胶体颗粒对不同粒径饱和多孔介质渗透性的影响

探讨胶体颗粒在多孔介质中迁移所发生的物理、化学及生物作用过程,在许多学科中具有重要的科学意义。采用室内石英砂柱实验,开展了定水头条件下不同浓度和粒径的胶体颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的运移行为研究。共使用了3种胶体粒径、3种浓度的胶体溶液和3种粒径范围的石英砂。实验表明:多孔介质的相对渗透系数K/K0(K为各时刻计算所得的渗透系数,K0为初始渗透系数)减小程度与颗粒浓度成正比;胶体颗粒越大,越易在表层沉积,而小颗粒易向下部迁移,但总体来看粒径效应没有浓度效应明显;当胶体颗粒在不同粒径的饱和多孔介质中迁移时,粒径大的多孔介质各段K/K0均有明显降低,而粒径小的只在表层变化明显。不同条件下总体相对渗透系数与时间之间呈二次方相关关系,但当多孔介质粒径较小时,相关性不显著。介质渗流流速及砂柱不同位置胶体颗粒浓度变化与介质渗透性变化相对应。用扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)进行定性表征,进一步说明胶体颗粒会堵塞多孔介质孔隙影响其渗透性。实验中发现当输入浓度C0小于0.5 g·L–1且dp/Dp>0.018(dp为胶体颗粒粒径,Dp为石英砂算数平均粒径)时,会出现多孔介质局部K/K0增大的现象。     

铬在含水介质中的迁移及释放规律

根据天津某铬渣堆周边地区的污染情况和水文地质条件,选取该区域3种典型含水介质(黏土、粉质黏土、粉土)填充土柱,开展室内土柱淋滤实验,研究铬在含水介质中的迁移及释放规律。铬溶液淋滤实验表明,Cr(VI)在粉土中的迁移速率最快,粉质黏土中次之,黏土中最慢。清水淋滤实验表明,吸附在含水介质中的铬会在清水淋滤作用下解吸并重新释放到地下水中,从而造成地下水再次污染。根据土柱实验结果获得铬在黏土、粉质黏土和粉土中的弥散系数分别为1.87×10~(-4)m2d~(-1)、7.49×10~(-4)m2d~(-1)和1.17×10~(-4)m2d~(-1),渗透系数分别为8.60×10-6cm s~(-1)、2.14×10-5cm s~(-1)和1.34×10-5cm s~(-1),为模拟铬在含水介质中的迁移模型提供实测参数,进而为地下水中铬污染的控制与防治提供理论参考。     

不同钠吸附比的咸水结冰融水入渗对苏打碱土的水盐运移影响

利用不同水质(矿化度=10 g/L和SAR=5,10.30)、相同水量(678.2 ml)的咸水,进行了咸水结冰融水和咸水(不结冰)入渗的土柱实验,以分析不同SAR的咸水结冰融水入渗后,苏打碱土的水盐分布情况.结果表明:咸水结冰融化初期,矿化度和SAR均很高,后逐渐降低;与淡水结冰处理相比,咸水结冰融水处理在入渗土壤过程中,入渗速度快、深度深,并且SAR越小的咸水结冰处理,入渗速度越快、深度也越深,且差异极显著(P＜0.01);这也使得表层(0-10 cm)土壤含水量SAR越小的咸水结冰处理含水量越低,而下层(深于10 cm)则越高,上层脱盐层含盐量越低,下层积盐层含盐量越高;与咸水直接入渗相比.咸水结冰处理的脱盐深度(含盐量＜1.23%)为20-25 cm.浅于咸水直接入渗处理的25-30 cm.而在15 cm以上的土层平均含盐量显著小于咸水直接入渗处理,对于表层土壤的脱盐效果.咸水结冰处理要好于咸水直接入渗处理.     

黄河三角洲柽柳周边土壤钠吸附比分布特征及影响因素分析

  目的  黄河三角洲是极具特色的滨海盐生湿地,为探究该区域关键木本植物柽柳周围土壤钠吸附的特征及其影响因素。  方法  运用同心圆布点采样和相关分析等方法,对黄河三角洲柽柳周边土壤盐分离子、钠吸附比的空间分布及离子相互关系进行了分析。  结果  Cl?和Na+是柽柳周边土壤盐分构成的主要离子。Na+、Cl?和Mg2+在距离柽柳较近的表层土壤中含量较少,其含量随土壤深度增加而上升,呈现底聚现象,在距离柽柳较远的土壤中呈现表聚现象。Ca2+、SO₄2?和K+的表聚现象不受距离柽柳远近的影响。相关分析表明,柽柳周边土壤钠吸附比与Cl?、Na+、K+和Mg2+离子关系密切,与Na+的相关性最强。在0 ~ 40 cm土层中,距离柽柳100 cm以内的钠吸附比远低于150 cm以外区域。钠吸附比的变异系数随土层加深而减小,深层土壤钠吸附比与盐离子的相关性均不显著。  结论  柽柳对钠吸附比的影响在100 cm以内的0 ~ 40 cm土层中更为显著。土壤盐分与钠吸附比的空间分布受柽柳冠幅范围、植物根系吸收、凋落物堆积和降水淋溶等作用的影响。     

不同离子强度下SiO_2胶体对磺胺嘧啶土壤吸附迁移行为的影响

通过室内批实验和土柱出流实验,以二氧化硅胶体作为外源胶体,定量分析了改变离子强度时胶体对磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SDZ)在土壤中吸附、迁移行为的影响。批实验结果表明,离子强度为0.001、0.003 mol L-1时胶体的加入能够抑制SDZ的吸附,而0.005、0.010 mol L-1时胶体的加入对SDZ吸附的影响与SDZ初始浓度有关。Freundlich模型能较好地拟合SDZ在土壤中的吸附情况,R2在0.958~0.997范围内。土柱实验结果表明,不加胶体时,高离子强度会促进SDZ在土壤中的迁移,SDZ在土柱中出流早,相对浓度峰值高且持续时间长;加胶体时,高离子强度下胶体出流量小,抑制SDZ在土壤中的迁移,SDZ的相对浓度峰值降低且更难洗脱,而低离子强度时胶体全部或部分出流,促进SDZ的迁移,SDZ出流早且相对浓度峰值高。总之,吸附迁移实验表明,低离子强度时,胶体的加入促进了SDZ的迁移抑制SDZ的吸附,高离子强度时则相反。该结果有助于全面理解土壤中磺胺类抗生素的运移,指导磺胺类抗生素的风险评估及防治。     

不同钠吸附比的咸水结冰融水入渗后滨海盐土的水盐分布

在室内利用相同矿化度(10 g·L^-1)、不同钠吸附比(5、10 和30)的咸水进行咸水结冰融水模拟试验、结冰融水入渗和咸水直接入渗的土柱试验, 以淡水处理为对照, 分析不同钠吸附比咸水结冰融水入渗下滨海盐土水盐分布特征。结果表明: 咸水冰融化过程中, 融出水的矿化度和钠吸附比均呈由高到低的变化趋势。咸水结冰融水入渗速度和入渗深度均快于和深于淡水。咸水钠吸附比越小, 结冰融水入渗速率越快、深度越深。水盐分布也表现为低钠吸附比咸水结冰处理的表层土壤含水量较低, 水分向深层迁移, 这种水分分布也使盐分向深层运移, 表现为表层土壤含盐量低, 深层土壤含盐量大。土层含水量低钠吸附比咸水处理高于高钠吸附比处理, 10~45 cm 土层则表现出相反的趋势; 表层土含盐量低钠吸附比处理高于高钠吸附比处理, 且咸水处理下土壤脱盐的深度大于淡水处理。钠吸附比5 的咸水结冰处理, 0~10 cm 土壤平均含水量和含盐量分别为30.3%和1.1 g·kg^-1, 显著低于其他处理。为比较咸水结冰灌溉和咸水直接灌溉的效果, 室内利用含盐量为10 g·L^-1、钠吸附比10 的咸水进行直接入渗的土柱(土壤含盐量为21.3 g·kg^-1)模拟试验, 结果表明: 与咸水直接入渗处理相比, 咸水结冰融水处理盐分淋洗效果更好, 该处理0~25 cm土层平均土壤含盐量为2.9 g·kg^-1, 显著低于咸水直接入渗的10.6 g·kg^-1。     

胶体存在时不同质地土壤对锌镉的吸附试验研究

以重金属离子Zn和Cd及胶体为对象,通过等温静态批量平衡吸附试验,分析了3种不同质地土壤对Zn、Cd单一吸附和等量竞争吸附特征,胶体对土壤吸附Zn、Cd的影响,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明,随着平衡液中Zn2+、Cd2+浓度的增加,土壤对Zn、Cd的吸附量逐渐增大;3种质地土壤对Zn、Cd吸附量顺序为砂壤>粉壤>壤砂土;Zn2+、Cd2+共存时,土壤对这两种离子的吸附量比单一离子存在的情况下明显下降;胶体存在时抑制了土壤对Zn的吸附,促进了土壤对Cd的吸附;就本试验来说,Freundlich方程拟合效果优于Langmuir方程。     

孔隙空间对聚苯乙烯胶体滞留与释放的影响

为加深孔隙空间对胶体运移影响的认识,在不同pH与离子强度下,研究了胶体在经酸洗或水洗后的玻璃珠或石英砂中的迁移行为。结果表明:粒径相同的玻璃珠与石英砂(0.45~0.60mm)相比,形状一致的玻璃珠形成的孔隙空间(孔隙率0.38)小于石英砂(0.45)。酸洗与水洗后的玻璃珠表面成分变化不大(0~0.6%),经酸洗的介质后能提供更多有利吸附位点。在高pH(10)环境下,石英砂经酸洗或水洗后,胶体滞留量增大(72.1%和69.2%)。提高溶液pH到10后出现的胶体吸附增加,是颗粒接触点、非流动区或低流速区和涡流区滞留等孔隙空间滞留机制引起的,用DLVO理论无法解释。在离子强度为0.001mol/L或0.05mol/L环境下,酸洗石英砂中胶体滞留量比酸洗玻璃珠的分别高16.3%和28.0%,表明介质孔隙空间增大可加强颗粒接触点、非流动区或低流速区和涡流区滞留,然而优先流能够削弱孔隙空间滞留机制对胶体的滞留。此外,超纯水解吸时仅使少量胶体(3.9%)从玻璃珠与石英砂介质的孔隙涡流区中解吸出来,表明涡流区对胶体的保留不是胶体滞留在介质中的主要机制。     

病原菌在红壤胶体上的吸附机制研究

研究了pH和KCl离子强度对猪链球菌和大肠杆菌在红壤胶体表面吸附的影响,结合表面物化性质和Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)理论分析互作机制。结果表明,细菌在红壤胶体表面的吸附等温线能较好拟合Freundlich方程(R20.97),猪链球菌在红壤胶体表面吸附的分配系数(Kf)是大肠杆菌的4.5倍～6.1倍,细菌在去有机质胶体表面吸附的Kf值为含有机质胶体的2.4倍～3.2倍。比表面积越大或zeta电位绝对值越小,细菌吸附能力越强,吸附态细菌位于距红壤胶体表面90～100 nm处的次级小能位置。随着体系pH降低(9.0～4.0)或离子强度增大(1～10 mmol L-1),细菌与红壤胶体互作能障降低,细菌吸附量增大,吸附机制符合DLVO理论;而在高离子强度下(50～100 mmol L-1),猪链球菌吸附量降低了3.4%～5.6%,表明除DLVO作用力外,非DLVO作用力如空间位阻排斥和疏水作用对吸附也有贡献。     

草萘胺在五种土壤及其胶体上的吸附行为

土壤胶体是土壤中颗粒最细小的部分,由于具有巨大的比表面积和较高的吸附容量,是环境中污染物的重要吸附剂,直接影响到污染物的归趋和生物有效性.本文采用批次吸附试验的方法,研究了农药草萘胺在黄棕壤等5种土壤及土壤胶体上的吸附行为.结果表明,草萘胺在供试土壤及胶体上的吸附均能很好地符合Freundlich方程;与本体土壤相比,...     

咸淡水交替灌溉下土壤盐分再分布规律的室内实验研究

咸水灌溉是解决目前淡水资源短缺的重要途径。为寻求合理的咸水农田灌溉方法,进行了不同矿化度和不同灌水模式的室内土柱咸淡水交替灌溉模拟试验,分析了咸淡水交替灌溉条件下土壤溶液电导率(EC)值和钠吸附比(SAR)的变化规律。结果表明：两种灌水模式下,灌水结束时土壤溶液EC值在22.5 cm处达到最高,且4 g/L>2 g/L,且与试验初期相比,土壤溶液EC值明显提高,土柱整体积盐明显。灌水模式对土壤溶液EC值的影响大于矿化度;两种灌水模式不同矿化度处理的SAR值变化规律基本一致。     

Effect of soil organic matter, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio on tensile strength of aggregates

The properties of soils affected by salinity and processes involving degradation of soil structure have been partly recognized. However, the effects of saline and sodic conditions on mechanical and physical properties of soils have been studied to a lesser extent. In this research, the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on soils possessing various amounts of organic matter were assessed under laboratory conditions. The soils contained a uniform clay type, predominantly Illite. The major difference of the soils was their amount of organic matter content. The treatments consisted of solutions with definite EC and SAR (two levels of EC: 0.5 and 4 dS/m and three levels of SAR: 0, 5 and 15). The amount of tensile strength was dependent on organic matter, EC, and SAR in a way that with the increase of SAR, the tensile strength decreased. In similar SAR, treatments with higher EC exhibited greater tensile strength. Also, the soils with higher organic matter showed greater tensile strength. The analysis of variance showed the significant difference (at 1%) between the mean of parameters analyzed (soil type, sampling depth, EC, and SAR). The order of averages of tensile strength were: permanent pasture (Agropyron elengatum)Festuca arusdinaceae)相似文献   

Changes in soil hydraulic conductivity, runoff, and soil loss due to irrigation with different types of saline–sodic water

Irrigation with saline–sodic water causes sodic conditions in the soil which reduces soil productivity. We evaluated the changes in a number of important indices related to soil structural stability when treated wastewater (TWW), albeit with higher loads of organic matter and suspended solids, was used instead of more saline–sodic irrigation water, under different degrees of aggregate slaking. We studied soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) using disturbed samples packed in columns, and soil infiltration rate, runoff and erosion under simulated rainfall. Aggregate slaking was manipulated by wetting the samples prior to all tests at either a slow (1–2 mm h^− 1) or a fast (50 mm h^− 1) rate. Samples of a calcareous silty clay (Typic Calciorthids) from the Bet She'an Valley, Israel, were taken from plots irrigated for three years with either TWW, saline–sodic Jordan River water (JRW), or moderately saline–sodic spring water (SPW), and also from a non-cultivated area (control). With little or no aggregate slaking (use of slow wetting), higher HC values and lower amounts of total runoff and soil loss were measured compared to when more severe aggregate slaking was induced (use of fast wetting). The HC values for the TWW treatment were similar to, or lower than, those for the control and significantly higher than those for the JRW treatment. For the runoff and soil loss data, differences among the water quality treatments were, generally, more pronounced when aggregate slaking was substantially reduced, and were related to soil sodicity. Under the latter condition, runoff and soil loss from the TWW treatment were comparable with those from the control and significantly lower than those from the JRW treatment. Our results suggested that replacing saline–sodic irrigation water with TWW could have favorable effects on soil structural stability, especially under conditions where aggregate slaking can be reduced (e.g., in regions with low to moderate rain intensities; and/or use of low intensity irrigation systems).     

灌溉水质与灌溉沟坡度对华北土壤径流和侵蚀的影响

Irrigation-induced soil erosion seriously affects the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. The effects of irrigation water quality and furrow gradient on runoff and soil loss were studied under simulated furrow irrigation in laboratory using a soil collected from an experimental station of China Agricultural University, North China. The experimental treatments were different combinations of irrigation water salt concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 30 mmol_c L^-1, sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of 0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 (mmol_c L^-1)^0.5, and furrow gradients of 1%, 3%, and 5%, with distilled water for irrigation at 3 furrow gradients as controls. The experimental data indicated that total runoff amount, sediment concentration in runoff, and total soil loss amount generally decreased with increasing salt concentration in irrigation water but increased with its sodicity and furrow gradient. The effects of water quality and furrow gradient on soil loss were greater than those on runoff, and the increase of furrow gradient decreased the influence of water quality on soil loss. When the salt concentration increased from 5 to 30 mmol_c L^-1 at SAR of 10.0 (mmol_c L^-1)^0.5, total runoff amount, sediment concentration, and total soil loss amount decreased by 3.89%, 52.1%, and 53.92%, and 10.57%, 38.86%, and 42.03% at the furrow gradients of 1% and 5%, respectively. However, they respectively increased by 3.37%, 45.34%, and 55.36%, and 3.86%, 10.77%, and 13.91% when SAR increased from 0.5 to 10.0 (mmol_c L^-1)^0.5 at the salt concentration of 5 mmol_c L^-1. Irrigation water quality and furrow gradient should be comprehensively considered in the planning and management of furrow irrigation practices to decrease soil loss and improve water utilization efficiency.     

NaCl胁迫对苜蓿和羊草苗期生长及养分吸收的影响

通过模拟试验研究了NaCl胁迫对苜蓿和羊草苗期生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明 ,NaCl胁迫对苜蓿生长及养分吸收的影响明显高于羊草。在稳定供水条件下 ,羊草生长的临界土壤溶液NaCl浓度为 2.54mmol/L ,临界土壤总盐量为 0.59% ;苜蓿生长的临界土壤溶液NaCl浓度为 130mmol/L ,临界土壤总盐量为 0.35%。苜蓿的光合能力受盐胁迫的影响比羊草大 ,尤其是日最大净光合速率随盐度水平的增加明显降低。随土壤含盐量的增加 ,苜蓿和羊草植株N、P含有率变化较小 ,但积累量显著减少 ;K的比吸收率显著降低 ,植株K含量减少 ;植株Na的SAR随土壤盐分增加显著提高 ,Na含量不断积累增加 ,植株K/Na降低     

The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading

Nitrate () leaching can cause elevated concentrations of ‐N in water, which can have adverse impacts on water quality and human health. In grazed pasture systems, most of the ‐N leaching occurs beneath animal urine‐N deposits. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four different pasture species compositions [perennial ryegrass/white clover (P. ryegrass WC), tall fescue/white clover (T. fescue WC), Italian ryegrass/white clover (It. ryegrass WC) and perennial ryegrass/Italian ryegrass/white clover/red clover/chicory/plantain (Diverse)] on ‐N leaching losses from animal urine patches, and to examine the relative importance of root system architecture and seasonal activity to reduce ‐N leaching losses. The results show that ‐N leaching losses were 24–54% lower beneath It. ryegrass WC than other pasture species. Total dry matter (DM) yield in the season following establishment was 11–58% greater in the It. ryegrass WC pasture, while average winter daily N uptake rate of It. ryegrass WC over the two seasons was on average 58% greater than P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC. In the second season, the P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC pastures had up to 140 and 82% more roots between 0 and 40 cm depth, respectively, than the other pasture species compositions. These results suggest that in grazed pasture systems, high plant winter activity (plant growth/root metabolic activity) is more important than specific root architecture (e.g. deep roots) to reduce ‐N leaching losses.     

不同孵化温度对雏番鸭第二性比及孵化率的影响研究

试验研究孵化前期(1~10d)7个不同温度(36.3~39.3℃)对雏鸭出壳时第二性比(♂∶♀)和受精蛋孵化率的影响结果表明,不同孵化温度出壳的雏番鸭公母性别存在明显差异(P<0.01),且公雏率随温度升高而升高,母雏率随温度升高而下降;孵化前期温度为36.3~37.3℃时出壳雏番鸭公少于母,第二性比介于0.24~0.95;而孵化前期温度为37.8~39.3℃时出壳雏番鸭公多于母,第二性比为1.39~5.38;且只有在温度37.3℃和37.8℃时第二性比与遗传性比(1∶1)无差异(P>0.05),而其他温度时第二性比均表现明显差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。雏番鸭第二性比与孵化前期温度间相关指数R2为0.99,预测误差率为-34.88%~ 14.58%间,说明调控孵化温度可在一定程度上控制雏番鸭第二性比,孵化温度对受精蛋孵化率有明显影响,36.3~37.8℃内孵化率随温度的升高而升高,在37.8~39.3℃内则随温度的升高而降低。     

不同施肥方式下氮肥用量对直播稻根系形态及氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究施肥方式(点施于距土表1、5 cm土柱中心位置,分别记为M1、M2;距土表0~5、0~10 cm土壤与氮肥混匀施用,分别记为M3、M4)和氮肥用量(N 0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 g/盆)对直播稻苗期生物量、根系形态及氮素吸收的影响,以期为直播稻科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。结果表明,M1、M2施肥方式下N0.6处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为17.8%~84.8%和13.9%~46.9%,根系形态指标表现为N0.3和N0.6高于N1.2处理;M3、M4施肥方式下N1.2处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为32.6%~36.3%和14.9%~16.2%,根系形态指标有随着施氮量增加而增加的趋势。施肥方式和氮肥用量对氮素吸收量的影响趋势与生物量表现一致,氮素吸收利用率表现为点施条件下M1M2,混施条件下M3M4。相关分析结果表明,水稻地上部生物量及其氮素吸收与根系形态参数及氮素吸收量存在显著正相关关系。综上所述,低氮条件下浅层点施、高氮条件下浅层混施有利于促进水稻苗期的生长发育,稳固良好的根系形态特性,增强其对养分的吸收利用。     

集成型化肥增效剂对小麦氮素吸收及产量效应的研究

试验研究集成型化肥增效剂 (IFC)对小麦N素吸收及产量的影响结果表明 ,不同生态区不同土壤基施集成型化肥增效剂均有一定增产作用 ,且促进小麦根系生长 ,提高叶片光合功能 ,增强植株吸N能力 ,提高N素吸收效率 ,而N素产量利用效率有所下降。