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1.
Petty DG Skogerboe JG Getsinger KD Foster DR Houtman BA Fairchild JF Anderson LW 《Pest management science》2001,57(9):764-775
The aquatic fate of the triethylamine salt formulation of triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) was determined in whole-pond applications in closed (no water exchange) systems in California, Missouri and Texas in two studies conducted in 1995 and 1996. These studies determined dissipation rates of triclopyr and its principal metabolites, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypridine (TMP) in water, sediment and finfish. Ponds at each site containing a healthy biological community were treated at 2.5 mg AE litre-1 triclopyr. Water and sediment samples were collected through 12 weeks post-treatment, and non-target animals were collected through 4 weeks post-treatment. Dissipation rates for triclopyr, TCP and TMP were similar at each of the study sites, despite differences in weather, water quality, biotic community, light transmission and geographic location. Half-lives of triclopyr in water ranged from 5.9 to 7.5 days, while those of TCP and TMP ranged from 4 to 8.8 and 4 to 10 days, respectively. Levels of triclopyr and TCP declined in sediments at half-lives ranging from 2.8 to 4.6 days and 3.8 to 13.3 days, respectively. No TMP was detected in sediment. Triclopyr and TCP cleared from fish in relation to concentrations found in the water column. TMP levels in fish were generally an order of magnitude higher than levels of triclopyr and TCP, particularly in the visceral portion of the animals. No adverse effects on water quality or on the non-target biotic community were found following triclopyr applications. Results of these studies were comparable to those of triclopyr dissipation studies conducted in reservoirs, lakes and riverine systems in Georgia, Florida, Minnesota and Washington, indicating that the degradation and dissipation of triclopyr and its metabolites are similar in representative systems throughout the USA. 相似文献
2.
Kurt D Getsinger David G Petty John D Madsen John G Skogerboe Bruce A Houtman William T Haller Alison M Fox 《Pest management science》2000,56(5):388-400
A study of the aquatic fate of the triethylamine salt of triclopyr (3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyloxyacetic acid) was conducted in three bays of Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. Triclopyr is under review by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a selective aquatic herbicide. The primary purpose of this study was to determine dissipation rates of the parent active ingredient, triclopyr, and its major metabolites, 3,5,6‐trichloropyridinol (TCP) and 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐methoxypyridine (TMP) in selected matrices including water, sediment, plants, finfish and shellfish. Two 6.5‐ha plots dominated by the weedy species Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L) were treated with triclopyr‐triethylammonum at a rate of 2.5 mg AE liter−1 (2.5 ppm) on 21–23 June 1994. A third 6.5‐ha plot was established as an untreated reference. Water and sediment samples were collected from within the plots and at selected locations up to 1600 m outside of the plots through six weeks post‐treatment for chemical residue analysis. In addition, residue samples were collected from the target and non‐target plants and other non‐target matrices, including game and rough fish, clams and crayfish. All test animals were sequestered in cages located in the center of each plot and samples were collected through four weeks post‐treatment. Half‐lives for dissipation of triclopyr and TCP in water ranged from 3.7 to 4.7 days and from 4.2 to 7.9 days, respectively, with trace amounts of TMP found. Peak triclopyr sediment values ranged from 257 to 335 ng gram−1, with a mean half‐life of 5.4 days, while peak TCP sediment levels ranged from 27 to 65 ng gram−1 (mean half−life = 11.0 days). Trace levels of TMP were detected at one treatment site at one sampling event. Triclopyr and TCP accumulated and cleared from animal tissues proportionately to concentrations in the water (triclopyr dissipation half‐lives <11 days, TCP < 14 days). TMP levels were two to three times higher than those of the other compounds, particularly in visceral tissue. In all cases, residues of these compounds were higher in the inedible portions of the animals, and were usually higher in bottom‐feeding fish species. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
采用模拟方法研究了稻田3种常用除草剂丁草胺、苄嘧磺隆、2甲4氯钠残留水体对大薸生长的影响。结果显示:(1)3种除草剂水体残留对大薸植株形态影响以苄嘧磺隆处理最为明显,残留浓度大于0.01 mg/L可导致大薸植株大量死亡。4.25 mg/L的丁草胺和3.36 mg/L的2甲4氯钠残留对大薸的生长均有一定的抑制作用,但短期内不能致死。当水体除草剂残留降低至田间常规管理施用浓度的1/8时,即丁草胺0.53 mg/L、苄嘧磺隆0.01 mg/L、2甲4氯钠0.42 mg/L,大薸植株形态的药害影响已经明显减轻。(2)苄嘧磺隆水体残留大于0.01 mg/L时大薸干物质产量显著降低,分株生长受到严重抑制。丁草胺残留浓度为0.53 mg/L时促进大薸干物质积累和分株生长,当残留浓度大于1.06 mg/L时大薸干物质积累和分株生长受到抑制。2甲4氯钠残留浓度低于3.36 mg/L对大薸的干物质产量、分株数及植株含水率影响一般。 相似文献
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采用漩涡辅助液液微萃取技术作为前处理方法,气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器作为色谱分析仪器,建立了水样中甲草胺、乙草胺和丁草胺3种酰胺类除草剂的残留分析方法。对影响微萃取效率的各种条件进行了优化,建立的微萃取条件为:在25 mL容量瓶中,依次加入20 mL水样和50 μL甲苯,在2 800 r/min下漩涡1 min。该方法线性范围在0.02 ~5 μg/L之间,相关系数(R2)大于0.997。方法的富集倍数大于500倍。按照信噪比为3时估算的检出限在3.0~4.5 ng/L之间(纯水),方法的报告限为0.05 μg/L(自来水)和0.5 μ/L(雪水)。使用该方法进行了自来水和雪水中的添加回收试验,在0.5,0.05 μg/L添加水平,方法的添加回收率在74.2% ~96.3%之间,相对标准偏差在4.9% ~ 12.1%之间。 相似文献
7.
本文建立了大米中超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定8种除草剂和植物生长调节剂残留量。样品经乙腈/水/甲酸(80/19/1,v/v/v)提取,多壁碳纳米管净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定,ESI正、负离子同时扫描,以多反应监测(MRM)方式采集数据,外标法定量。8种除草剂和植物生长调节剂在2~100μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.99);在3个加标水平下,平均回收率在75.1%~115%之间,RSD为1.2%~9.6%,方法的定量限为0.5~4.0μg/kg。经实际大米样品确证分析,该方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好、灵敏度高,适用于大米中8种除草剂和植物生长调节剂的同时检测。 相似文献
8.
Herbicide movement in soils: principles, pathways and processes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Carter 《Weed Research》2000,40(1):113-122
European legislation concerning ground- and surface-water quality and the protection of non-target organisms in surface-water from pesticide contamination has initiated more stringent data requirements from regulatory authorities concerning the movement of all pesticides in soils. Other interested parties, such as water companies, environment agencies and consumer-driven organizations, have sought to influence the use of herbicides and their impact on the environment. The resulting studies and associated research have led to a better understanding of the fate and behaviour of herbicides in the soil environment. The amount of herbicide that moves away from the area of application will depend on the physico-chemical properties of the chemical and the agroclimatic characteristics of the target site. Under average conditions, the amount of herbicide lost by movement from a soil profile is typically <0.1% to 1% of the applied mass but, under certain localized circumstances, can reach up to 5% or greater. Leaching, drain-flow and surface run-off are the main pathways responsible for herbicide movement within soils. The soil/herbicide processes determining the losses are also variable in both time and space. It is therefore necessary to understand the spatial characteristics of soils, their hydrology and the associated herbicide use patterns. 相似文献
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用HPLC检测了苏云金素在鱼塘水和清水中的衰减速率。清水中该物质的半衰期长达433小时;在鱼塘水中苏云素的衰减呈双指数消除模型,开始消除半衰期为2.43-10.68小时,终末消除半衰期为128.57-142.01小时。 相似文献
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2,4-滴(2,4-D)是广泛使用的阔叶杂草除草剂,同时还是常用的植物生长调节剂及部分水果的防腐保鲜剂。为全面评估中国人群的2,4-滴膳食暴露风险,文章采用点评估方法,对农业部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室(杭州)采自全国范围内的554批次蔬菜、1 018批次水果和102批次粮食产品进行了急性和慢性膳食暴露风险评估。监测结果表明:2,4-滴的残留量总体很低(0.005~0.037 mg/kg),检出率由高到低排序依次为樱桃(9.5%)、番茄(9.0%)、辣椒(6.2%)、芒果(4.1%)、柑橘(3.3%)、黄瓜(3.3%)和杨梅(2.3%),其中草莓、猕猴桃、葡萄、茄子、大豆、小麦和玉米中均为未检出。各类人群对2,4-滴的多来源慢性膳食暴露风险商(RQc)为1.2%~2.1%,其急性膳食暴露风险商(RQa)为0.001 6%~0.29%,表明各类农产品中2,4-滴的急性与慢性膳食暴露风险均非常低,远低于其可接受水平,尚未达到健康关注水平。 相似文献
11.
HIROZUMI WATANABE NATHAN L. WATERMEIER JAMES M. STEICHEN PHILLIP BARNES THAI K. PHONG 《Weed Biology and Management》2007,7(1):44-54
The effects of tillage practises and the methods of chemical application on atrazine and alachlor losses through run-off were evaluated for five treatments: conservation (untilled) and surface (US), disk and surface, plow and surface, disk and preplant-incorporated, and plow and preplant-incorporated treatments. A rainfall simulator was used to create 63.5 mm h−1 of rainfall for 60 min and 127 mm h−1 for 15 min. Rainfall simulation occurred 24–36 h after chemical application. There was no significant difference in the run-off volume among the treatments but the untilled treatment significantly reduced erosion loss. The untilled treatments had the highest herbicide concentration and the disk treatments were higher than the plow treatments. The surface treatments showed a higher concentration than the incorporated treatments. The concentration of herbicides in the water decreased with time. Among the experimental sites, the one with sandy loam soil produced the greatest losses, both in terms of the run-off volume and herbicide loss. The US treatments had the highest loss and the herbicide incorporation treatments had smaller losses through run-off as the residue cover was effective in preventing herbicide losses. Incorporation might be a favorable method of herbicide application to reduce the herbicide losses by run-off. 相似文献
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Koichi Shoji Kazuyuki Itoh Fukiko Kawahara Yuumi Yoshida Yoshihisa Yamamoto Ken‐Ichi Sudo 《Weed Biology and Management》2013,13(2):45-52
Differences in local topography (micro‐elevation) within a paddy field that constitute a source of variability in agronomical indicators have not been considered thoroughly as a block factor in weed studies. This study investigated and evaluated the performance of weeding machines (weeders) in two herbicide‐free paddy fields that contained micro‐elevations. The plant density of Monochoria vaginalis, a typical and harmful paddy weed unless controlled with herbicides, was used as the indicator of the efficacy of the weeders. Among the three weeders that were tested, one suppressed M. vaginalis dramatically at low elevations and the others were less sensitive to micro‐elevation. For comparison across the fields, micro‐elevations at weed sampling locations were converted to the initial depth of water by using the records of hydrographs that had been set in each field. The relationship between the initial depth of water and the plant density of M. vaginalis was very clear with the use of the elevation‐sensitive weeder. Moreover, this relationship was valid, even with the less‐sensitive weeders. The finding that the greater the depth of water, the less the plant density was significant, even for M. vaginalis, a difficult aquatic paddy weed that was controlled with any of the weeders tested. Thus, micro‐elevation within a paddy field needs to be treated as a crucial block factor in weed‐sampling studies. A coarse survey of the level of a field and the installation of a hydrograph are recommended for a clear analysis of the background of weed control practices. 相似文献
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磺酰脲类除草剂的高效液相色谱法残留检测技术的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来,国内外学者对各环境介质中的磺酰脲类除草剂残留检测技术做了大量的研究,本文综述了高效液相色谱法在磺酰脲类除草剂残留检测方面的研究进展。 相似文献
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为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。 相似文献
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采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定了己唑醇在田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米、稻壳样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取,土壤、水稻植株、糙米和稻壳样品用甲醇提取,提取液经柱层析净化、GC-ECD检测。当己唑醇在田水中的添加浓度为0.005~1.0mg/kg时,其回收率为94.38%~97.28%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.93%~2.87%,在土壤、植株、糙米和稻壳中的添加浓度为0.02~2.0mg/kg时,其平均回收率在86.20%~96.30%之间,RSD为2.25%~6.39%;己唑醇的最小检出量为2.0×10~(-11)g,在田水中的最低检测浓度为0.005mg/kg,土壤、水稻植株、糙米和稻壳中的最低检测浓度为0.02mg/kg。消解动态试验结果显示,己唑醇在水稻植株、土壤以及田水中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为4.12~7.33d,11.77~23.18d和2.89~7.17d;最终残留试验结果表明,药后45d糙米中的己唑醇最终残留量为0.085 7mg/kg,低于我国规定的最大残留限量值0.1mg/kg,建议在稻田上使用50%己唑醇可湿性粉剂时,施药剂量为75~112.5g.a.i/ha,施药2~3次,安全间隔期为45 d。 相似文献
16.
Micheal DK Owen Hugh J Beckie Julia Y Leeson Jason K Norsworthy Larry E Steckel 《Pest management science》2015,71(3):357-376
There is interest in more diverse weed management tactics because of evolved herbicide resistance in important weeds in many US and Canadian crop systems. While herbicide resistance in weeds is not new, the issue has become critical because of the adoption of simple, convenient and inexpensive crop systems based on genetically engineered glyphosate‐tolerant crop cultivars. Importantly, genetic engineering has not been a factor in rice and wheat, two globally important food crops. There are many tactics that help to mitigate herbicide resistance in weeds and should be widely adopted. Evolved herbicide resistance in key weeds has influenced a limited number of growers to include a more diverse suite of tactics to supplement existing herbicidal tactics. Most growers still emphasize herbicides, often to the exclusion of alternative tactics. Application of integrated pest management for weeds is better characterized as integrated weed management, and more typically integrated herbicide management. However, adoption of diverse weed management tactics is limited. Modifying herbicide use will not solve herbicide resistance in weeds, and the relief provided by different herbicide use practices is generally short‐lived at best. More diversity of tactics for weed management must be incorporated in crop systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Influence of straw management, nitrogen fertilization and dosage rates on the dissipation of five sulfonylureas in soil 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The dissipation behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron were studied in soil following post-emergence spring applications to cereal crops. Incorporation or removal of straw and different fertilizer applications had no influence on the disappearance time (DT50 ) of the herbicides. However, in laboratory trials dissipation of metsulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron at higher application rates was accelerated after incorporation of straw into the soil. The addition of straw decreases soil pH thereby causing faster hydrolysis of the compounds. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer increased the half-lives (t1/2 ) of the herbicides. Combination of both straw and N fertilizer, however, had no effect. Neither straw nor N influenced the degradation of tribenuron-methyl and thifensulfuron-methyl.
The DT50 of all herbicides investigated varied from 6 to 17 days in the field trials. Except for amidosulfuron, herbicides could not be detected 38–68 days after application. In the laboratory, t1/2 values were higher than those in the field at 75 days (amidosulfuron), 63 days (metsulfuron-methyl), 35 days (triasulfuron) and 13 days (tribenuron-methyl). Only the t1/2 of thifensulfuron-methyl was at 29 h faster under laboratory conditions. T1/2 values of all herbicides were influenced by their initial concentration. The t1/2 values of amidosulfuron and tribenuron-methyl at 1 mg a.i. kg−1 soil were 2–2.5 times higher than at the recommended field application rate of 42 μg a.i. kg−1 soil. 相似文献
The DT
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通过两年田间试验并结合气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)技术,研究比较了苹果套袋 和不套袋2种不同栽培方式下苯醚甲环唑在苹果中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:2011和2012年, 苯醚甲环唑在未套袋苹果中的原始沉积量分别为0.44和0.17 mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为12.8和15.5 d;2012年其在套袋苹果中的原始沉积量为0.056 mg/kg,半衰期为31.9 d。两年的试验表明,于苹果收获前35~42 d,按照10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量(有效成分分别为66.7和100 mg/L)施药2次和3次, 距末次施药后7 d采收,套袋和不套袋果实中苯醚甲环唑的残留量均低于我国最大残留限量(MRL)值0.5 mg/kg,其中套袋处理均低于0.03 mg/kg,表明苯醚甲环唑按照推荐剂量及次数施用是安全的;在套袋方式下,苯醚甲环唑残留量明显降低。 相似文献
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以黄土丘陵沟壑区子午岭次生林区为研究区域,研究了不同植被覆盖下植物残体的分解特性。结果表明:不同植被类型覆盖下,植物残体腐解速率为苜蓿>玉米>大油芒>辽东栎>沙棘,添加氮素比不加氮素的植物残体腐解速度快。根据腐解残留量的变化可将腐解过程分为4个阶段:快速分解阶段(0~1个月)、分解停滞阶段(2~7个月)、缓慢分解阶段(8~12个月)和趋于稳定阶段(13~15个月)。根据Olson指数衰减模型对植物残体腐解速率和腐解时间进行拟合,发现玉米、苜蓿、大油芒、辽东栎、沙棘分解95%所需的时间(T0.95)分别为43.73、23.35、52.56、108.1和161.1个月,且检验结果均达到显著相关水平。 相似文献