4种增效剂对3种小菜蛾防治药剂的增效作用

为明确增效剂对防治小菜蛾的杀虫剂的增效作用,减少化学农药用量,分别采用浸叶法和茎叶喷雾法进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验.室内测定结果表明,3种供试杀虫剂中,虫螨腈和乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾毒力较强,其LC50分别为6.303 mg/L和10.479 mg/L;3种杀虫剂分别与不同增效剂混配后均具有一定的增效作用,增效比介...     

对张北小菜蛾高毒力白僵菌株的筛选

小菜蛾是河北坝上错季蔬菜生产区最重要的害虫,为了探索对其无公害治理方法,以张北的小菜蛾为试虫, 测定了33株球孢白僵菌对其幼虫的僵虫率,从中筛选出5株对小菜蛾2龄幼虫有较高致病力的菌株;从致死中浓度(LC50)和致死中时(LT50)的测定结果分析,BD B026菌株的毒力最高,其处理后7d的LC50为0.47×105个/mL孢子,含1.0×108个/mL孢子菌液的LT50为(1.57±0.027)d,对小菜蛾表现出较强的致病力,具有一定的开发前景。     

京郊西兰花小菜蛾的田间防治药剂筛选与评价

为评价高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰虫酰胺、苏云金杆菌、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素等5种杀虫剂对小菜蛾的田间药效,本文采用喷雾法进行了田间试验。结果表明,10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂、6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂对小菜蛾在药后1~7 d的防效较好;32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂、32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂与10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂分别按50%推荐用量组成的1∶1的混配剂,药后1 d的防效仅在60%左右,速效性较差,但是药后3~7 d的防效较好。其中,混配剂药后3 d的防效高达90.70%。5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油在药后1~7 d的防效均较差。因此,在西兰花生产上可使用减量的溴氰虫酰胺与苏云金杆菌混配剂进行小菜蛾的防治,以达到农药减量增效防治小菜蛾的目的;在小菜蛾暴发时,可使用溴氰虫酰胺或乙基多杀菌素,以达到迅速防治的目的。     

球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的侵染相关基因分析

本文研究球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的侵染相关基因,为提高球孢白僵菌的致病力提供基因靶点,从而提高球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的防治效果。通过室内生物测定,筛选出球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的高毒力菌株;采用新一代Solexa高通量测序技术对纯培养的球孢白僵菌和球孢白僵菌侵染小菜蛾48 h的虫菌混合样品分别进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因;结合生物信息学方法分析差异表达基因涉及的基因功能及细胞通路等;应用荧光定量PCR技术验证20个基因的差异表达。转录组测序结果显示,纯培养的球孢白僵菌与侵染小菜蛾幼虫48 h的球孢白僵菌转录组对比分析共得到8383个差异表达基因,其中显著差异表达基因716个,上调基因350个,下调基因366个。本研究筛选获得的差异表达基因,特别是上调表达的基因可能与球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的侵染有关。GO二级分类表明,DEGs被注释到26个GO term中,包括11个生物学过程,8个细胞组分和7个分子功能;Pathway分析表明共有12个Pathway,93个上调基因和61个下调基因参与了这些途径。深入分析发现,胞外丝氨酸富集蛋白、细胞壁蛋白、胞外双加氧酶、铁转运蛋白、细胞壁半乳糖抗原蛋白等在侵染过程中与毒力相关的基因均具有显著性差异表达。研究结果为阐明球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的侵染机制提供了基础。     

Inheritance of resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a field population of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Inheritance of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. CryIA(b) crystal protein was studied in Plutella xylostella L. (diamondback moth). A field population 50-fold more resistant to CryIA(b) than a control susceptible strain was used. Dose-mortality curves of the resistant population, the susceptible strain and the F₁ from the two reciprocal crosses were compared. Resistance transmission to the F₁ was dependent on the sex of the resistant progenitor. Sex ratio of the survivors to high doses of CryIA(b) in the F₁ of the two reciprocal crosses did not corroborate the preliminary hypothesis of resistance being due to a recessive sex-linked allele. Since, in a previous work, the loss of CryIA(b) binding capacity of resistant insects had been demonstrated, binding to midgut tissue sections from F₁ individuals was also analysed. The presence of binding in all of the F₁ preparations showed that, at least, a recessive autosomal allele was responsible for the loss of binding capacity in the resistant population.     

Insecticidal action of mammalian galectin‐1 against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that mammalian galectin‐1 (GAL1) could interact with chitosan or chitin, one component of the peritrophic membrane (PM). This finding suggests that the PM could be a target of GAL1, which prompted the authors to explore the effect of GAL1 on larval growth and its potential mechanism. RESULTS: The development of Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae was significantly disturbed after they were fed recombinant GAL1. The histochemical structure and immunostaining pattern suggested that GAL1 treatment resulted in dose‐ and time‐dependent disruption of the microvilli and abnormalities in these epithelial cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that the PM was not present in the midgut of GAL1‐treated insects; instead, numerous bacteria were found in the lumen area. These results indicate that the protective function of the PM was disrupted by GAL1 treatment. Moreover, in vitro data showed that GAL1 interacts with chitosan/chitin in a dose‐dependent manner, and also specifically binds to the PM in vitro. CONCLUSION: In view of the fact that the carbohydrate recognition domain of GAL1 recognises the structural motif N‐acetyl lactosamine (Gal β 1–4 GlcNAc), which is similar to that of chitin (β‐1,4 N‐acetyl‐D ‐glucosamine), it is proposed that the insecticidal mechanism of GAL1 involves direct binding with chitin to interfere with the structure of the PM. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multi-resistant field-selected population of Plutella xylostella

Resistance to the bacteria-derived insecticides spinosad (Conserve), abamectin (Vertimec), Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel), B thuringiensis var aizawai (Bta) (Xentari), B thuringiensis crystal endotoxins Cry1Ac and Cry1Ca, and to the synthetic insecticide fipronil was estimated in a freshly-collected field population (CH1 strain) of Plutella xylostella (L) from the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Laboratory bioassays at G1 indicated significant levels of resistance to spinosad, abamectin, Cry1Ac, Btk, Cry1Ca, fipronil and Bta when compared with a laboratory insecticide-susceptible population. Logit regression analysis of F1 reciprocal crosses indicated that resistance to spinosad in the CH1 population was inherited as a co-dominant trait. At the highest dose of spinosad tested, resistance was close to completely recessive, while at the lowest dose it was incompletely dominant. A direct test of monogenic inheritance based on a back-cross of F1 progeny with CH1 suggested that resistance to spinosad was controlled by a single locus.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Cry1Ba3 蛋白定点突变对杀小菜蛾活性的影响

Cry1Ba3是由本实验室发掘的对小菜蛾有高毒力的杀虫晶体蛋白。为了寻找对杀虫活性有重要影响的氨基酸,为杀虫机理研究和改造杀虫蛋白提供理论依据,本研究利用Ple Bio Informatique Lyonnais数据库对Cry1Ba3的二级结构进行模拟;采用BioEdit软件分析Cry1Ba3的疏水区;将Cry1Ba3与Cry1Aa1、Cry2Aa1、Cry3Aa1以及Cry4Ba1进行多序列比对,从而确定了20个氨基酸突变位点。利用半重叠引物PCR的方法对Cry1Ba3进行定点突变,将突变体在大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达。通过浸叶法对各个突变蛋白杀小菜蛾的生物活性进行测定。获得的20个Cry1Ba3突变体均能在大肠杆菌BL21中表达,并以包涵体形式存在。杀虫活性测定结果表明M6(R192L)、M10(W303A)、M19(H485G)对小菜蛾的活性明显降低,二级结构预测表明活性降低的突变蛋白的构象均发生明显变化,其余17种突变蛋白的活性和二级结构都没有明显变化。说明第192位的精氨酸、第303位的色氨酸和第485位的组氨酸对Cry1Ba3的杀小菜蛾活性有重要影响,上述3个位点氨基酸突变引起的蛋白活性减低可能与毒素的空间结构变化有关。     

草麻黄提取物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食活性研究

用浸渍圆形叶碟法测定了草麻黄(Ephedra sinica Stapf.)不同溶剂提取的不同浓度提取液对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食活性。研究结果表明,除石油醚提取液拒食活性较弱外,甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和氯仿提取液对小菜蛾3龄幼虫拒食活性均较强;在选择性拒食试验和非选择性拒食试验中,拒食活性都是随提取液浓度的升高而增大。在高浓度处理下(干重500 g/L),选择性拒食试验中氯仿提取液的活性最强,24 h拒食率为95.48%;在非选择性拒食试验中乙醇提取液的活性最强,24 h拒食率为97.32%。     

昆虫病原线虫共生细菌嗜线虫致病杆菌All对小菜蛾拒食作用物性质的初步研究

采用叶碟法测定了36个昆虫病原线虫共生细菌菌株对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella二龄幼虫的拒食作用,其中10个菌株对小菜蛾幼虫的选择性和非选择性拒食率高于75%。以嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophilus All菌株为代表,研究了对小菜蛾有拒食作用的物质与细菌生长过程、型变、pH值、温度、有机溶剂之间的关系。结果表明：拒食物质产生于细菌的对数增长期和稳定期,在稳定期最高,拒食率达85%左右;次生型菌液未能分泌足够的拒食物质,其拒食率在20%以下。在-80℃-100℃的范围内,其拒食率均在81%以上。pH3-11范围内,对拒食物质稳定性有一定影响,选择性拒食率变化不大,均在96%以上;非选择性拒食率变化明显,pH值为3、5、7、11时,非选择性拒食率下降至23.1%-34.9%。拒食物质可与氯仿、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、乙醇相溶,其提取液对小菜蛾拒食率均在80%以上。     

香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂对小菜蛾产卵驱避作用研究

试验观察了创制的香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂对小菜蛾成虫产卵的驱避作用。室内测试结果表明香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂对小菜蛾产卵具明显的驱避活性,随着使用浓度升高而驱避活性逐渐增强,处理后2d,500～4000mg/kg时小菜蛾着卵量分别降低了67%～91%;随着处理时间延长驱避作用逐渐下降,但持效期较长,处理6d后2000mg/kg驱避效果仍可达到84%。田间使用香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂防治小菜蛾产卵的驱避作用好、持效期长,使用8d后各浓度效果均可达到80%以上,最高可达94%。     

球孢白僵菌与低剂量化学杀虫剂对小菜蛾的协同增效作用

本文联合应用球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana HFW-05与低剂量化学杀虫剂,评价其是否对小菜蛾防治具有协同增效作用,为小菜蛾的有效防控提供新的途径。结果表明,低剂量的化学杀虫剂对菌株HFW-05分生孢子的萌发率、菌丝生长和胞外蛋白酶活性没有影响,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺的增效作用最明显。低剂量甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺与HFW-05混用均可明显提高对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的杀虫速度。氯虫苯甲酰胺最低设定浓度10×与HFW-05 3个浓度（1.0×10⁶、1.0×10⁷、4.0×10⁷孢子/mL）混用对小菜蛾的理论LT₅₀均低于1 d,显著低于单独使用HFW-05孢悬液。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐4×与HFW-05 3个浓度（1.0×10⁶、1.0×10⁷、4.0×10⁷孢子/mL）混用对小菜蛾的LT₅₀分别为2.4、2.2和1.2 d,显著低于单独使用HFW-05孢悬液。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺均没有影响HFW-05对小菜蛾的僵虫率。表明白僵菌HFW-05与低剂量甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺联合应用,在保证白僵菌侵染作用的同时,可有效提高对小菜蛾的致病力,是防治小菜蛾的一项新的有效措施。     

Optimum timing of insecticide applications against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in cole crops using threshold catches in sex pheromone traps

Field trials were conducted in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata), cauliflower (B oleracea var botrytis) and knol khol (B oleracea gongylodes) crops at two different locations in Karnataka State (India) to optimize the timing of insecticide applications to control the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, using sex pheromone traps. Our results indicate that applications of cartap hydrochloride as insecticide during a 12–24 h period after the pheromone traps had caught on average 8, 12 and 16 males per trap per night in cabbage, cauliflower and knol khol, respectively, were significantly more effective than regular insecticide sprays at 7, 9, 12 or 15 days after transplantation. This was demonstrated by estimation of the mean number of eggs and larvae per plant, the percentage of holes produced, as well as the marketable yield of the three crops at each location. A good correlation between the immature stages, infestation level, the estimated crop yield and the number of moths caught in pheromone traps was also found, indicating the usefulness of pheromone‐based monitoring traps to predict population densities of the pest. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期寄生蜂调查

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是十字花科蔬菜最重要的世界性害虫,保护和利用寄生性天敌是控制小菜蛾的重要手段。为有效控制小菜蛾在蔬菜上的为害,减少农药用量,作者于2007年4月至2009年1月对宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期主要寄生性天敌种类及其田间自然被寄生率进行了调查。结果表明,宁波地区十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期共有8种原寄生蜂（菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis、螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、颈双缘姬蜂Diadromus col-laris、东方长颊姬蜂Macromalon orientale、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae、无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata、齿唇姬蜂Campoletissp.、弯尾姬蜂Diadegmasp.）、1种兼性寄生蜂（菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii）和5种重寄生蜂（盘背菱室姬蜂Mesochorus discitergus、粘虫广肩小蜂Eurytoma verticillata、稻灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis oryzae、绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena和啮小蜂Tetrastichussp.）,其中优势种为菜蛾啮小蜂和菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,分别占62.23%和31.19%,同时,小菜蛾幼虫期田间自然被寄生率普遍高于蛹期。另外,菜地蔬菜品种的多样性有利于寄生蜂的保护和利用。     

Evidence for Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki HD-1, Bt subsp. aizawai and Abamectin in Field Populations of Plutella xylostella from Malaysia

The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki HD-1 (‘Dipel’™; Btk; CryIA & CryII) and Bt. subsp. aizawai (‘Florbac’™; Bta; CryIA & CryIC) was assessed against larvae from various field populations of Plutella xylostella (F2 generation) collected in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia in April 1994 and a lowland population (SERD 2; F10 generation) collected in December 1993. Evidence of resistance to Btk and to a lesser extent Bta is reported in these populations (LC₅₀ Toxicity Ratios [TR]=3–14 and 2–8 respectively), most notably in SERD 2. The first recorded evidence of resistance to abamectin (TR=17–195-fold) in field populations of P. xylostella is also reported. In an unselected sub-population of SERD 2, the TR values for Btk, Bta and abamectin declined 2- to 3-fold (P<0·01) over six generations in the laboratory (F10–F16) while in sub-populations of SERD 2 selected with these products (F11–F15) there was a significant (P<0·01) increase in the TR (15-, 3- and 2·5-fold respectively) when compared with the F10 generation. This suggests the presence of marked resistance to Btk and some resistance to Bta and abamectin. There is also evidence of slight cross-resistance to Btk in the Bta-selected sub-population but no evidence for the reverse selection of resistance or for cross-resistance between Btk and abamectin. Concurrent selection studies (F11–F15) with another sub-population of SERD 2 demonstrated resistance to the acylurea insect growth regulator, teflubenzuron (‘Nomolt’™) (29-fold increase in TR). Based on the selection experiments with SERD 2, estimates of realised heritability (h²) of resistance gave very high values for teflubenzuron and Btk (c.0·7) and moderate values for abamectin and Bta (c.0·3). The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies for P. xylostella.