物还田适宜性评价

针对中国部分地区农作物秸秆与农膜处理难的问题,利用外加热热解工艺,开展了辣椒秸秆（CS,chili straw）与低密度聚乙烯（LDPE,low density polyethylene）的共热解试验,研究了不同掺混比和热解温度对共热解产物产率、特性及共热解炭还田指标的影响。结果表明,混合样品的分解主要有脱水、挥发分析出、聚合物降解和焦炭形成4个阶段。随着热解温度的升高,共热解炭的产率呈下降趋势,共热解气和共热解油的产率增加;共热解气的LHV（low heat value）处于8.6～14.5 MJ/Nm³之间,共热解炭的LHV处于19.6～28.5 MJ/kg之间。此外,随着温度升高,共热解炭的挥发分逐渐减少,固定碳和灰分逐渐增加;共热解炭的比表面积处于0.4～2.2 m²/g之间,与温度呈正相关,与掺混比呈负相关,共热解炭的pH值与温度呈正相关,整体处于10.1～12.5之间,掺混比对pH值的影响不明显;共热解炭的PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon)含量及TEQ(toxic equivalent quantity)毒性低于其他研究平均值,只有15%-500 ℃（LDPE质量分数为15%,在500 ℃热解）中PAHs总量超过EBC设定的优质级阈值（4 mg/kg）。高温条件下利于PAHs的分解,共热解炭用于还田应适当提高热解温度,为农村秸秆和农膜处理提供参考。     

Decomposition of Nitrite Under Various pH and Aeration Conditions

Studies on the decomposition/oxidation of nitrite at differentpH values and aeration flow rates were investigated using abench-scale batch reactor. The conditions were pH 2.85, 3.50,5.80, 7.0, and 11.6, and with or without aeration at airflowrates of 1.50, 2.25, and 3.25 L min^-1.Decomposition/oxidation of nitrite may be described by apseudo-first order expression, and the rate constants fornitrite decomposition/oxidation ranged from 1.2 ×10^-6 s^-1 to 1.12 × 10^-4 s^-1 depending on the experimental conditions. The rate ofdecomposition/oxidation of nitrite was found to increase for lowpH conditions and for high airflow rates. The experimentalresults showed that the dominant reaction in thedecomposition/oxidation of nitrite in low pH solutions and inthe presence of some aeration was most probably thedecomposition of nitrous acid to NO and NO₂. Oxidation ofnitrite to nitrate appeared to proceed in a smaller proportionin comparison to the breakdown of nitrous acid to nitrogen oxidecompounds. Results from this study showed that emissions ofnitrogen oxides from nitrite-containing solutions are possible ifthe solutions were agitated and the pHs of the solutions wereless than 6.     

Use of a three-compartment model to evaluate the dynamics of cover crop residues

Cover crop (CC) residues protect the soil from erosion and their permanence on the surface is largely influenced by their biochemical constituents. In this study, the dynamics of CC residue decomposition by applying mathematical models was described. The kinetics of decomposition of residues was obtained from a laboratory incubation experiment. Three CC shoot residues were applied on the soil surface and incubated for 362 days (with eight sampling times). Oats and vetch residues decomposed the most than clover, where k values were 3.6 × 10^?3, 3.7 × 10^?3 and 5.3 × 10^?3 day^?1, respectively. The three-compartment model (nonstructural carbohydrates, cellulose–hemicellulose and lignin) to simulate residue decomposition presented a close fit between simulated and measured data. The decomposition rate constant (k) of CC can be used to estimate how long residues will remain in the field and how they could affect soil organic carbon.     

HUMUS TYPE DISCRIMINATION USING PATTERN RECOGNITION OF THE MASS SPECTRA OF VOLATILE PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS

Mull and mor humus can be distinguished in freely drained British surface soils by the pyrolysis products derived from whole soil samples. About i milligram of soil is pyrolysed at 770 °C in a Curie point apparatus and a sample of the volatile decomposition products is allowed to enter a low-resolution mass spectrometer. A numerical value (the ‘Discriminator Value’) which will discriminate between the two humus types is then calculated from the spectrum of each sample. This is performed by multiplying the intensity of each mass peak by a weight factor and then summing the weighted intensities up to mass 110 The weight factors are obtained empirically by taking sets of spectra from clearly distinguished mull and mor samples and applying a computerized learning machine procedure. Once obtained, they are relatively easily applied to spectra from other soils. The method places all samples on a numerical scale on which mull types appear positive up to about 20 × 10⁸ and mor types negative down to about -15 × 10³, intermediate types being recognized in about the middle of the range. It is indicated that the most important pyrolysis products active in the discrimination process are the olefin hydrocarbons, particularly ethylene, which are produced in greater abundance from mor humus.     

基于多升温速率法的典型生物质热动力学分析

为研究典型生物质热动力学,判断反应机理,获得反应的动力学速率参数,该文采用热重分析技术对玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、棉秆、松树木屑、花生壳、甜高粱渣等生物质原料进行了氮气气氛下不同升温速率的热解特性试验研究,利用Friedman法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法计算活化能,用Malek法确定最概然机理函数,建立了生物质热分析动力学模型,并讨论了不同生物质的差异性。结果表明:生物质的热解过程均包括3个主要阶段:干燥预热阶段、挥发分析出阶段、碳化阶段。典型生物质活化能随着转化率的增加而增加,在挥发分析出阶段,热解活化能介于144.61~167.34 k J/mol之间;反应动力学机理均符合Avrami-Erofeev函数,但反应级数有一定的差异;指前因子介于26.66~33.97 s-1之间。这为生物质热化学转化过程工艺条件的优化及工程放大提供理论依据。     

Limestone liners to protect groundwater quality against organic wastewater seepage

Crushed limestone was tested as a sealing liner for organic wastewater storage facilities. This material was compacted in laboratory columns and exposed in quadruplet to three levels of wastewater total solids (TS of 0.6, 1.3 and 2.6%). A fourth set of quadruple columns was used to monitor the total nitrogen (TN) loading rate using 1.3% TS wastewater. The crushed limestone cores measured 310 mm in depth by 98 mm in diameter and were exposed to a typical wastewater depth of 290 mm. Wastewater TS and ambient temperatures had a marked effect on seepage and TN loading rates. If the wastewater contains at least 1.3% TS, the seepage and N loading rate can be limited to 2 × 10^-8 m s^-1 and 200 mgN m^-2 d^-1, respectively. Ambient temperatures below 5 °C caused the TN loading rate to increase 7 fold, while those above 5 °C favoured nitrifying and denitrifying activity, thereby reducing seepage TN.     

The Use of Bacillus Licheniformis HA1 To Accelerate Composting of Organic Wastes

The effect of Bacillus licheniformis HA1 cell density on the acceleration of organic waste composting was tested in a bench-scale composting system utilizing a process limit temperature of 60°C. Variables measured during composting were CO₂ evolution rate, conversion of substrate carbon and pH. When an initial cell density of 2.0×10⁴ cfu/g-dry solid was used, the strain HA1 increased in number and prevented the decrease in pH during the early stage of composting. This resulted in enhanced populations of other thermophiles and increased the rate of organic matter decomposition. By contrast, no effect was observed at a lower cell density of HA1. It was found that the minimum cell density of HA1 to accelerate organic decomposition was around 10⁴-10⁵ cfu/g dry solid of raw material.     

Biosorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Hazelnut Shells: Equilibrium, Parameters and Isotherms

This paper presents a study on the batch adsorption of a basic dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solution onto ground hazelnut shell in order to explore its potential use as a low-cost adsorbent for wastewater dye removal. A contact time of 24 h was required to reach equilibrium. Batch adsorption studies were carried out by varying initial dye concentration, initial pH value (3–9), ionic strength (0.0–0.1 mol L^?1), particle size (0–200 μm) and temperature (25–55°C). The extent of the MB removal increased with increasing in the solution pH, ionic strength and temperature but decreased with increase in the particle size. The equilibrium data were analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm were determined. By considering the experimental results and adsorption models applied in this study, it can be concluded that equilibrium data were represented well by Langmuir isotherm equation. The maximum adsorption capacities for MB were 2.14?×?10^?4, 2.17?×?10^?4, 2.20?×?10^?4 and 2.31?×?10^?4 mol g^?1 at temperature of 25, 35, 45 and 55°C, respectively. Adsorption heat revealed that the adsorption of MB is endothermic in nature. The results indicated that the MB strongly interacts with the hazelnut shell powder.     

Microbial Community and Rate of Cellulose Decomposition in Peat Soils in a Mire

A field survey was carried out from April to October, 1992 in the Miyatoko Mire in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, to determine the characteristics of the microbial community and cellulose decomposition rates in the peat soil. A total of 14 study sites were selected, including three types; hummocks (type I), hollows covered with Sphagnum (type II), hollows and streams without Sphagnum (type III). The numbers of fungi (2-1,000×10⁴ CFU g^-1) and bacteria (8.5-9,000 ×10⁵ CFU g^-1) varied with the sites and sampling dates: seasonal fluctuations were especially high in hummocks. The numbers of cellulolytic fungi (4.7-300×;10⁴ CFU g^-1) and cellulolytic bacteria (1.5-9.2×10⁵ CFU g^-1) also differed between sites. Cellulolytic fungi were predominant in the Sphagnum peat of type I, while cellulolytic bacteria were predominant in the peat soil of type III. Decomposition rates of cellulose filter paper for the 6 month period ranged from 0.01 to 0.83, and tended to be higher in the peat of type II than type I.     

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of biochar from sewage sludge

The use of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) for agro-environmental purposes has been increasing. However, due to the strong influence of pyrolysis temperatures on its production, there is great variation in its final properties. In this regard, efforts to generate relationships among many correlated SSB properties may help to understand this influence. This study sought to evaluate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on agro-environmental physicochemical properties of SSB. Biochars from sewage sludge (SS) were produced at 300, 400 and 500°C and their physicochemical properties were evaluated in comparison to SS samples. The increase in pyrolysis temperature decreased C, N, and H contents and the H/C atomic ratio, while increasing the C/N ratio. The pyrolysis process increased pH values, the surface area and pore volume and enriched the SSB with macro and micronutrients. Considering all variables together, the biochar produced at 300°C was that which showed the greatest nutrients availability, such as N total, S, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Conversely, SSB produced at 500°C showed higher recalcitrant organic matter and alkalinity, important properties for C sequestration and the correction of acidic soils. The combined application of SSB produced at lower and higher pyrolysis temperatures should be furthered studied.