正交试验优化天然虾青素的提取工艺研究

研究了负压空化法提取虾壳中虾青素的各项工艺条件对虾青素提取效果的影响,通过正交试验确定了负压空化法提取最佳工艺参数为提取溶剂是浓度80%的乙醇溶液,提取时间为35min,料液比为1：20,通气量为0.2m^3·h^-1。同时将负压空化法与常用破壁提取方法的提取效果和效率进行了比较,综合结果表明,负压空化法优越于其它方法,是一种能够适应工业生产的新型提取方法。     

虾青素酯皂化工艺研究

以NaOH-甲醇溶液为皂化液,采用正交试验方法,对虾青素酯皂化工艺中NaOH浓度、皂化温度和皂化时间3个因素进行最优水平的筛选。经试验确定虾青素酯最佳皂化工艺条件为2.0g/L的NaOH-甲醇溶液,在15℃条件下皂化5h,虾青素酯达到最佳的皂化效率,样品中游离虾青素含量从皂化前的25.765μg/mL提高到88.175μg/mL。     

从小龙虾头胸甲提取虾青素以及虾青素饵料养鱼试验

以大豆油作为溶剂从小龙虾头胸甲提取色素。运用微晶纤维素吸咐层析法提纯和浓缩虾青素与虾青索脂。提纯色素的浓度约是最初色素油浓度的40倍。从色素大豆油中分离色素能够减少必须添加到饵料中的油的数量。在投喂试验中，将含有色素的饵料投喂硬头鳟(Salma gairdneri)，结果在鲜肉中出现了令人满意的粉红色。对试验饵料色素含量和鲜鱼肉进行了分析。     

常温酶解法测定基于南极磷虾中虾青素酯的方法研究

由于虾青素酯具有多种存在形态,其准确定量还存在难点,将其有效转化成可定量的游离态是解决问题的关键.本实验将南极磷虾作为不同形态虾青素研究的代表性品种,采用柱层析法从南极磷虾中分别制备了虾青素的单酯和双酯,明确了其组成和含量,作为典型特征样品,进一步通过单因素和正交实验优化确立最佳酶解条件,并对方法的准确性和适用性进行了...     

雨生红球藻中虾青素提取方法研究现状

虾青素(3,3′-二羟基-4,4′-二酮基-β,β′-胡萝卜素,C40H52O4)是一种具有次生类胡萝卜素,超强的抗氧化活性赋予了虾青素突出的生理功能,如提高动物免疫力、抑制肿瘤、清除自由基和活性氧等.天然虾青素具有广泛的应用价值,不仅可以用作珍贵水产动物养殖的饵料添加剂和人类的食品添加剂,在药品、化妆品和高级营养保健品等领域也具有极大的应用潜力.     

对虾虾头、虾壳副产品综合利用的研究概况

对虾在加工过程中会产生大量的虾头及虾壳等副产品,其副产品中含有丰富的营养物质.近年来,随着对虾产量的递增,其副产品的产量也越来越多,但产生的副产品大多被低值化利用或直接被废弃.既浪费资源又对环境造成了污染.为解决这一问题,本文就虾副产品在食品、化工、医学等方面的综合利用作简要概述,以期为对虾食品加工企业提高虾的综合利用...     

虾青素生物学来源和功能的研究进展

虾青素(Astaxanthin)即3,3’—二羟基-4,4’二酮基-β,β’胡萝卜素,又称虾黄质、虾黄素、龙虾壳色素、还原型虾红素。虾青素的分子式为C40H52O4,是一种萜烯类非维生素A源胡萝卜素,呈艳丽的红色,易溶于二硫化碳、丙酮、苯和氯仿,因其具有着色功能和极强的抗氧化性,提高免疫力;近年来越来越受到国内外食品、医药、化妆品、养殖、饲料等领域研究人员的重视。1虾青素的生物学来源虾青素在动物体内和羽毛中,尤其是水生动物体内(如虾、蟹)普遍存在。早在20世纪30年代虾青素就已从虾、蟹中分离出来。除了从水产品加工的废弃物中提取虾青素外,从…     

虾青素在虹鳟体内的沉积与降解研究

为研究着色虹鳟在摄食状态和饥饿状态下的虾青素降解规律,实验选用平均体质量为(101.9±1.3)g的未着色虹鳟和已着色虹鳟,对未着色虹鳟饲喂含虾青素(100 mg/kg)饲料以研究虾青素在机体的沉积规律(虾青素沉积组);对着色虹鳟,饲喂含虾青素(100 mg/kg)饲料(正对照)、不含虾青素饲料(摄食降解组)或予以饥饿处理(饥饿降解组),实验共设4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复.实验共持续4周,每周采样一次,测定肌肉、肝脏和全鱼虾青素含量,血清类胡萝卜素含量,肌肉色差值(L*,a*,b*)和肌肉罗氏比色卡得分.结果表明,虾青素沉积组的虹鳟肌肉、肝脏虾青素含量、肌肉红度值和罗氏比色卡得分随饲养时间延长而增加(P＜0.05),在第3周时达到基本稳定,与第4周测定值无显著差异(P＞0.05);在4周养殖期内,全鱼虾青素含量呈增加趋势,而全鱼虾青素沉积率则呈下降趋势,第1周、第4周时的全鱼虾青素含量和全鱼虾青素沉积率分别为3.71 mg/kg、8.59 mg/kg和21.31％、15.26％;饥饿降解组和摄食降解组虹鳟的全鱼、肌肉、肝脏虾青素含量、肌肉红度值和罗氏比色卡得分随养殖时间延长逐渐降低(P＜0.05),其中饥饿降解组的下降趋势更为明显,第3周后,这种降低趋势减缓.上述研究表明,在虹鳟饲料中添加100 mg/kg虾青素,经过3周饲养即可使肌肉达到着色要求,虾青素的沉积率随时间延长而下降;饥饿和投喂不含虾青素的饲料均可使已着色虹鳟肌肉虾青素含量和红色度显著下降,饥饿使虾青素的减少更加迅速,虾青素在鱼体内的减少量随时间的延长而降低.     

虾青素应用前景广阔

虾青素是一种极具潜力的色素和抗氧化剂,具有许多重要的生理功能.本文对虾青素的生物来源及其生理功用等方面进行了叙述.     

投喂虾青素对哲罗鲑虾青素含量和抗氧化力的影响

水温12～18℃,将体质量(435.63±21.32)g的哲罗鲑饲养在6.0 m×2.5 m×1.2 m的流水水泥池中,投喂含100 mg/kg人工合成虾青素(对照组)和10、20、40、60 mg/kg天然虾青素(雨生红球藻)饲料,每两周检测试验鱼肌肉中的虾青素含量和鳃、肝脏、前肠、后肠、幽门垂、肌肉、血清、血细胞的...     

虾类加工副产物制备虾青素的研究进展

文章介绍了从虾类加工副产物中提取和纯化虾青素的工艺技术.比较了不同前处理方式对虾青素提取效率的影响,并概括了高效液相色谱法和柱层析法纯化虾青素的相关技术.为天然虾青素的规模化生产提供理论依据.     

用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素和壳聚糖

介绍了用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素及壳聚糖的方法及过程,通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的检测并与美国标准谱图库检索出的用蟹壳制备的壳聚糖光谱图对照,证实丰年虫卵壳制备的壳聚糖。     

虾头内源酶酶解虾肉产物的ACE抑制活性及其降低原发性高血压老鼠血压的效果

虾头内源酶酶解虾肉产物的ACE抑制活性及其降低原发性高血压老鼠血压的效果=Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of shrimp meat hydrolysate by endogenous enzymes from shrimp head and its antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats［刊,中］/洪鹏志（广东海洋大学食品科技学院,湛江524088）,曹文红,郝更新,章超桦//水产学报,—2007,31(1).-76～83 在pH 7.35、温度57.2 ℃、水解时间4 h、虾肉/虾头为1∶1,底物浓度为20%（W/V）的条件下,利用虾头的内源酶酶解虾肉（南美白对虾）,制备了具有血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）抑制活性的酶解产物,其对ACE的抑制率为41.9%（2 mg·mL-1）。通过凝胶过滤层析测定出酶解产物的分子量分布较广,在7.4×104至29.7之间。分子量在2.7×103以下的凝胶层析组分占酶解产物氨基酸总量的83.1%。收集的高活性组分分子量在959～338之间,其IC50为0.32 mg·mL-1苯丙氨酸、疏水氨基酸（亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸）和芳香族氨基酸（脯氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸）占氨基酸总量的42.33%。体内试验的结果显示,南美白对虾的虾肉虾头内源酶酶解产物经灌喂原发性高血压老鼠后显示较强的降血压活性。 图4表2参13 关键词：南美白对虾;内源酶;血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性;抗高血压作用 E-mail:zhangch@gdou.edu.cn     

pH调节法分离凡纳滨对虾壳中虾青蛋白的研究

采用pH调节法对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）虾壳中影响虾壳红变的虾青蛋白进行分离回收,以蛋白质回收率、纯度和二级结构含量为分离特性参数,以1.0为pH变化梯度,研究pH调节法从虾壳中提取虾青蛋白的规律。结果显示,pH调节法的回收率为47.5%,所得蛋白质纯度为78.23%、分子量为45 000 Da。该蛋白质在pH 3.0和11.0时有最大溶解度,分别为60.5%和55.7%;在pH 5.0时溶解度最低为15.4%;等电点为5.6。通过圆二色光谱图分析得知虾青蛋白是一种以螺旋为主要二级结构存在的物质,pH调节法所得螺旋含量为70.1%。     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on survival,growth and stress resistance in larval and post‐larval kuruma shrimp,Marsupenaeus japonicus

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) on growth performance, survival, and stress resistance in larval and post‐larval kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Six dietary levels of Ax (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg diet) were added to a baseline diet. As a first study, an 8‐day feeding trial was conducted on larval kuruma shrimp, with results showing that larvae‐fed diets supplemented with different Ax levels exhibited better performance during developmental and metamorphosis to postlarvae. Broken‐line regression analysis indicated that the optimal levels for growth and stress resistance of larvae were 168.9 mg/kg and 82.1 mg/kg diet, respectively. Second, a 30‐day feeding trial was conducted on post‐larval shrimp. Supplementation with 100 and 200 mg/kg Ax yielded significantly higher final body weight, body weight gain and specific growth rate than that in a control group. A cumulative mortality index for osmotic stress revealed significantly better performance in a group fed 200 mg/kg supplementation than in controls. Broken‐line regression analysis indicated that the optimal levels for growth and stress resistance of postlarvae were 108.7 mg/kg and 178.1 mg/kg diet, respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that carefully dosed Ax supplementation is a beneficial nutritional strategy for the early developmental stages of kuruma shrimp.     

盐胁迫对雨生红球藻虾青素累积、虾青素合成相关酶基因表达和抗氧化指标的影响

为探讨盐胁迫对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)虾青素合成的影响与机理,以及雨生红球藻各抗氧化机制之间的关系,本研究采用生化和分子生物学方法研究了不同浓度(0.04 mol/L、0.08 mol/L、0.12 mol/L和0.16 mol/L)和不同时间(3 d、6 d和9 d)的盐(Na Cl)胁迫对雨生红球藻生长、虾青素积累、番茄红素β-环化酶(Lcy)、β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(Crt R-B)和β-胡萝卜素酮化酶(Bkt)基因表达、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,各胁迫时间的雨生红球藻的密度均随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而不断下降,在盐胁迫的第9天,雨生红球藻的死亡率和孢子比例均随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而不断升高;雨生红球藻虾青素含量、Lcy、Crt R-B和Bkt基因表达量均随着盐胁迫浓度和时间的增加而不断提高;雨生红球藻SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性以及MDA含量在不同浓度和不同时间的盐胁迫下与对照组(0.00 mol/L Na Cl)相比均升高,且在不同时间的0.12 mol/L Na Cl胁迫下与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05);雨生红球藻虾青素含量、Lcy、Crt R-B和Bkt基因表达量在盐胁迫的早期(第3天)和中期(第6天)阶段较低,在盐胁迫的后期(第9天)阶段较高,而SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性以及MDA含量在盐胁迫的早期和中期阶段较高,在盐胁迫的后期阶段较低。实验结果说明了适当浓度和时间的盐胁迫能促进雨生红球藻累积虾青素,雨生红球藻在盐胁迫下主要是通过提高虾青素合成相关酶基因的转录水平来促进虾青素的合成,其虾青素和抗氧化酶的抗氧化活性可能互为补充,共同保护雨生红球藻免受盐胁迫的氧化损伤。     

Interactive effects of dietary astaxanthin and cholesterol on the growth,pigmentation, fatty acid analysis,immune response and stress resistance of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

A 56‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) and cholesterol (CHO) on the performances of kuruma shrimp juveniles. Six experimental diets containing 2 levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet) and 3 levels of CHO (0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet) were formulated in 2 × 3 factorial design. The results indicated that the interactions between dietary CHO and Ax were not significant on survival, growth performances, body proximate analysis, immune response and freshwater stress test. Significantly, better pigmentation performances and Ax contents of different parts of juveniles (whole body, muscle, carapace and head) were observed in higher Ax (Ax_0.6)‐supplemented groups. Meanwhile, interactions of dietary Ax and CHO were also found on colour reading parameters and whole‐body Ax contents. In addition, juveniles fed with the diet containing Ax at 0.6 g/kg diet in addition to CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet showed better performances on digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase and amylase) of hepatopancreas than 0 g Ax/kg diet supplemented with CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet. It was concluded that dietary Ax and CHO functioned interactively.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin and vitamin E and their interactions on the growth performance,pigmentation, digestive enzyme activity of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

A 56‐day feeding trial was done to investigate the interactive effects of astaxanthin (Ax) and vitamin E (α‐Toc) on the performance of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with six experimental diets containing two levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet [Ax₀ and Ax_0.6]) and three levels of α‐Toc (0, 0.2 and 1 g/kg diet [α‐Toc₀, α‐Toc_0.2 and α‐Toc₁]). The results indicated that growth performance was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in shrimp fed with the Ax_0.6 × α‐Toc_0.2 diet. Interactive effects between Ax and α‐Toc on the growth parameters were observed. Furthermore, pigmentation performance was significantly (p < 0.05) better in the Ax_0.6 groups. Interaction between Ax and α‐Toc was also found in the Ax content of shrimp body parts. Interestingly, dietary α‐Toc helped to reduce the Ax consumption rate, promote the absorption and increase the deposition of Ax in the muscle. Shrimps from the Ax_0.6 groups showed significantly (p < 0.05) improved hepatopancreatic digestive enzyme activities compared with those of the Ax₀ groups. Although no interactive (p > 0.05) effects were found between dietary α‐Toc and Ax on total haemocyte count and tolerance against freshwater, dietary Ax and α‐Toc supplementation showed better performance on these two parameters. It was concluded that dietary Ax and α‐Toc functioned synergistically, and the shrimp fed with the diet containing 0.6 g Ax/kg diet Ax and 0.2 g α‐Toc/kg diet showed improved growth and pigmentation performance compared with the other groups in the current study.